碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定锡矿石中锡

采用过氧化钠碱熔消解样品,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法对锡矿石中锡含量进行了测定。当样品称样量为0.2g时,加入2g过氧化钠就能使样品消解完全。为避免水解对测定结果的影响,样品处理后应尽快进行测定。测定锡的检出限为38.4mg/kg,12次平行测定的相对标准偏差为小于5%,对标准物质的测定结果也令人满意。     

ICP-AES法测定锡精矿中锡、铜、铅、铁的含量

建立了过氧化钠熔融分解样品、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定锡精矿中锡、铜、铅、铁的新方法。对试样分解方法、过氧化钠用量、元素分析谱线等进行了讨论。选择过氧化钠用量为2．0g,样品熔融温度为850~C,锡、铜、铅、铁分析谱线分别为189．991,324．754,220．353,259．940nm。将该方法应用于标准样品（BY0107—1）中Sn,Cu,Pb,Fe的测定,待测元素的回收率在92．0％-101．6％之间,检出限为分别为0．006,0．002,0．005,0．001μg／mL,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0．16％～2．11％（n=5）。     

ICP-MS法测定镍基单晶高温合金DD416中的镓、锡、锑、铅、铋

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镍基单晶高温合金DD416中镓、锡、锑、铅、铋元素的含量。以盐酸–硝酸(体积比3∶1)混合酸为消解剂,利用微波消解仪消解样品,以Rh(10μg/L)为内标元素。镓的线性范围为0～50μg/g,锡、锑、铅的线性范围为0～20μg/g,铋的线性范围为0～2μg/g,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别为0.01,0.2,0.1,0.07,0.006μg/g。用该方法对标准物质进行测定,测定结果与标准值之间的相对误差在7.7%～22.7%范围内。样品加标回收率为98.2%～108.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.1%～1.5%(n=5)。该方法可以快速、准确地对镍基单晶高温合金DD416中镓、锡、锑、铅、铋元素进行同时测定。     

标准加入-原子荧光光谱法测定罐头中的痕量锡

用微波消解处理样品,采用标准加入-原子荧光光谱法测定罐头中的锡.通过实验探讨了样品预处理条件、仪器条件、微波消解程序、还原剂浓度等对锡测定的影响.锡浓度(X)在1～100 μg/L范围内与荧光强度(Y)呈线性关系,线性方程为Y=50.15X+12.13,相关系数r=0.9995.用该法对水果和蔬菜罐头样品进行了测定,并...     

极谱法测定地质样品中锡的方法改进

过氧化钠熔融分解样品,热水浸提,试样经铍盐做共沉淀剂,用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)消除钙、镁等的影响,在盐酸-氯化铵底液中,用极谱法对锡进行测定,改进并简化了国标方法.对极谱法测定地质样品中锡从熔矿方式、测试温度以及干扰元素的影响及消除等方面进行探讨,并对仪器的工作条件进行优化.锡的方法检出限为10.0μg/g.方法经标准物质验证,测定值与标准值相吻合,并进行不同仪器和方法的对比实验,结果一致,准确度高.方法精密度(RSD,n=12)低于2%.方法效率高、测定结果准确可靠,已应用于大量地质样品的分析中.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中的锡

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中锡的方法。样品用浓硝酸冷消化后经微波消解,以纯水稀释定容消解液,选择分析目标物~(120)Sn、内标~(115)In上机测定。锡含量在0~50μg/L范围内与谱线强度线性良好,相关系数为0.999 8,检出限为0.018 mg/kg。对高、中、低3个浓度级别的样品溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.71%,2.42%,2.74%(n=6),样品加标回收率在98.5%~100.4%之间,该方法对实际样品的测定结果与国标法测定结果的相对偏差小于3.0%。该方法快速,干扰少,适合于食品中锡的测定。     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定钨锡矿石中钨锡钼铜铅锌硫砷

