感染减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌对小鼠粪样代谢组的影响——WIPM和Bruker 500 MHz核磁共振波谱仪检测结果的比较

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌属于胞内侵袭性兼性厌氧菌,减毒后的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌安全性大大提高,已被广泛用于病毒、细菌及寄生虫疫苗的研制.但是目前还没有研究利用代谢组学方法来分析减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染对宿主和肠道菌群相互作用的影响.同时中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所自主研发的WIPM 500 MHz核磁共振(NMR)波谱仪已经研制成功,但是该谱仪是否可以用于代谢组学研究尚未经过考证.本研究同时使用WIPM和Bruker500 MHz核磁共振波谱仪对同一批减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染小鼠的粪样进行检测,并结合多变量数据分析方法来研究减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染对小鼠粪样代谢组的影响.研究结果表明,WIPM NMR波谱仪检测数据的分析结果与Bruker NMR波谱仪的实验结果具有高度的一致性,表明WIPM谱仪可以用于代谢组学研究.研究发现减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染能够引起小鼠粪样代谢物中多种氨基酸和尿嘧啶含量的上升,并伴有胆汁酸、乳酸和丙酸含量的下降.以上代谢物含量的改变表明,减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染使小鼠肠道微生物的代谢功能发生了紊乱.     

硫前列酮影响小鼠代谢的NMR研究

前列腺素E2（PGE2）作为一种体内广泛分布的活性物质,通过与其特异性受体EP1,EP2,EP3和EP4结合实现信号跨膜转导,参与许多重要的生理病理过程. 硫前列酮作为PGE2的类似物,通过激活EP1和EP3受体发挥其生理作用,但相关的代谢基础还不甚清楚. 该研究运用基于核磁共振（NMR）技术的代谢组学方法研究了EP1和EP3受体激活剂硫前列酮对小鼠血清和肝脏代谢组的影响. 结果表明,中高剂量硫前列酮处理32天会导致小鼠肝脏代谢组中的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸、二磷酸尿苷、磷酸腺苷和胆汁酸的明显增加,同时肝糖原、葡萄糖、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、尿苷、肌苷、烟碱酸和氧化型谷胱甘肽明显减少. 恢复3周后,高剂量硫前列酮处理小鼠会导致肝脏代谢组中的胆碱水平比对照组高. 这些结果表明EP1和EP3受体激活剂硫前列酮会对小鼠肝脏的糖、核酸和氨基酸等代谢产生影响. 同时,未发现硫前列酮对血清代谢组产生明显影响,这可能与血液循环系统维持机体内环境相对稳定有关. 以上研究结果为认识PGE2- EP1/3信号通路在代谢中的作用提供了基础数据.     

基于1H NMR的代谢组学方法研究葛根芩连汤对高果糖诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠粪便代谢组的影响

研究表明过量高果糖摄入可诱导胰岛素抵抗（IR）.葛根芩连汤（GQD）是临床常用的治疗2型糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗的中药之一,但其对果糖诱导的胰岛素抵抗的肠道菌群影响的相关研究甚少.本文采用基于核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）的代谢组学方法研究了GQD对高果糖诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠粪便代谢组的调控作用.通过连续8周给予大鼠10%果糖水喂养,成功建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,GQD治疗组在果糖水喂养第5周至第8周同时给予GQD（18.2g/kg/day）灌胃.结果表明：与正常对照组相比,胰岛素抵抗模型组大鼠的饮水量、饮食量、体重和IR指数明显增加,空腹血糖值在第8周明显上升.在第8周末期,GQD治疗组的IR指数较胰岛素抵抗模型组显著降低,并且代谢紊乱得到改善：与胰岛素抵抗模型组相比,GQD治疗组胰岛素抵抗中丙酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、牛磺酸和甘油水平增加;而正丁酸、丙氨酸和谷氨酸的含量降低.这一结果表明GQD能够改善胰岛素抵抗所引起的大鼠氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸氧化和肠道微生物代谢等代谢紊乱状态.     

