Image analysis in the electron microscopy of cellulose protofibrils

Electron microscope images of parallel arrays of Ramie cellulose protofibrils, obtained at various levels of defocus, are discussed in terms of phase contrast. The optical diffraction pattern of appropriately defocused images shows discrete maxima in the resolution range of 2–5 nm. The pattern is dominated by strong equatorial reflections arising from the lateral spacing of the protofibrils which is about 5 nm. From the observed reciprocal lattice net, it is concluded that the protofibrils are characterized by some form of axial texture that repeats with a periodicity of about 6 nm. The lattice reflections in the optical diffraction pattern are shown to be essentially invariant over a wide range of defocusing conditions. From this it is inferred that the pattern arises from real object order. It is emphasized that the optical diffraction pattern derives from gross structural features related to the morphology of the protofibrils and not from their internal structure.     

Structure of the right-handed helical crystal ribbon and multilevel fibrils in a tube fiber from a coir fiber

A coir fiber is composed of many tube fibers with large hollows that align in parallel. SEM observation has shown that the tube fiber existing in a coir fiber is packed by a right-handed helix crystal ribbon, and its length/diameter ratio is lower than that of the crystal ribbon by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Based on the results of TEM, the diameter of protofibrils extracted from coir fibers is 6–10 nm, while that of the microfibrils is 20–40 nm, and the length/diameter ratios of protofibrils and microfibrils are 50–250 and 25–150, respectively. According to these observed results, the packing models of the right-handed helix crystal ribbon and its multilevel fibrils have been derived and further verified through the calculation and comparison of both the crystallinity in volume and whisker sizes obtained by means of X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Single—Molecular Imaging of Anticoagulation Factor I From Snake Venom by Atomic Force Microscopy

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Molecular morphology of cellulose

Native celluloses of various biological origins, as well as regenerated celluloses were examined by electron microscopy after suitable dispersion. In all cases the specimens were found to be composed of a common filamentary unit which is rectangular in cross section and has the approximate dimensions 35 × 20 Å. It is suggested that these are the basic morphological units of cellulose; they are therefore called protofibrils. For protofibrils of regenerated cellulose it is shown that: (1) the molecular contour length greatly exceeds the protofibril length, (2) the mass of the protofibril corresponds to that of a single molecule, and (3) the protofibril length increases with molecular weight. Additionally, high resolution electron micrographs of native and regenerated protofibrils show an apparent axial texture with a periodicity of about 40 Å. From these observations and the knowledge that the molecular chain axis is aligned parallel to the protofibril axis, a model of the protofibril is deduced. The model consists of a ribbon which is pleated on itself so as to form a planar zigzag structure of rectangular cross section. This supersedes a previously proposed model of circular cross section. The structure is composed of a single folded, chain, arranged so that the short extended segments between the folds are parallel to the protofibril axis. The protofibril is thus regarded as the morphological expression of the cellulose molecule. Microfibrils and protofibrils often exhibit kinks, the angle between the kinked portions being 120°. This phenomenon is satisfactorily explained by the protofibril model and in fact provides good support for it. Finally, various properties of cellulose are considered in relation to the model. By contrast with the earlier crystalline–amorphous concepts of cellulose fine structure, it is suggested that protofibrils are completely crystalline structures, and that the properties of cellulose may be understood by considering processes that occur at the level of the protofibril as a unit.     

活性炭纤维填充床脱除水中酚类化合物及填充床的再生初探

研究了活性炭纤维填充床脱除水中酚类化合物及其填充床的再生方法。结果表明当平衡浓度变化范围为0到0.8kg/m^3时,吸附等温线符合Langmuir型;用乙醇或热的NaOH稀溶液可再生被酚饱和的活性炭纤维填充床,再生效率达90％以上,建立了考虑轴向弥散、纤维内扩散和外膜传质阻力的填充床数学模型,模型由正交配置方法离散,Gear方法求解以预测穿透曲线。模型预测值与实验数据吻合较好,结果确认轴向弥散是影响活性炭纤维填充床穿透曲线的主要因素。     

Computer simulation of diffuse X-ray scattering by an aligned smectic C-like nematic phase

We report a new method for the quantitative analysis of diffuse X-ray scattering by some disordered smectic phases. Computer simulations of diffuse X-ray scattering are compared with actual diffraction patterns of a series of oriented liquid crystalline polymers TDI-C _m C _n . The simulation shows that both Bragg peaks (spots) and equidistant streaks (diffuse scatterings) are diffracted by one smectic C-like structure in which each of the molecular chains is displaced from its mean position by a random distance Δ _z , along the chain axis (z). This is a first type of disorder. By assuming a Gaussian distribution of the disordered displacements, the mean value of Δ _z has been determined from the position and intensity of the streaks and Bragg peaks for the polymers.     

