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1.
To identify the reasons for the very low barrier that has been measured for ring inversion of 1,4,5,5-tetrafluorobicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (deltaG(double dagger) = 6.8 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol), CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations have been performed on ring inversion in this and other bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes. The results of the calculations show that a cooperative interaction between the geminal fluorines at C2 and the fluorines at C1 and C3 in the singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyl transition structure (TS) contributes 3.7 kcal/mol to lowering the barrier to ring inversion in the tetrafluoro compound. In contrast, a competitive substituent effect in the TS for ring inversion of 1,4-dicyano-5,5-difluorobicyclo[2.1.0]pentane is predicted to raise the barrier height by 6.1 kcal/mol. The origin of these cooperative and competitive substituent effects is discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Ab initio calculations on the lowest singlet and triplet states of 2,2-disilylcyclopentane-1,3-diyl find that the singlet lies well below the triplet. The C 2 singlet diradical is calculated to be a minimum on the potential energy surface with an enthalpic barrier to ring closure of ΔH 298 = 13.5 kcal/mol at the CASPT2/6-31G* level of theory. The energy of the 1,3-divinyl-substituted singlet diradical is calculated to be only 0.8 kcal/mol higher than that of 5,5-disilyl-1,3-divinylbicyclo[2.1.0]pentane at this level of theory, but the transition state for their equilibration is computed to be 12.8 kcal/mol above the diradical in energy. Received: 2 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 / Published online: 16 November 1998  相似文献   

3.
Dynamic NMR of 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-triazinane reveals two dynamic processes: ring inversion leading to equilibrium between two degenerate rotamers of Cs symmetry (ΔG = 13.5 kcal/mol), and rotation about the S-N bond leading to equilibrium between the Cs (more stable) and C3v (2.12 kcal/mol less stable) rotamers (ΔG = 13.0 kcal/mol).  相似文献   

4.
A variable temperature 1H NMR study of the [3.3](3,5)pyridinophane indicated that the syn(chair/chair) is more stable than syn(chair/boat) by 0.2 kcal/mol in solution, whereas the trimethylene bridges show disorder even at −150 °C in the solid state. A transition state search by ab initio MO calculations suggested two competitive conformational changes for syn(chair/chair)-syn(chair/boat) conversion via a bridge wobble or a ring inversion in the [3.3](3,5)pyridinophane.  相似文献   

5.
The mechanism of the NHC-catalyzed intermolecular Stetter reaction between benzaldehyde and cyclopropene has been investigated using the PCM-M062X/6-311++G(3df,2p)//M062X/6-31+G(d,p) level of DFT. Compared to the direct reaction, a substantial reduction in the activation free energy by 10.6–14.4 kcal/mol is observed when the reaction is performed in the presence of water, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The bases promote the proton transfer step of the reaction to yield the Breslow intermediate. An early concerted transition state has been located for the stereocontrolling C–C bond formation step (ΔG# = 26.6 kcal/mol) which is used to explain the diastereomeric ratio observed in the experiment.  相似文献   

6.
Metallocene alkyl cations for polymerization of olefins possess two active sites involved in migratory insertion. Site epimerization, with an inversion at the metal atom, is considered to be one of the major causes for break-down of the alternating propagation model, resulting in stereoerrors whenever the two catalytic sites have substantially different enantioface selectivities. Density functional theory has been used to determine the intrinsic reaction coordinate that connects the optimized minima and transition states of inversion in the parent ansa-zirconocene [{H2C(Cp)2}Zr-Pr]+ (Pr = n-propyl). These calculations yield a three-step reaction path for site epimerization. Starting from the pyramidal β-agostic complex, an activated rotation around the Zr-Pr bond first produces an α-agostic conformation. Continued rotation leads to an equivalent second α-agostic intermediate and then finally to the inverted β-agostic complex. The second step is rate-determining and proceeds through a planar three-coordinate transition state. In the case of [{H2C(Cp)2}Zr-iBu]+ (iBu = iso-butyl), the situation is more complicated, because there are several interconvertible α-, β- and γ-agostic intermediates, but the rate-limiting step is again an inversion process connecting two different α-agostic conformers with the alkyl group on opposite enantiosides. For both ansa-zirconocene catalysts, the computed free-energy barriers for epimerization are around 11-12 kcal/mol and almost independent of temperature, while those for insertion increase with temperature due to the entropic cost of association. According to the computational results for the isolated catalysts, insertion remains favored over epimerization for the experimentally relevant temperature range in the n-propyl case, whereas both processes are competitive in the iso-butyl case. Inclusion of bulk solvent effects by a continuum solvation model does not affect the results much, while explicit consideration of a coordinating counterion causes larger changes. The present model calculations on the role of site epimerization should thus be most relevant for propene polymerization with non-coordinating counterions.  相似文献   

