纵向焊接铝合金柱构件承载力试验研究及数值分析

大多数结构用铝合金通常要经过热处理或加工硬化以得到比退火状态更高的力学性能.这种合金焊接后,焊接热会使焊缝附近局部区域(称为热影响区heat affected zone,以下简称HAZ)强度降低.这与钢结构焊接存在显著的区别,也使得焊接铝合金柱构件的研究变得更为复杂.目前,单纯通过试验来研究焊接铝合金柱构件周期长,成本...     

输电钢管塔环板节点极限承载力的理论研究

以圆环-母线梁模型为基础,运用虚功原理,研究了无环板和四分之一环板节点极限承载力的计算方法,并给出了节点极限承载力的建议公式.通过将其与试验结果、有限元计算结果、日本铁塔协会的送电用钢管铁塔制作基准的计算结果进行对比,证明本文所提出的建议公式得到的结果较日本铁塔协会的送电用钢管铁塔制作基准的计算结果有所提高,并能较好地与试验和有限元计算的结果吻合,与试验结果的误差约为3%.本文可为超高压输电钢管塔节点设计和节点极限承载力确定提供参考.     

受火作用铝合金梁的临界温度及其参数分析

基于ANSYS数值模拟结果,首次对铝合金梁在火荷载作用下的响应行为进行模拟。系统比较了简支、铰支、固支、一端固支另一端简支等几种典型边界约束条件下铝合金梁的抗火特性,着重讨论了各自的临界温度并与已有规范进行了对比,在此基础上考察了端部约束条件、载荷比、载荷类型等因素对铝合金梁弯曲屈曲失效行为的影响。结果表明:设计规范公式计算出的临界温度偏于保守,比有限元结果低2.5%~16.7%,而有限元更能反映真实情况;对于不同的约束情形,铰支梁的抗火能力最强,其次是固支梁,简支梁的抗火能力最差;载荷比越大,铝合金梁的临界温度越低,抗火能力越弱,载荷比由0.3增加到0.7时,简支梁和一端固支另一端简支梁的临界温度减小约43℃,固支和铰支梁的临界温度分别减小37℃和30℃;载荷类型对铝合金梁的影响较小。本文研究为铝合金结构抗火设计提供了理论依据。     

横肋波纹钢板-钢管混凝土短柱轴压受力机理研究

横肋波纹钢板-钢管混凝土柱(CFHCST)是由四角方钢管与侧壁波纹钢板焊接形成的多腔体与混凝土组合而成。为研究其受力机理及轴力分配规律,本文采用ABAQUS建立了CFHCST的分析模型,并基于得到的试验数据验证了该模型的准确性。在此基础上,从构件的荷载-纵向应变曲线、各钢材组分的应力-应变曲线发展规律及混凝土的纵向应力分布等多方面进行了分析,同时评价了不同参数对其承载力、延性及承载力提高系数的影响。研究结果表明:波纹钢板几乎不承担轴向荷载,构件承载力的大小主要由核心混凝土和方钢管混凝土决定;构件截面的强约束区主要集中在核心混凝土的截面核心处以及方钢管角部;波纹钢板表面受力不均匀,波峰与波中处钢材均表现为双向受拉,且波峰对混凝土的约束效果最好。在结合现有规范以及有限元参数分析结果的基础上,建立了CFHCST承载力计算公式。公式计算结果偏于安全,可为工程设计提供参考。     

拼接式组合扁梁受弯性能分析

本文提出了一种拼接式组合扁梁，对其进行了受弯性能分析．组合扁梁属于内嵌式组合梁，其组成部分较为复杂，传统承载力计算公式偏保守．为便于此类梁的设计，本文在等效应力法的基础上使用等效矩形应力图法，对拼接式组合扁梁的正截面抗弯承载力公式进行推导．使用ABAQUS有限元软件对组合方法公式的准确性进行验证，并与等效应力法公式进行对比，结果表明组合公式得到的数值更为精准．在相同截面高度和用钢量下设计了一个深肋组合扁梁和一个拼接式组合扁梁，并进行了受弯性能对比；同时对不同钢强度和翼缘厚度影响下的拼接式组合扁梁抗弯承载性能进行分析．使用换算截面法对其进行了弹性刚度的计算，并和有限元进行了对比，二者吻合较好，研究结果为拼接式组合扁梁的设计和优化提供了一定参考依据．     