乌头碱对大鼠尿样代谢产物影响的

将NMR谱和主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)相结合用于研究不同剂量下乌头碱（aconitine, AC）急性毒性作用后大鼠尿样的代谢特征. 结果表明灌胃给药后代表能量代谢的柠檬酸（citrate）,2-酮戊二酸（2-oxoglutarate）和顺乌火酸（cis-aconitate）,反应肠道菌群代谢状况的马尿酸盐（hippurate）和苯乙尿酸（phenylacetylglycine）出现异常,并且这些变化在给药后0~8 h达到最大,16 h后基本恢复正常. 且给药剂量越大代谢物异常越明显,需要的恢复时间也越长. 实验中发现2-oxoglutarate的异常增加可能与AC的神经毒性有关,或与2-oxoglutarate的代谢异常有关. 这些信息为进一步阐明AC的毒理学机制和临床毒性监测都会有一定的帮助.     

电离辐射对小鼠肾脏影响的代谢组学研究

电离辐射对生物体影响是目前生物医学领域研究的热点之一.本文利用基于核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）的代谢组学技术研究来自暴露于不同的电离辐射的C57BL/6J小鼠的肾脏的水溶性萃取物,并试图寻找电离辐射对小鼠肾脏影响的特异性生物标志物.分析结果表明,辐射组可与相应的对照组明显区分.在所发现的75个代谢物中,有6种代谢物的浓度发生显著性变化,分别为2-氨基丁酸、3-羟基丁酸、高丝氨酸、1,3-丙二胺、β-丙氨酸和抗坏血酸.这些代谢物可能成为高剂量电离辐射对生物体肾脏代谢影响的标志物.     

基于NMR的4T1荷瘤小鼠脾脏受不同给药方式影响的代谢组学研究

联合阿霉素和紫杉醇治疗肿瘤的策略在临床上已有广泛应用,为了进一步借助纳米载体对肿瘤组织的靶向优势,以良好生物相容性纳米载体包埋阿霉素和紫杉醇的新型给药方式得以发展.虽然前期研究结果显示纳米给药方式相对传统给药治疗有更好的抑制肿瘤生长的效果,但是它们在分子代谢水平对机体的影响并没有被确切研究.本文采用4T1荷瘤乳腺癌模型小鼠,通过比较荷瘤小鼠分别在不处理、传统给药方式和通过纳米载体给药处理的条件下与健康小鼠脾脏代谢组的差异,发现传统给药处理对小鼠肠道微生物相关的代谢紊乱有较好的恢复效果,而通过纳米载体的给药处理可以更好的调节荷瘤小鼠的葡萄糖和延胡索酸等与能量供应相关的代谢途径.此外,这两种给药方式都不能有效改善荷瘤小鼠显著的脾脏肿大症状,也不能改善脾脏免疫调节功能和供应肿瘤生长而导致的氨基酸、有机酸、核酸和胆碱等一系列代谢物变化.这可能与脾脏对外来肿瘤的免疫反应较为激烈而有效药物治疗时间较短有关.该研究为更全面认识荷瘤小鼠脾脏代谢表型变化和不同给药方式对脾脏代谢组的影响提供了基础数据.     