7.
The mechanism as well the stereochemistry of cascade cycloisomerization of 15–membered triazatriacetylenic macrocycle was investigated theoretically by using M062X/6–31+G(d,p) and M062X/LANL2DZ calculations. The results showed that the mechanism and outcome of the reaction depended on the absence and presence of a transition metal catalyst. So that, in thermal-induced condition, the reaction had to experience several suprafacial concerted reactions including Ene-reaction (DG#=35.38 kcal/mol), Diels–Alder cycloaddition (DG# = 17.16 kcal/mol), and sigmatropic H-shift rearrangement (DG# = 56.21 kcal/mol) to produce diastereoselective fused cis–tetracyclic aromatic bearing a pyrrole moiety by following kinetic considerations. Also, the [2+2+2] cycloaddition mechanism was neglected in thermal–induced conditions because of high activation free Gibbs energy (DG# = 63.90 kcal/mol). In the presence of palladium catalyst, Pd(0) formed an adduct by coordinating to C = C bonds and decreased the DG# of the process to 29.58 kcal/mol, and consequently provided a facilitated media for the reaction to follow the [2+2+2] to produce more stable fused tetracyclic benzenoid aromatic by passing through the lower energy barrier.  相似文献   

8.
The title compound, 6-nitro-[1,10]phenanthroline-1-ium nitrate, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electron absorption spectroscopy, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure study showed that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Cc, with Mr=288.22 (C12H8N4O5), a=13.861(3), b=10.142(2), c=8.7320(17) Å, β=103.70(3)°, V=1192.6(4) Å3, Z=4, Dc=1.605 g/cm3, F(000)=592, μ(Mo Kα)=0.129 mm−1, R=0.0439, wR=0.1125, GOF=1.110. In the crystal lattice, the molecules create a network structure through hydrogen bonds. Ab initio calculations of the structures, charges distribution, natural bond orbitals, topological analysis and thermodynamic functions of 5-nitro-[1,10]phenanthroline and its protonated cation were performed at HF/6-311G** and B3LYP/6-311G** levels of theory. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the X-ray data and show that the protonated structure is stable. The calculation of second order optical nonlinearity was carried out and a higher molecular hyperpolarizability of 24.66×10−30 esu was predicted.  相似文献   

9.
Raman spectra of an aqueous solution of glycine (Gly) have been recorded in the range of 400-2000 cm−1. In aqueous solution, glycine molecules exist in their zwitterionic form, having two opposite charged poles, COO and NH3+. The zwitterionic structure of glycine (ZGly) is stabilized by the hydrogen bond interaction of water (W) molecules. In the present report, we have optimized the ground state geometries of different hydrogen bonded complexes of [ZGly + (W)n=1-5] in aqueous medium using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d) level of theory. A comparative discussion on the structural details and binding energies (BEs) of each conformer has been also done. The theoretical Raman spectra were calculated corresponding to the most stable [ZGly + (W)n=1-5] conformers. The theoretically simulated Raman spectra of each stable conformer were compared with experimentally observed Raman spectra to explore the number of water molecules needed for stabilizing the structure of ZGly. The theoretically simulated Raman spectra corresponding to the most stable conformer of [ZGly + (W)5] having a BE of −22.8 kcal/mol, are matching nicely with the experimentally observed Raman spectra. Thus, on the basis of the above observations, we conclude that the conformer, [ZGly + (W)5] is the most probable conformer in the aqueous medium. We also believe that in the conformer, [ZGly + (W)5] the five water molecules are arranged around the ZGly in such a way that the effect of steric hindrance is less compared to the other conformers. The dipole-dipole interaction potential (DDP) is also calculated corresponding to the strongest hydrogen bond for each [ZGly + (W)n=1-5] conformer.  相似文献   