搅拌摩擦焊接数值模拟的网格敏感性分析

利用完全热力耦合模型,通过对具有不同网格尺寸的焊接构件有限元模型的计算,分析了网格敏感性对模拟结果的影响,同时简要分析了焊接过程中温度分布和残余应力大小及分布形式。数值结果表明,网格密度影响计算误差,同时决定着计算效率和计算成本。随着网格密度的增加,计算结果的精度得到提高,当网格加密到一定程度,计算结果的精度并没有随着网格密度的增加成比例的增加。焊接过程中温度近似呈稳态分布,焊接构件的纵向残余应力分布呈现典型双峰特征,这些现象都与已有试验所得结论吻合。     

腹筋对连续深梁剪切破坏影响的有限元分析

我国现行混凝土结构设计规范关于腹筋对深梁抗剪承载力影响的考虑,主要基于简支深梁的试验数据和计算模型,相关规定对于连续深梁的适用性有待验证。腹筋对连续深梁抗剪性能的影响机理十分复杂,系统的试验研究较少,试验结果比较分散。为了弥补试验研究的不足,采用非线性有限元方法模拟钢筋混凝土连续深梁的受力性能。利用已有的试验数据,验证了基于ATENA软件建立的有限元模型,并以此为基础,对以腹筋配筋率和剪跨比为变量的64根连续深梁进行分析,研究腹筋对连续深梁受剪承载力的影响。有限元分析结果与规范公式和压杆-拉杆模型(STM)及最新提出的三参数机动法(3PKT)的比较表明,中国规范高估了水平腹筋对构件受剪承载力的贡献,STM和3PKT方法也存在各自的不足。     

焊接管结构的非线性推覆简化模型

有限元分析方法中,采用三维实体单元对焊接管结构进行离散是最为精确的建模方法,但对三维实体模型分析时会划分大量单元,导致计算时间冗长。工程中常把焊接管结构简化为刚架模型,即刚性连接的杆系系统。这种建模方式忽略了节点的局部柔度,过高地估计了整体结构的刚度,使计算结果偏于危险。为解决上述问题,在节点处引入虚拟梁单元,使其等效模拟节点的局部变形,还原支管真实长度。为了验证节点柔度对焊接管结构的影响,对典型的焊接管结构缩尺,进行了推覆试验。分别采用壳单元模型、刚架模型及引入虚拟梁单元的简化模型进行有限元模拟,并与试验结果对比分析。结果表明,刚架模型会过高的估计焊接管结构的刚度,而简化模型计算结果与壳模型、试验结果较为吻合。     

火灾下混凝土结构破坏模拟的纤维梁单元模型

为分析和模拟结构构件在火灾下的失效破坏过程,本文基于建筑结构分析中常用的纤维梁单元模型,建立了钢筋混凝土梁、柱构件的火灾破坏数值模型.此模型将构件截面划分成多个纤维,从而可以模拟构件截面的不均匀温度场分布以及高温下混凝土材料的开裂、压碎和钢筋屈服等行为.并根据全拉格朗日描述方法,推导了纤维梁单元的切线刚度矩阵,建立了纤维梁单元的增量求解方程.最后,将本文模型的模拟结果和多个具体试验结果进行了分析比较,进一步验证了模型的可靠性.     

板簧扭振减振器高精度力学模型研究

在中小长细比板簧扭振减振器结构分析中,多采用Euler-Bernoulli梁理论而不考虑剪切变形的影响。为解决由此导致的减振器参数计算误差偏大的问题,基于Timoshenko梁理论推导了考虑剪切变形影响的板簧扭振减振器簧片力学模型,并采用有限元法进行了验证。结果表明:基于Timoshenko梁理论的解析结果与有限元数值结果吻合较好,并优于Bernoulli梁理论计算结果,证明了此理论公式的正确性和可靠性。所推导的力学模型能方便设计人员的使用,有助于推动板簧扭振减振器计算理论的深化和拓展,丰富板簧扭振减振器的计算方法。     

Numerical study of the plastic behaviour in tension of welds in high strength steels

The influence of the mismatch between material properties and constraint on the plastic deformation behaviour of the heat affected zone of welds in high strength steels is investigated in this study, using finite element simulations. An elastoplastic implicit three-dimensional finite element code (EPIM3D) was used in the analysis. The paper presents the mechanical model of the code and the methodology used for the numerical simulation of the tensile test of welded joints. Numerical results of the tensile test of welded samples with different hypothetical widths for the Heat Affected Zone and various material mismatch levels are shown. The analysis concerns the overall strength and ductility of the joint and in relation to the plastic behaviour of the heat affected zone. The influence of the yield stress, tensile strength and constraint on the stress and plastic strain distribution in the soft heat affected zone is also discussed.     

