德拜色散媒质的三维时域电磁逆散射技术（英文）

生物组织、土壤、水等媒质的电特性是频率相关的(称为色散媒质),常利用单极德拜(Debye)模型描述.为重建这一类媒质的色散特性,基于泛函分析和变分法,提出一种三维(3-D)时域电磁(EM)逆散射技术,主要流程为:1根据最小二乘准则,转化逆散射问题为约束最小化问题;2应用罚函数法,转化约束最小化问题为无约束最小化问题;3通过变分计算,解析导出梯度(Fréchet导数)表达式;4利用梯度法求解.此外,引入一阶吉洪诺夫(Tikhonov)正则化以应对逆问题的病态特性和噪声影响.数值应用中,将提出的方法应用到一个简单的三维癌变乳房模型,借助PRP共轭梯度(CG)算法和时域有限差分(FDTD)法,仿真结果初步证实本文方法的可行性、有效性和鲁棒性.     

二维有耗色散介质的时域逆散射方法

为了重建二维有耗色散介质的电参数分布,基于Debye模型,应用泛函分析和变分法,提出一种时域逆散射新方法.该方法首先以最小二乘准则构造目标函数,将逆问题表示为约束最小化问题,接着应用罚函数法转化为无约束最小化问题,然后基于变分计算导出闭式的Lagrange函数关于特征参数的Fréchet导数,最后借助梯度算法和时域有限差分法迭代反演Debye模型参数.为了对抗噪声污染和逆问题的病态特性,采用了一阶Tikhonov正则化方法.数值应用中,利用Polak-Ribière-Polyak非线性共轭梯度法,对二维乳     

一种处理Cole-Cole色散媒质的FDTD改进方案

对柯尔-柯尔(Cole-Cole)色散媒质的时域有限差分(FDTD)方案尝试给出改进:(1)保留了Cole-Cole经验公式中的静态电导率项;(2)扩展到三维情形;(3)人体乳房组织的模型参数源于实验测量.数值算例结果初步证实改进方案的可行性和有效性.改进方案适用于模拟更一般柯尔-柯尔色散媒质中的电波传播.     

复杂媒质散射特性的FETI分析

在分析复杂媒质的电磁场散射特性时,引入有限元撕裂对接法,对包含复杂媒质在内的整个计算空间做区域分解,通过合理的代数运算,将一个三维问题转化为二维问题进行求解,减小计算的复杂度.使用Krylov求解器,避免在形成交界面系统方程时,系数矩阵中的求逆运算.两个算例结果表明有限元撕裂对接法在分析复杂媒质散射特性时的正确性和有效性.     

用基于Daubechies尺度函数的时域多分辨分析计算电磁散射

利用Daubechies尺度函数的紧支撑性，将一种新的时域多分辨分析(MRTD)算法应用到三维目标的电磁散射中并分析了其色散特性，使用MRTD/FDTD接口技术解决了连接和吸收边界的处理.算例表明，在不牺牲精度的情况下，该方法比传统的FDTD需要的网格数少，计算速度快.最后，计算了二维PBG结构的反射特性. 关键词： 时域多分辨分析 Daubechies尺度函数 电磁散射     

任意色散周期结构的时域有限差分方法分析

利用辅助微分时域有限差分法求解了任意色散周期模型的电磁波传播问题。利用共轭复数对形式对任意色散媒质进行参数拟合,并将任意色散媒质的介电常数表示成公式形式,在FDTD迭代式中引入辅助微分方程,推导出了适用于多层任意色散模型的通用递推公式,分别求解了Debye、Drude与太阳能电池周期结构模型的电磁特性仿真问题。仿真结果表明:数值计算结果与CST商业软件仿真结果基本吻合,证明了所构建方法的有效性与普适性。     

一种乳腺癌检测的改进微波共焦成像方法

尝试引入因媒质不均匀而产生的折射效应,改进原有算法.共焦过程选用鲁棒的Capon波束成形（RCB）算法.乳房模型选用较为简单的三维（3-D）半球,为了更好地描述人体组织电参数的色散特性,各组织建模为多极柯尔-柯尔（Cole-Cole）媒质.在超宽带（UWB）平面波激励下,利用时域有限差分（FDTD）法模拟电波传播.数值应用中,乳房植入两个半径3 mm球状肿瘤,分别应用原有微波共焦成像方法和改进方法检测乳腺肿瘤.仿真结果对比显示：改进方法在复杂度略微增加的同时,提高了计算精度.     