基于UHPLC-QE-MS的CCI模型大鼠的血清代谢组学研究

采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆静电场轨道阱质谱（UHPLC-QE-MS）非靶向代谢组学方法,观察CCI模型大鼠血清内源性代谢物的变化,筛选出慢性坐骨神经痛大鼠血清差异性代谢物,分析慢性疼痛对差异性代谢物的影响。将12只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机均分为正常组和坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤（CCI）组,每组6只。CCI组建立大鼠左侧坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤模型,正常组除不结扎坐骨神经,其余步骤一样。14天后腹主动脉采血, 分离血清,对大鼠血清中的代谢物进行代谢组学检测。利用UHPLC-QE-MS技术并结合PCA(主成分分析)筛选差异代谢物,利用MetabolicAnalyst5.0进行差异代谢物的富集分析。富集分析结果表明,与正常对照组相比,CCI模型大鼠血清有机酸、有机杂环化合物、脂肪酰基、碳水化合物、核酸、有机氮化合物、碳氢化合物等9类代谢物具有统计学差异。结果表明：基于UHPLC-QE-MS的血清代谢组学方法能够有效区分正常组和CCI组,筛选出的差异代谢物有助于慢性疼痛的机制及药物靶点研究。     

JAK/STAT通路抑制剂对C57BL/6小鼠血清代谢组影响的1H NMR研究

JAK/STAT通路抑制剂已被应用于多种疾病的临床试验,但其全身性用药对机体组织细胞功能活性的影响目前尚不明确.本研究运用基于核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）的代谢组学方法分析了JAK/STAT通路抑制剂WP1066（20 mg/kg.bw,2天一次,持续2周）对C57BL/6小鼠血清代谢组的影响.首先采用¹H NMR技术检测了WP1066处理组和对照组小鼠血清的代谢物,然后对所得的图谱数据进行了主成分分析（PCA）以及正交偏最小二乘法分析（OPLS）.研究结果表明,抑制JAK/STAT通路可明显下调小鼠血清中的N-甲基烟酰胺（N-methylnicotinamide）水平,而上调顺乌头酸（cis-aconitate）、草酰乙酸（oxaloacetate）和乙酰胺（acetamide）水平,这些代谢物改变均与能量代谢密切相关.该结果提示代谢失衡相关指标可能作为JAK/STAT通路抑制剂治疗的临床监测参考指标.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病小鼠肾水提物代谢组学研究

应用基于核磁共振的代谢组学方法研究Ⅱ型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠已发展到糖尿病肾病时肾脏代谢表型的变化.结合偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA),结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组肾水提物中的乳酸和糖等代谢物的含量显著升高,而谷氨酸、乙酸、胆碱和甘氨酸的含量显著降低,缬氨酸、肌酐、尼克酰胺、苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸含量略有降低.实验结果表明糖尿病肾病动物模型db/db小鼠的代谢特征不同于正常小鼠.代谢组学分析方法作为辅助手段,为糖尿病肾病的发病机制提供了良好的数据支持.     

NMR实验参数对IBP-血浆相互作用个性化差异研究的影响

药物与血浆蛋白相互作用强弱是影响药物分布代谢与药效的关键因素之一. 本研究小组已报道用扩散加权谱、弛豫加权谱结合主成分分析（PCA）方法研究布洛芬（IBP）与血浆蛋白相互作用的个体差异性. 该文则研究核磁共振实验参数的设置对血浆与药物相互作用个体差异性研究的影响. 以对照血浆样品组与加入布洛芬血浆组为模型,改变扩散时间、梯度强度、回波时间这3种实验参数,采集了27套不同实验设置的扩散加权谱与10套不同回波时间的弛豫加权谱. 结果表明,扩散时间为0.1 s~0.14 s且梯度强度为1.52×10^-3 T/cm~1.90×10^-3 T/cm时采集的扩散加权谱或回波时间为70 ms~110 ms时采集的弛豫加权谱更适合用来研究血浆与布洛芬相互作用的个性化差异.     

Use of gnotobiotic mice to identify and characterize key microbes responsible for the development of the intestinal immune system

Symbiosis between intestinal microbiota and the host animal plays an important role in the homeostasis of host physiology. Since the first production of germ-free rodents in 1945, it has become increasingly clear that the intestinal immune system and the biochemical characteristics of epithelial cells differ greatly between conventional and germ-free rodents. However, questions remain about the types of microbes involved and the precise mechanism by which these microbes affect the host physiology. Here, we review experiments designed to answer these questions with the use of gnotobiotic mice. We have determined suitable biochemical and immunological markers for monitoring microbial effects in these mice. Using these markers, we have found clear differences in epithelial cell glycolipid biosynthesis and intraepithelial lymphocyte dynamics between germ-free and conventional mice. Furthermore, we have identified a key microbe that activates the mucosal immune system in the small intestine. This indigenous bacteria, called segmented filamentous bacteria, is a key symbiont in the host-microbiota interplay, including Th17 cell-inducing activity.     