Use of experiment and an inverse method to study interface heat transfer during solidification in the investment casting process

A technique to determine the thermal boundary conditions existing during the solidification of metallic alloys in the investment casting process is presented. Quantitative information about these conditions is needed so that numerical models of heat transfer in this process produce accurate results. In particular, the variation of the boundary conditions both spatially and temporally must be known. The method used involves the application of a new inverse heat conduction method to thermal data recorded during laboratory experiments of aluminium alloy solidification in investment casting shell moulds. The resultant heat transfer coefficient for the alloy/mould interface is calculated. An experimental programme to determine requisite mould thermal properties was also undertaken. It was observed that there is significant variation of the alloy/mould heat transfer coefficient during solidification. It is found to be highly dependent on the alloy type and on the vertical position below the initial free surface of the liquid metal. The aluminium casting alloys used in this study were 413, A356, 319 (Aluminum Association designations), and commercially pure aluminium. These alloys have significantly different freezing ranges. In particular, it was found that alloys with a high freezing range solidify with rates of heat transfer to the mould which are very sensitive to metallostatic head.     

Stress–strain behaviour of aluminium alloys at a wide range of strain rates

The stress–strain behaviour of extruded AA6xxx and AA7xxx aluminium alloys in T6 temper was studied at a wide range of strain rates. Tensile tests at low to medium strain rates were performed in a standard tensile test machine, while a split-Hopkinson tension bar was used to carry out tests at high rates of strain. Extruded aluminium alloys have anisotropic mechanical properties, and tests were therefore done in three directions with respect to the extrusion direction. It is found that the AA6xxx alloys exhibit no significant rate sensitivity in the stress–strain behaviour, while moderate rate sensitivity was found for the AA7xxx alloys. There seems to be no significant difference between the rate sensitivity in the three tensile directions. The experimental data were used to identify the parameters of a thermo-viscoplastic constitutive relation for the extruded alloys, which includes the effects of strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, thermal softening and plastic anisotropy.     

Enhanced SCC resistance of AA7005 welds with appropriate filler metal and post-welding heat treatment

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance for weldment of Al-Zn-Mg alloys is enhanced with appropriate filler metal and post-welding heat treatment while maintaining the weld strength integrity. Tungsten insert gas (TIG) arc welding is used to join the AA7005-T4 plates with three high-Mg fillers, ER5183, ER5556 and ER5356. Four heat treatments, NA (natural ageing), T6, T73, and RRA, were applied to the welded plates. Micro-hardness test, tensile test and stress corrosion test were conducted on the heat-treated specimens. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were also performed on the specimens cut from the fusion zone. For the three high-Mg filler metals, only the ER5356 filler with low Mn content showed improvement in the tensile property after different post-welding heat treatments. Weld strength improvement were ideal for the T7 post-welding heat treatment. No improvements were observed for the ER5183 and ER5556 filler wires. The ultimate tensile strength of ER5183, ER5556 and ER5356 weld were found to fall within the, respective, ranges of 250-280, 270-300, and 280-360 MPa corresponding to the different heat treatments.Post-welding heat treatment improves the SCC resistance of welds made with ER5356 and specimens with T7 and RRA heat treatments. DSC analyses showed that only the specimen fabricated from the weld made with ER5356 has an endothermic dissolution reaction peaked at 141 °C. The TEM images from the fusion zone (FZ) of T7 and RRA welds with ER5356 filler wire showed similar micro-structure and distribution of precipitates. They both have relatively large and non-continuous precipitates at the grain boundary. The size of precipitates differed in the matrix. The combination of ER5356 filler metal and post-welding T7 treatment can offer the AA7005 weld with better SCC resistance and high tensile strength.     