10.
An improved reagent named 2-[2-(dibenzocarbazole)-ethoxy] ethyl chloroformate (DBCEC-Cl) for the determination of aliphatic amines by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and post-column online atmospheric chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) identification has been developed. DBCEC-Cl could easily and quickly label aliphatic amines. Derivatives were stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by HPLC and showed an intense protonated molecular ion corresponding m/z [M+H]+ under APCI-MS in positive-ion mode. The ratios for fluorescence responses were IDBCEC-amine/IBCEC-amine = 1.02-1.60; IDBCEC-amine/IBCEOC-amine = 1.30-2.57; and IDBCEC-amine/IFMOC-amine = 2.20-4.12 (here, I was relative fluorescence intensity). The ratios for MS responses were ICDBCEC-amine/ICBCEC-amine = 4.16-29.31 and ICDBCEC-amine/ICBCEOC-amine = 1.23-2.47 (Here, IC: APCI-MS ion current intensity). Detection limits calculated from 0.0244 pmol injection, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, were 0.3-3.0 fmol. The relative standard deviations for within-day determination (n = 6) were 0.045-0.081% for retention time and 0.86-1.03% for peak area for the tested aliphatic amines. The mean intra- and inter-assay precision for all amine levels were <3.64% and 4.67%, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged from 96.9% to 104.7% with their standard deviations in the range of 1.80-2.70 (RSDs%). Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9991.  相似文献   

11.
Cyclobutene has been prepared by an improved method. The reaction ofN-aminophthalimide with cyclobutene or cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene in the presence of lead tetraacetate gives 2-phthalimidyl- (5) or 2-phthalimidyl-4,5-dichloro-5-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (6), respectively. The NMR spectra of 6 showed the presence of exo (9) and endo (10) isomers. The effect of ring size on the chemical shift of the bridgehead hydrogen absorption in a series of azabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes was examined. Several reactions of 5 and 6 and alternative syntheses of the azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentane system were investigated.  相似文献   

12.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors are expressed on various tumor cells in much higher density than somatostatin receptors, which provides the basis for radiolabeling VIP as tumor diagnostic agent. However, fast proteolytic degradation of VIP in vivo limits its clinical application. With the aim to develop and evaluate new ligands for depicting the VIP receptors with positron emission tomography (PET), the structure modified [R8,15,21, L17]-VIP analog was radiolabeled with 18F using two different methods. With the first method, N-4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl-[R8,15,21, L17]-VIP ([18F]FB-[R8,15,21, L17]-VIP 7) was produced in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) of 33.6 ± 3%, a specific radioactivity of 255 GBq/μmol (n = 5) within 100 min in four steps. Similarly, N-4-[18F](fluoromethyl)-benzoyl-[R8,15,21, L17]-VIP ([18F]FMB-[R8,15,21, L17]-VIP 8) was synthesized in a RCY of 34.85 ± 5%, a specific radioactivity of 180 GBq/μmol (n = 5) within 60 min in only one step. The two products 7 and 8 were both shown good stability in HSA. Moreover, the low bone uptakes of 7 and 8 in vivo of mice showed good defluorination stability.  相似文献   

13.
Biphen(OPR2) (with R: Ph, iPr, Cy) is reacted with [Rh(COE)2Cl]2. The corresponding μ-chloro-bridged dimers are received. An X-ray analysis of [Biphen(OPCy2)RhCl]2 is included. This compound shows a dynamic behaviour in solution, ascribed to a monomer/dimer equilibrium. The difference of the Biphen ligands to Milsteins PCP pincer-type ligand is shown. A catalytic cycle for biphenyl metathesis containing the coupling of oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the bridging C-C single bond in the biphenyl fragment using RhI/III complexes and the concept of chelating assistance was calculated using DFT (B3PW91/LANL2DZ). According to the calculations the activation energy of the oxidative addition is about 30 kcal/mol and for the reductive elimination about 19 kcal/mol. The fac-RhIII complex is by far the most stable compound, but the formation of it is kinetically strongly disfavoured. Pre-catalysts (COD)M(Ph-O-PR2) (M: Rh, Ir) were synthesized by pre-coordinating the phosphinite to the metal (X-ray structures of four such compounds included) followed by treatment with 2 equiv. of sec. BuLi (X-ray structures of two such compounds included). In case of Ir this synthesis is complicated by C-H activation (X-ray structure of (COD)Ir(H)(Cl)(2-Br-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite)) included) and fast oxidative addition of the Ph-C-Halide bond. For (COD)Ir(H)(Cl)(2-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite)) the C-H activation is reversible and thermodynamic parameters for the ring closure reaction were determined by VT-NMR measurement (ΔH = −21.1 ± 0.5 kJ/mol, ΔS = −62.8 ± 1.7 J/(mol K)). The pre-catalysts were reacted with Biphen(OPR2) to enter the calculated catalytic cycle. With Rh as center metal this reaction works out cleanly to give new complexes with the three P-atoms coordinated to one Rh center. No hemi-labile character was found for these P-donors even at 105 °C in toluene. If (COD)Rh(2-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite)) is reacted with 2 equiv. of 2-iodo-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite) oxidative addition of one C-Iodo bond is observed and the corresponding mer-RhIII complex is received. Upon treatment with 2 equiv. of sec. BuLi the resulting product is(Biphen(OPiPr2))RhI(2-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite)) rather than mer-RhIII(2-phenyl-O-(diisopropylphosphinite))3. Reaction of [Rh(COD)Cl]2 with 3 equiv. of 2-bromo-phenyl-O-(diphenylphosphinite) shows a fast scrambling of the chlorine into all possible ortho positions of the phenolate rings in the final RhIII reaction product.  相似文献   