钨锡矿石共生与伴生元素多,为克服常用的钨锡矿石中锡、钨、钼、铜、铅、锌、硫、砷等8种元素检测过程程序繁琐,效率低下问题,通过在刚玉坩埚中直接加入氢氟酸挥发掉样品中的二氧化硅,用过氧化钠熔融已除硅的样品,再以酒石酸+磷酸+盐酸提取,解决了碱熔酸化的样品溶液中硅胶的影响和钨、锡等元素的不稳定性问题,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法直接测定样品中的锡、钨、钼、铜、铅、锌、硫、砷的方法。系统研究了过氧化钠熔剂的用量对各元素的影响,考察了引入单一酒石酸的络合作用和酒石酸+磷酸的混酸对各元素的影响,结果表明,过氧化钠用量为1.0 g时样品可以完全分解;单一酒石酸的络合作用有限,钨含量高的样品容易发生沉淀,而酒石酸+磷酸的混酸可以使钨在溶液中长期稳定,而对其他元素没有影响。选用5个钨、锡矿石国家一级标准物质按照本方法进行处理,测定结果均在认定值的误差范围内;采用4个实际样品与标准方法进行比对实验,各元素检测结果无显著差异。各元素的光谱强度在0～200 μg/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）均在0.999 9以上,方法检出限值为3.0μg/g～25.0 μg/g,相对标准偏差RSD（n=12）为0.33%～7.0%。方法测试过程操作简便,检测结果准确、可靠,在多元素大批量的样品检测中具有明显优势。     

自动石墨消解–电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定左氧氟沙星胶囊中7种金属元素

建立自动石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定左氧氟沙星胶囊中铅、铬、砷、镉、锡、铝、铁7种金属元素含量的方法。以HNO3-H2O2()体积比为1∶1为消解体系,采用自动石墨消解法消解左氧氟沙星胶囊样品,消解液除酸后,用5%硝酸溶液定容至50 mL,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对消解液进行测定,以内标法定量。铅、铬、砷、镉、锡、铝、铁的质量浓度在0.05~20.0μg/mL范围内与质谱响应值成良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.119~1.323μg/kg。样品加标回收率为91.2%~105.5%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.67%~3.46%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简单,检出限低,测定结果准确,适用于左氧氟沙星胶囊等沙星类抗生素中多种金属元素残留的测定。     

微波消解氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定罐头食品中汞和锡

建立了一种微波消解、氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定罐头食品中汞和锡的方法。研究了测定汞、锡时介质的酸度和硼氢化钾的用量对汞、锡测定的影响。优化了样品消解和测定的条件,采用硫脲-抗坏血酸为掩蔽剂,以酒石酸为载流,消除了影响锡测定的干扰因素。汞和锡的检出限、相对标准偏差、回收率分别为:0.005μg.L-1和0.20μg.L-1;5.0%~6.5%和4.0%~7.3%;93.0%~101.0%和92.5%~94.0%。     

测定食品及生物样品中微量锡的消化方法探讨

采用干灰化、硝酸-高氯酸、硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸和用硝酸过氧化氢微波消解4种消化方法消化样品,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定食品及生物样品中微量锡。方法线性范围为20.0μg.L-1以内,相关系数为0.999 8,经过比较,微波消解和硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸消解方法较理想,回收率分别为98.2%~101.4%和97.4%~102.8%,相对标准偏差分别为2.39%~3.85%和3.25%~3.82%。只测定锡时,微波消解和硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸消解法均可,但如锡与其他微量元素需要同时测定,为避免引入有干扰的硫酸根,以用硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解为好。     

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination of Tin In Canned Foods After Extraction With Liquid Chelating Exchanger

Abstract

A combined β-diketo liquid chelating exchanger, LCE (RCOCH₂COCF₃; R = C₉H₁₉), separation followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry method is described for the determinatoin of tin in canned foods. the optimum conditions for the separation and preconcentration of tin e.g., pH, solvent, exchanger concentration, time, effect of various ions and nature of the extracted species have been discussed. Quantitative extraction (100%) of tin with LCE occurs in cyclohexane medium at pH 5.8, the extracted species being . The results of the determination of tin in five canned food samples were as follows (in mg/kg): orange juice, 97.31 ± 0.71; pineapple juice; 145.85 ± 0.59; tomato juice, 70.54 ± 0.91; chicken soup, 21.30 ± 0.65; Vegetable soup, 65.24 ± 0.93. the reliability of the present method has been tested from the recoveries (98.4-101.7%) of tin after adding various known amounts to pineapple juice and vegetable soup solutions.     