Ultrasonic assisted extraction,characterization and gut microbiota-dependent anti-obesity effect of polysaccharide from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 'Chachiensis'

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 'Chachiensis' (PCRC), the premium aged pericarps of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicines with a diversity of promising bioactivity. Herein we report the extraction, characterization and underlying mechanism of anti-metabolic syndrome of an arabinan-rich polysaccharide from PCRC (PCRCP). This polysaccharide was obtained in a 7.0% yield by using ultrasound-assisted extraction under the optimized conditions of 30 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 250 W ultrasound power for 20 min at 90 °C with pH 4.5. The PCRCP with an average molecular weight of 122.0 kDa, is mainly composed of D-galacturonic acid, arabinose and galactose, which may link via 1,4-linked Gal(p)-UA, 1,4-linked Ara(f) and 1,4-linked Gal(p). Supplementation with PCRCP not only effectively alleviated the weight gain, adiposity and hyperglycemia, but also regulated the key metabolic pathways involved in the de novo synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acid in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Furthermore, PCRCP treatment caused a significant normalization in the intestinal barrier and composition of gut microbiota in mice fed by HFD. Notably, PCRCP selectively enriched Lactobacillus johnsonii at the family-genus-species levels, a known commensal bacterium, the level of which was decreased in mice fed by HFD. The depletion of microbiome induced by antibiotics, significantly compromised the effects of anti-metabolic syndrome of PCRCP in mice fed by HFD, demonstrating that the protective phenotype of PCRCP against anti-obesity is dependent on gut microbiota. PCRCP is exploitable as a potential prebiotic for the intervention of obesity and its complications.     

Evaluation of the effect of high pressure carbon dioxide-pasteurized food on animal health

ABSTRACT

High pressure-carbon dioxide processing (HPCDP) is used as a non-thermal technology for food pasteurization to produce newer flavors for bread. However, there is no evidence that this process does not produce undesirable toxic materials. To confirm the safety of high pressure carbon dioxide-processed food, we fed high pressure carbon dioxide-processed bread to mice and evaluated their health by monitoring body weight, stress biomarkers, and gut microbiota. There was no significant difference in the body weight of normal and HPCDP bread-fed mice. Similarly, no significant difference in expression of genes important for maintaining the health of the mice was found. Although the mice’s gut microbiota showed a significant difference between the control and the two bread-fed groups, there was no significant difference between the HPCDP and the normal bread-fed groups. Therefore, we found no conclusive evidence to suggest that the processed bread contained toxic materials in comparison to the unprocessed bread.     

蒙药牛胆粉与羊胆粉中胆酸类成分的分析测定

胆酸与硫酸加热产生脱水反应,形成共轭双键,在紫外区产生特征吸收峰。用紫外-分光光度法测定了牛胆粉与羊胆粉中胆酸的含量。测定线性范围为0·0033～0·0167mg·mL-1(r=0·9997),加样回收率及RSD分别为98·48%,1·79%,96·46%,2·50%。5批次样品测定表明:牛胆粉中胆酸的含量在40·85%～43·03%之间,羊胆粉在30·88%～32·64%之间。牛胆粉精密度RSD为2·41%,羊胆粉精密度RSD为2·92%。稳定性试验在8h之内测定牛胆粉RSD为0·55%,羊胆粉RSD为0·59%。重复性试验牛胆粉RSD为2·11%,羊胆粉RSD为2·68%。方法简便、快速、便于推广应用,且可有效地控制牛胆粉与羊胆粉的内在质量。     