Experimental and numerical study on formability of friction stir welded TWB sheets based on hemispherical dome stretch tests

In order to investigate formability performance and also to obtain guidelines for the stamping process design of friction stir welded TWB (tailor welded blank) sheets, the hemispherical dome stretching test was experimentally performed and the results of the base and friction stir welded samples were compared. Also, in order to better understand the experimental results, numerical analysis was performed. In this work, five automotive sheets, 6111-T4, 5083-H18, 5083-O aluminum alloy, dual-phase steel (DP590) and AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were considered by (friction stir) welding the same materials. To represent mechanical properties for the numerical analysis, the non-quadratic orthotropic yield function, Yld2000-2d, was utilized for the aluminum alloy and DP590 sheets, while the Cazacu anisotropic/asymmetric yield function was applied for the AZ31 sheet considering different hardening behavior in tension and compression.     

Modelling of plastic flow localisation and damage development in friction stir welded 6005A aluminium alloy using physics based strain hardening law

Plastic flow localisation and ductile failure during tensile testing of friction stir welded aluminium specimens are investigated with a specific focus on modelling the local, finite strain, hardening response. In the experimental part, friction stir welds in a 6005A-T6 aluminium alloy were prepared and analysed using digital image correlation (DIC) during tensile testing as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on polished samples and on fracture surfaces. The locations of the various regions of the weld were determined based on hardness measurements, while the flow behaviour of these zones was extracted from micro-tensile specimens cut parallel to the welding direction. The measured material properties and weld topology were introduced into a 3D finite element model, fully coupled with the damage model. A Voce law hardening model involving a constant stage IV is used within an enhanced Gurson type micro-mechanical damage model, accounting for void nucleation, growth and coalescence, as well as void shape evolution. The stage IV hardening, observed in Simar et al. (2010), was found to increase the stiffness during plastic flow localisation as well as to postpone the onset of fracture as determined by the void coalescence criterion. Furthermore, the presence of a second population of voids was concluded to strongly affect the fracture strain of the high strength regions of the welds. This modelling effort links the microstructure and process parameters to macroscopic parameters relevant to the optimisation of the welds.     

不同宽厚比H形截面钢梁抗冲击性能

基于经实验校核的非线性有限元模型,对受横向冲击作用的H形钢梁进行了有限元分析。设计不同宽厚比组配的H形钢梁,分析H形钢梁跨中受横向冲击的动态响应和应力发展过程,并研究宽厚比对H形钢梁抗冲击性能的影响,重点讨论了腹板厚度、翼缘厚度对冲击力平台值和峰值以及耗能的影响。分析结果表明,两端铰接H形钢梁在跨中受冲击载荷作用下的变形模式主要为弯曲变形。相同冲击能量下,冲击力平台值主要受翼缘厚度的影响,冲击力峰值主要受腹板厚度的影响。翼缘厚度对钢梁抗冲击性能的影响要大于腹板厚度。本研究可为不同宽厚比H形钢梁的抗冲击设计提供依据和参考。     

反应堆贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力研究1）

焊接残余应力是引起应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因,准确地掌握残余应力的分布是对结构完整性评定的关键.为了探明反应堆压力容器顶盖控制棒驱动机构（control rod drive mechanism,CRDM）贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力的分布,本研究加工两个CRDM贯穿件实验模拟件,采用盲孔法测试两个J形接头的焊接残余应力.通过实验探明了CRDM贯穿件焊缝残余应力的分布规律,为反应堆压力容器结构完整性的研究提供必要参考.     

Characterization of mechanical properties by indentation tests and FE analysis – validation by application to a weld zone of DP590 steel

In this work, the mechanical properties of the metal active gas (MAG) weld zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) were characterized utilizing the continuous indentation method together with its finite element (FEM) analysis. To verify the measured properties, uni-axial tension and three point bending tests were performed for DP590 welded specimens. For numerical simulations, the isotropic hardening law was assumed along with the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function, Yld2000-2d. As for the failure criterion of the base material and weld zones particularly for the failure evaluation in the uni-axial tension test, Hill’s bifurcation theory and the M–K theory were applied to calculate the forming limit diagrams considering all measured properties including strain-rate sensitivity.     

Anisotropic behaviour law for sheets used in stamping:: A comparative study of steel and aluminium

For a car manufacturer, reducing the weight of vehicles is an obvious aim. Replacing steel by aluminium moves towards that goal. Unfortunately, aluminium's stamping numerical simulation results are not yet as reliable as those of steel. Punch-strength and spring-back phenomena are not correctly described. This study on aluminium validates the behaviour law Hill 48 quadratic yield criterion with both isotropic and kinematic hardening. It is based on the yield surface and on associated experimental tests (uniaxial test, plane tensile test, plane compression and tensile shearing). To cite this article: J.-J. Sinou, B. Macquaire, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).