14.
The gas-phase thermal isomerizations at 315 °C of cis,anti,cis-tricyclo[6.4.0.02,7]dodec-3-ene to trans-tricyclo[6.2.2.02,7]dodec-9-ene and to cis,endo-tricyclo[6.2.2.02,7]dodec-9-ene favor the former, the more geometrically strained product, by a ratio of 2.4:1. These products correspond to suprafacial inversion (si) and suprafacial retention (sr) stereochemical outcomes. The reaction stereochemistry shown by the 11-carbon homolog, cis,anti,cis-tricyclo[6.3.0.02,7]undec-3-ene, is strikingly different: the [1,3] carbon shift takes place to give only the ‘forbidden’ sr product. Two related bicyclic vinylcyclobutanes, 8-deuterio- and 8-exo-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-enes, evidence contrasting reaction stereochemical predilections in [1,3] shifts, but the 12-carbon tricyclic system and the 8-exo-methyl bicyclic analog isomerize with the same si:sr ratio! These observations prompt fresh considerations of structural influences on conformational preferences available to the alkyl, allyl diradical reactive intermediates involved.  相似文献   

15.
The Stille cross-coupling reaction of [1-11C]acetyl chloride with tributylphenylstannane leading to [carbonyl-11C]acetophenone was studied with the goal of developing a new 11C-labeling method for positron emission tomography tracer synthesis. The coupled product [carbonyl-11C]acetophenone was synthesized using the Pd2(dba)3/P(MeNCH2CH2)3N·HCl system with a 60-61% radiochemical conversion from [1-11C]acetyl chloride (decay-corrected, n = 3).  相似文献   

16.
The stereochemistry of syn and anti-forms of bridged bicyclo[3.n.1]-2-ene, tricyclo[7.n.1.0]-2-ene (n=1-3) and bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-7-ene derivatives can be assigned from the 13C chemical shift difference of the double bond. Both syn-9-R-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-enes and syn-13-R-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]tridec-2(7)-enes have a large shielding difference between sp2 carbons, while the corresponding anti-forms have a smaller one. In contrast, 8-R-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enes and 12-R-tricyclo[7.2.1.02,7]dodec-2(7)-enes have an inverse correlation. The reason of this specificity is the influence of the γ-gauche effect on the chemical shift of C(2) atom. The GIAO theory has been applied to investigate the 13C chemical shifts. The conformational equilibrium in the formamide group of 13-formylamino-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]tridec-2(7)-enes has been studied.  相似文献   

17.
The ethylene polymerization reaction of a neutral nickel catalyst was studied by DFT calculations at the Becke3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. As in related cases a β-agostic bond stabilizes the nickel alkyl ground states. Transition states for the insertion of the olefin show a distinct α-agostic interaction, which has not been observed for late metal polymerization catalysts before. An ethylene-alkyl complex was identified as the resting state of the reaction. The overall barrier height of the reaction amounts to 17.54 kcal/mol, which slightly increases to 17.60 kcal/mol for the polymerization of deuterated ethylene. Therefore, a small positive kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.09) can be calculated, which is caused by the α-agostic interaction in the transition state. A comparison to other late metal based polymerization systems reveals that the ethylene coordination step of highly active catalysts is significantly lower in energy compared to catalysts which are only moderately active.  相似文献   