一种基于近红外光谱技术的熊胆粉鉴别方法

建立了一种基于近红外光谱分析技术的方法,对熊胆粉的真伪进行了签别,并对掺伪品中熊胆粉的掺入比例进行了定量分析.采集了四处不同产地的30份熊胆粉样品,六份猪胆粉份样品,以及65份按不同比例混合的熊胆粉与猪胆粉的混合样品的近红外光谱,对所采集的样品光谱进行主成分分析,观察到熊胆及其伪品和掺伪品之间存在明显的界限,不同产地的...     

Enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of N3-O-toluyl-fluorouracil by cationic solid lipid nanoparticles

This study was aimed to prepare N₃-O-toluyl-fluorouracil (TFu) loaded cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (TFu-SLNs) and evaluate the potential of a novel lipid-based drug delivery system to enhance the oral absorption of TFu. TFu-SLNs were prepared by the film dispersion-ultrasonication method, using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as cationic tenside. The formulation and manufacture parameters were optimized concerning the drug encapsulation efficiency and the particle size. The in vitro release characteristics, in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, and in situ intestinal absorption features were investigated. The morphology of TFu-SLNs was approximately spherical and the mean particle size was 178.8 ± 9.99 nm; the zeta potential was +19.54 ± 0.32 mV. The mean entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 71.03 ± 1.19% and 3.57 ± 0.08%, respectively. The release behaviors of TFu from TFu-SLNs in PBS were fitted to the bioexponential model, while in artificial gastric juice, artificial intestinal juice and artificial gastric juice (2 h) followed by artificial intestinal juice (2–48 h) were fitted to the Weibull equation. The results of the pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that the bioavailability of TFu-SLNs was significantly increased compared with that of the TFu suspensions after oral administration. The absorption of TFu-SLNs in intestine of rat was fitted to first-order kinetics with passive diffusion mechanism and the main segments of TFu-SLNs absorbed in intestine were duodenum and jejunum for the bioadhesion mediated by electrostatic interaction between the positively charged colloidal particles and the negatively charged mucosal surface. These results indicated that cationic SLNs would offer a promising delivery system for the facilitation of the bioavailability of poorly oral absorption drugs by enhancing the bioadhesion between the absorption mucosal surface and the drug carriers.     

棕色脂肪组织和白色脂肪组织的代谢组学研究

棕色脂肪组织(brown adipose tissue,BAT)在机体的能量代谢中起着极其重要的作用,且被认为是治疗肥胖的潜在靶点之一,然而目前对于BAT功能的代谢基础并不清楚.该文使用了基于核磁共振(NMR)和气相色谱(GC)技术的代谢组学方法,描述和比较了BAT与白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue,WAT)的水溶性代谢物和脂肪酸组成的差异.研究结果表明,两种脂肪组织在糖代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢、核苷酸代谢、胆碱代谢等多种代谢通路上均具有显著性差异,且这些差异与两种组织不同的生物学作用密切相关.以上研究结果将为解析BAT功能分子机制提供了线索和基础数据.     

The preferences of orientations between the pairs of amino acids

In this work, we make an investigation on the preferences of orientations between amino acids using the orientation defined based on the local geometry of the amino acids concerned. It is found that there are common preferences of orientations (70°, 30°}, 140°) and (110°, 340^{\circ}, 100°) for various pairs of amino acids. Different side chains may strengthen or weaken the common preferences, which is related to the effect of packing. Some amino acids having specific local flexibility may possess some preferences of orientations besides the common ones, such as (10°, 280°, 210°). Another analysis on the pairs of the amino acids with different secondary-structure preferences shows that the directional interaction may affect the distribution of orientation more effectively than the packing or local flexibility. All these results provide us some insight of the organization of amino acids in protein, and their relation with some related interactions.