Tin dithiocarbamates: applications and structures

The uses and potential utility of tin/organotin dithiocarbamate, ^?S₂CNR′₂, compounds are reviewed. Various derivatives exhibit exciting potential as anti‐cancer agents, anti‐microbial agents and insecticides, e.g. against mosquito larvae. Tin dithiocarbamates have also proven useful as precursors for tin sulfide nanoparticles. There is a wealth of structural data available for such compounds and with the exception of the diorganotin bis(dithiocarbamate) compounds, R₂Sn(S₂CNR′₂)₂, compounds for which different structural motifs are evident, there is a certain degree of homogeneity in the molecular structures for each class of compound unless there are additional coordination sites on the R and/or R′ groups. Owing to the strong coordination potential of the dithiocarbamate ligand for tin, supramolecular aggregates involving secondary Sn…S interactions are the exception rather than the norm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of trace impurities in tin by neutron activation analysis

A method was developed for the determination of 15 trace elements in tin. High-purity tin samples (99.9999% and 99.999%) as well as tin of technical quality were analysed. Reactor neutron activation of the tin samples was followed by distillation of the matrix activities from a HBr−H₂SO₄ medium and Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometry of the distillation residue. The sensitivity of the method is generally high. For the high-purity samples the detection limits vary from 0.02 ppb (scandium) to 200 ppb (iron) for irradiation of 1 g of tin for 1 week at a thermal flux of 5·10¹²n·cm⁻². ·sec⁻¹. To decontaminate the surface of the tin samples, pre- and post-irradiation etching procedures were applied. The efficiency of these etching techniques was studied.     

Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Lead and Tin by Adsorptive Differential Pulse Stripping Method and Orthogonal Signal Correction‐Partial Least Squares in Water Samples

An adsorptive differential pulse stripping method for the simultaneous determination of lead and tin is proposed. The procedure involves an adsorptive accumulation of lead and tin on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), followed by oxidation of adsorbed lead and tin by voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The optimum experimental conditions are: 0.2 mol L^?1 HNO₃, accumulation potential of ?900 mV versus Ag/AgCl, accumulation time of 200 s, scan rate of 20 mV s^?1 and pulse height of 80 mV. Lead and tin peak currents were observed in the same potential region at about ?400 mV. The simultaneous determination of lead and tin by using voltammetry is a difficult problem in analytical chemistry, due to voltammogram interferences. The resolution of a mixture of lead and tin by the application of orthogonal signal correction‐partial least squares (OSC‐PLS) was performed. The linear dynamic ranges were 0.003‐0.35 and 0.008‐0.50 μg mL^?1 and detection limits were land 3 ng mL^?1 for lead and tin, respectively. The RMSEP for lead and tin with OSC and without OSC were 2.8737, 6.0557 and 8.0941, 9.5151, respectively. The capability of the method for the analysis of real samples was evaluated by the determination of lead and tin in water samples with satisfactory results.     

Lithium Intercalation into Nanostructured Films Based on Oxides of Tin and Titanium

The lithium intercalation into nanostructured films of mixed tin and titanium oxides is studied. X-ray diffraction and Moessbauer spectroscopy analyses reveal that films consist of a rutile solid solution (Sn, Ti)O₂ and an amorphous tin oxide enriched with Sn²⁺ ions. The films specific capacity during the first cathodic polarization in a 1 M lithium imide solution in dioxolane is 200–700 mA h/g, of which nearly one half is the irreversible capacity. During the second cycle, the latter is 15% of that in the first cycle. As the films are thin (<1 m), their capacity does not depend on the current density at 1–80 mA/g. During the electrode cycling, the capacity decreases by 2 mA h/g each cycle. The effective lithium diffusion coefficient, determined by a pulsed galvanostatic method, is 10^–11 cm²/s; it slightly increases with the film lithiation. During the first cycle, the amorphous phase of oxides is reduced to tin metal, the solid solution (Sn, Ti)O₂ decomposes, SnO₂ disperses to become an x-ray amorphous phase, and TiO₂ precipitates as a rutile phase. Lithium reversibly incorporates into the tin metal, yielding Li _y Sn, and into a disperse SnO₂ phase, yielding Li _x SnO₂.     