18.
Toward the realization of a ligand-driven light-induced spin change (LD-LISC) around room temperature, we have investigated the spin-crossover phenomenon in [Fe(stpy)4(X)2] (stpy = styrylpyridine, X = NCS, NCBH3) under high pressure. The spin transition temperature increases from 110 to 220 K with increasing applied pressure up to 0.75 GPa for [Fe(trans-stpy)4(NCS)2], while [Fe(cis-stpy)4(NCS)2] shows the high-spin state in the temperature region between 2 and 300 K even at 0.75 GPa. In the case of X = NCBH3, due to the stronger ligand field of NCBH3, the spin transition temperature increases from 240 to 360 K with increasing applied pressure up to 0.50 GPa for [Fe(trans-stpy)4(NCBH3)2]. In the case of [Fe(cis-stpy)4(NCBH3)2], the spin state is the high-spin state in the temperature region between 2 and 300 K. However, the spin transition appears at 125 K under 0.5 GPa and the transition temperature increases with increasing applied pressure. In this way, we have decided the applied pressure region of 0.65-1.09 GPa where [Fe(stpy)4(NCBH3)2] undergoes LD-LISC at room temperature.  相似文献   

19.
The phosphite complexes cis-[PtMe2L(SMe2)] in which L = P(OiPr)3, 1a, or L = P(OPh)3, 1b, were synthesized by the reaction of cis,cis-[Me2Pt(μ-SMe2)2PtMe2] with 2 equiv. of L. If 4 equiv. of L was used the bis-phosphite complexes cis-[PtMe2L2] in which L = P(OiPr)3, 2a, or L = P(OPh)3, 2b, were obtained. The reaction of cis-[Pt(p-MeC6H4)2(SMe2)2] with 2 equiv. of L gave the aryl bis-phosphite complexes cis-[Pt(p-MeC6H4)2L2] in which L = P(OiPr)3, 2a′, or L = P(OPh)3, 2b′. Use of 1 equiv. of L in the latter reaction gave the bis-phosphite complex along with the starting complex in a 1:1 ratio.The complexes failed to react with MeI. The reaction of cis,cis-[Me2Pt(μ-SMe2)2PtMe2] with 2 equiv. of the phosphine PPh3 gave cis-[PtMe2(PPh3)2] and cis-[PtMe2(PPh3)(SMe2)] along with unreacted starting material. Reaction of cis-[PtMe2L(SMe2)], 1a and 1b with the bidentate phosphine ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2, gave [PtMe2(dppm)], 8, along with cis-[PtMe2L2], 2. The reaction of cis-[PtMe2L(SMe2)] with 1/2 equiv. of the bidentate N-donor ligand NN = 4,4′-bipyridine yielded the binuclear complexes [PtMe2L(μ-NN)PtMe2L] in which L = P(OiPr)3, 3a, or L = P(OPh)3, 3b.The complexes were fully characterized using multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 31P, and 195Pt) spectroscopy.  相似文献   

20.
Endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane (CAS 6004-38-2) is an important intermediate compound for synthesizing diamantane. The lack of data on the thermodynamic properties of the compound limits its development and application. In this study, endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane was synthesized and the low temperature heat capacities were measured with a high-precision adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from (80 to 360) K. Two phase transitions were observed: the solid-solid phase transition in the temperature range from (198.79 to 210.27) K, with peak temperature 204.33 K; the solid-liquid phase transition in the temperature range from 333.76 K to 350.97 K, with peak temperature 345.28 K. The molar enthalpy increments, ΔHm, and entropy increments, ΔSm, of these phase transitions are ΔHm=2.57 kJ · mol−1 and ΔSm=12.57 J · K−1 · mol−1 for the solid-solid phase transition at 204.33 K, and, ΔfusHm=3.07 kJ · mol−1 and ΔfusSm=8.89 J · K−1 · mol−1 for the solid-liquid phase transition at 345.28 K. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. TG result shows that endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane starts to sublime at 300 K and completely changes into vapor when the temperature reaches 423 K, reaching the maximal rate of weight loss at 408 K.  相似文献   

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