时域小波Galerkin法在有耗地面与任意目标复合散射中的应用

采用时域小波Galerkin(WGTD)方法计算了有耗地面与三维目标的复合散射,其中连接边界采用三波法.得到近场数据后,为避免复杂的Sommerfeld积分用互易原理简化了外推过程.计算了地面目标的雷达散射截面,验证了WGTD方法的精度和有效性.与时域有限差分方法相比,WGTD方法具有色散线性好、节省内存、计算速度快等优点. 关键词： 时域小波Galerkin法 复合散射 有耗半空间     

一种处理色散介质问题的通用时域有限差分方法

色散介质的介电系数是频率的函数,使本构关系在时域成为卷积关系.这就给用时域有限差分方法计算色散介质中波的散射和传播带来了困难.现有算法往往要针对不同色散介质模型推导相应的递推公式,算法的通用性较差.本文完善和发展了移位算子-时域有限差分方法,使之成为一种处理色散介质电磁问题的通用方法.首先,证明了常见的三种色散介质模型(德拜模型、洛伦兹模型和德鲁模型)的介电系数均可以写成适于移位算子法计算的有理分式函数形式.然后,用/t代替jω,过渡到时域,再引入时域移位算子z_t代替时间微分算子来处理有理分式函数形式的介电系数,给出离散时域本构关系的表示式,进而导出时域有限差分方法当中电位移矢量和电场强度之间的关系.最后,计算了几种色散介质的电磁散射,数值结果表明了本文方法和程序的通用性和正确有效性. 关键词： 时域有限差分方法 色散介质 移位算子     

基于全变分最小化和交替方向法的康普顿散射成像重建算法

康普顿散射成像技术利用射线与物质作用后的散射光子信息对物质的电子密度进行成像.与传统的透射成像方式相比,康普顿散射成像具有系统结构灵活、成像对比度高、辐射剂量低等优势,在无损检测、医疗诊断、安全检查等领域有着广阔的应用前景.但其重建问题是一个非线性的逆问题,通常是不适定的,其解对噪声和测量误差非常敏感.为解决此问题,本文结合全变分最小化正则化方法和交替方向法提出了一种新的康普顿散射成像重建算法.该算法首先将问题对应的TV模型转化为与之等价的带约束的优化问题,然后利用增广拉格朗日乘子法将优化问题分解为两个具有解析解的子问题,并通过交替求解子问题使增广拉格朗日函数达到最小,进而得到重建的图像.在仿真实验中,通过与主流的ASD-POCS方法进行对比,证明了该算法在重建精度和重建效率方面的优势.     

Optical tomography using the time-independent equation of radiative transfer—Part 2: inverse model

Optical tomography is a novel imaging modality that is employed to reconstruct cross-sectional images of the optical properties of highly scattering media given measurements performed on the surface of the medium. Recent advances in this field have mainly been driven by biomedical applications in which near-infrared light is used for transillumination and reflectance measurements of highly scattering biological tissues. Many of the reconstruction algorithms currently utilized for optical tomography make use of model-based iterative image reconstruction (MOBIIR) schemes. The imaging problem is formulated as an optimization problem, in which an objective function is minimized. In the simplest case the objective function is a normalized-squared error between measured and predicted data. The predicted data are obtained by using a forward model that describes light propagation in the scattering medium given a certain distribution of optical properties.In part I of this two-part study, we presented a forward model that is based on the time-independent equation of radiative transfer. Using experimental data we showed that this transport-theory-based forward model can accurately predict light propagation in highly scattering media that contain void-like inclusions. In part II we focus on the details of our image reconstruction scheme (inverse model). A crucial component of this scheme involves the efficient and accurate determination of the gradient of the objective function with respect to all optical properties. This calculation is performed using an adjoint differentiation algorithm that allows for fast calculation of this gradient. Having calculated this gradient, we minimize the objective function with a gradient-based optimization method, which results in the reconstruction of the spatial distribution of scattering and absorption coefficients inside the medium. In addition to presenting the mathematical and numerical background of our code, we present reconstruction results based on experimentally obtained data from highly scattering media that contain void-like regions. These types of media play an important role in optical tomographic imaging of the human brain and joints.     

Subpixel smoothing for conductive and dispersive media in the finite-difference time-domain method

Staircasing of media properties is one of the intrinsic problems of the finite-difference time-domain method, which reduces its accuracy. There are different approaches for solving this problem, and the most successful of them are based on correct approximation of inverse permittivity tensor epsilon(-1) at the material interface. We report an application of this tensor method for conductive and dispersive media. For validation, comparisons with analytical solutions and various other subpixel smoothing methods are performed for the Mie scattering from a small sphere.     