Calorimetric Study of the Acidity and Interface Effects of Tin Dioxide Layers Deposited on Another Metal Oxide

Samples with various amounts of tin oxide were prepared by impregnating γ-Al₂O₃, TiO₂(anatase), SiO₂, ZrO₂ and MgO with tin tetrachloride or tributyltin acetate solutions. After drying and calcination, the samples were characterized by chemical analysis, XRD and BET measurements. Ammonia adsorption microcalorimetry was used in order to determine the number, strength and strength distribution of surface acid sites. The influence of the adsorption temperature, evacuation temperature, amount of SnO₂ deposited and of the nature of the support on the adsorption properties were studied. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of the Support on the Structural Characteristics of Tin

Tin oxide was supported on alumina, titania, magnesia and silica, treated with hydrogen at different temperatures and characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. For the samples calcined at 773 K, tin is present as SnO₂ on alumina, magnesia and silica, but it occupies Ti sites on titania. After hydrogen treatment at high temperatures, tin is reduced from Sn(IV) to Sn(II) on alumina and titania, from Sn(IV) to Sn(0) on silica, but practically not reduced on magnesia. These results show the different degree of interaction between tin and the supporting material.     

环氧化物法制备锑掺杂氧化锡气凝胶

以无机金属盐为前驱体,采用环氧丙烷添加法结合CO2超临界流体干燥和热处理工艺,制备了不同锑掺杂浓度的二氧化锡(ATO)气凝胶.所得气凝胶为深蓝色块体,平均密度约为600 mg?cm-3,锑掺杂浓度在5%到20%(x)之间.电子显微镜图片显示ATO气凝胶的骨架由粒径约为数十纳米的颗粒堆积而成,而这些颗粒又由数纳米的初级球形颗粒构成.X射线衍射谱表明,样品的主要晶相为SnO2四方相金红石结构,锑的掺杂仅引起微小的晶格畸变.X射线光电子谱显示锡元素以+4价态存在,而锑则具有+3和+5的混合价态.四探针电阻率测试仪的结果表明,ATO气凝胶的电阻率在2.7-40Ω?cm之间变化,其中在锑掺杂浓度(x)为12%时具有最低电阻率.     

锌锡双金属掺杂MCM-41的合成及表征

以硅酸钠为硅源, 锡酸钠，硝酸锌为金属源，十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂，采用直接水热合成法合成出了锌锡双金属同时掺杂的介孔MCM-41。通过ICP﹑XRD、TG-DTA﹑FTIR﹑HRTEM以及BET等技术对材料的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明，合成的材料具有典型的六方介孔结构，比表面高，孔分布窄，热稳定性较高，且锌锡可能进入介孔MCM-41骨架中。该材料对苯酚羟基化反应具有良好的催化性能，双金属修饰MCM-41催化活性明显优于单组分掺杂。     

A Novel High-Pressure Tin Oxynitride Sn2N2O

We report the first oxynitride of tin, Sn₂N₂O (SNO), exhibiting a Rh₂S₃-type crystal structure with space group Pbcn. All Sn atoms are in six-fold coordination, in contrast to Si in silicon oxynitride (Si₂N₂O) and Ge in the isostructural germanium oxynitride (Ge₂N₂O), which appear in four-fold coordination. SNO was synthesized at 20 GPa and 1200–1500 °C in a large volume press. The recovered samples were characterized by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal electron diffraction in the TEM using the automated diffraction tomography (ADT) technique. The isothermal bulk modulus was determined as B_o=193(5) GPa by using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. The structure model is supported by DFT calculations. The enthalpy of formation, the bulk modulus, and the band structure have been calculated.