Inverse radiation problem in one-dimensional slab by time-resolved reflected and transmitted signals

A time-domain inverse approach is proposed for estimating the distribution of absorbing and scattering coefficients in one-dimensional inhomogeneous media. The temporal reflected and transmitted signals are detected when an ultra-short pulse irradiates on the boundary of semi-transparent scattering media. Forward computation and inverse algorithm employ the least-squares finite element method and conjugate gradient method, respectively. As the prevalent diffusion approximation is not employed in our model, the present approach can be extended to more comprehensive application. The investigation about detected signals indicates that the reflected signals play a significant role in reconstructing optical properties; the signals in early sampling time are more important than those at long-time logarithm slope, and so, more attention should be paid to the early signals in the solution of inverse radiation problem. Three different inverse radiation problems are investigated to show the ability of the present approach to deal with the two-layer, three-layer and continuous inhomogeneous media. The effect of measured errors on the accuracy of reconstruction is investigated by adding artificial random errors. The results indicate that accurate reconstruction depends on not only precise numerical simulation but also quality of detected data.     

A new time-domain frequency-selective quantification algorithm

In this paper a new time-domain frequency-selective quantification algorithm is presented. Frequency-selective quantification refers to a method that analyzes spectral components in a selected frequency region, ignoring all the other components outside. The algorithm, referred to as MeFreS (Metropolis Frequency-Selective), is based on rank minimization of an opportune Hankel matrix. The minimization procedure is satisfied by the down-hill simplex method, implemented with the simulated annealing method. MeFreS does not use any preprocessing step or filter to suppress nuisance peaks, but the signal model function is directly fitted. In this manner, neither inherent signal distortions nor estimation biases to be corrected occur. The algorithm was tested with Monte Carlo simulations. A comparison with VARPRO and AMARESw algorithms was carried out. Finally, two samples of known content from NMR data were quantified.     

基于交替隐式有限差分法的快速早期乳腺癌时域微波断层成像

采用时域微波断层成像技术进行早期乳腺癌检测能够准确地获得乳房的电参数分布,具有明确的物理解释和医学诊断价值.临床应用讲究即时性,为了提高检测的速度,本文将交替隐式有限差分法应用到乳腺癌检测中,基于正反演时间步进成像算法进行成像分析,结果显示在保证精度的前提下,采用交替隐式有限差分法的成像时间可缩短为传统时域有限差分法的23%,提高了微波断层成像技术的临床可应用性.     

二维各向异性磁等离子体的无条件稳定ADE-CNAD-FDTD算法

针对二维各向异性磁等离子体提出一种有效的无条件稳定算法,新算法结合了辅助微分方程(ADE)方法与Crank-Nicolson approximate-decoupling(CNAD)时域有限差分算法仿真各向异性磁等离子体介质。传统的ADE-FDTD方法应用在一维各向异性色散介质具有较高的精度和效率,将提出的新算法ADE-CNAD-FDTD应用到二维各向异性磁等离子体介质中不仅解决了电磁波在具有各向异性和频率色散特性介质中传播的仿真难题,而且去除了CFL稳定性条件。该算法在保留了原有的精度情况下大幅度地提高了计算效率并成为无条件稳定的形式。给出一个算例证明该算法的有效性,通过模拟电磁波在磁等离子体中的传播,仿真结果与传统的ADE-FDTD算法对比,证实了该算法的高效率、无条件稳定性和高精度。     

A Compton scattering image reconstruction algorithm based on total variation minimization

Compton scattering imaging is a novel radiation imaging method using scattered photons.Its main characteristics are detectors that do not have to be on the opposite side of the source,so avoiding the rotation process.The reconstruction problem of Compton scattering imaging is the inverse problem to solve electron densities from nonlinear equations,which is ill-posed.This means the solution exhibits instability and sensitivity to noise or erroneous measurements.Using the theory for reconstruction of sparse images,a reconstruction algorithm based on total variation minimization is proposed.The reconstruction problem is described as an optimization problem with nonlinear data-consistency constraint.The simulated results show that the proposed algorithm could reduce reconstruction error and improve image quality,especially when there are not enough measurements.     

复杂色散介质电磁特性分析的扩展Newmark-FDTD方法

基于有限元中的Newmark算法,提出一种新的色散介质时域有限差分（FDTD）方法,称为扩展Newmark-FDTD方法,它不仅可以用统一的方式处理Debye、Drude、Lorentz等常见色散介质问题,还可以统一处理修正Lorentz、二阶复有理函数等新的色散模型及其混合模型问题,且具有更高的计算精度和较好的稳定性.最后,通过算例对该算法的有效性进行验证.