CeO2/ACF的低温SCR烟气脱硝性能研究

在氧存在下以NH3为还原剂的选择性催化还原烟气NOX技术（SCR）已经工程化。工业中常用的催化剂，主要是V2O5／TiO2或V2O5-WO3／TiO2，在300℃～400℃表现出高的NOX脱除率。为此，选择性催化还原法（SCR）装置须安装在空气预热器之前和省煤器之后，以利用过程的烟气温度。但这里存在的高浓度粉尘和SO2容易引起催化剂中毒和使用寿命减少，因此，研究开发低温运行（〈300℃）的SCR催化剂，使催化反应器能布置在除尘或／和脱硫之后，具有重要意义。同时烟道废气的温度会因生产装置负荷的变化而有较大的波动，这就要求催化剂具有较宽的高活性温度区间。     

空气中微量1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷吸附分离的分子模拟

利用实验和巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)方法研究了N2/HFC-134a(1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷)二元混合物在活性碳纤维(ACF)内的吸附分离.重点讨论了孔径、压强及温度对HFC-134a吸附选择性的影响,为不同条件下吸附空气中的微量HFC-134a提供了理论参考.结果表明:较小孔径、低压以及低温条件有利于HFC-134a的吸附分离.在常温下,HFC-134a在带有孔径分布的活性碳纤维材料内的吸附选择性可以达到62,表明我们所制备的活性碳纤维材料可以较好地分离空气中微量的HFC-134a.特别地,在常温和0.41×105Pa下,0.75nm的碳孔对HFC-134a的吸附选择性达到了230.因此,为了有效地吸附空气中的HFC-134a,推荐使用小孔径的碳材料.     

Super structure formation in a wholly aromatic copolyester fiber

The structure of a wholly aromatic copolyester fiber containing 60 mol% p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), 20 mol% 4−4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl, 15 mol% terephthalic acid and 5 mol% isophthalic acid was studied by means of electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the wholly aromatic copolyester fibers showed two sets of diffractions: one set was composed of sharp spots which arose from relatively high crystalline phase. The crystal structure analyzed by these spots was orthorhombic and the lattice dimensions were a = 0.869 nm, b = 0.510 nm, c = 1.20 nm and ρ = 1.50 g/cm³. Another set was characteristic of streaks on the meridian extending parallel to the equator. X‐ray scattering intensity distribution on the meridian was calculated as the square of Fourier transform of random chain model. Comparison of this intensity distribution with the observed meridional maxima concluded that the streaks were due to rather disordered chains with a PHB content of less than 50%. Dark field image (DFI) taken from the meridional 002 reflection showed that slender crystallites were distributed over the whole visual field, oriented parallel to the fiber axis. On DFI from the equatorial 200 reflection, some of these crystallites were also observable, forming groups that distributed randomly in the field. All crystallites belonging to the same group co‐oriented in a*‐ and c*‐axis directions, though disordered parts intervened among the crystallites. This is attributed to the fact that, though the content of PHB in the segments of disordered parts was only 50%, these PHB held the co‐orientation among the slender crystallites within one group. Heat treatment induced the development of block segment and subsequent crystallite growth with fiber. This reorganization improved the thermostability and the mechanical properties. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

尖吻蝮蛇毒抗凝血因子(ACF)含量和钙离子含量的定量测定及钙离子结合位点的初步研究

由紫外光谱法测定蛋白质浓度,用ICP测定Ca含量,从而确定一个ACF分子中含一个钙离子.ACF中分子中除一个高亲和性钙结合位点外,至少还有一个低亲和性钙结合位点,只有当过量钙离子存在时,才可能在低亲和性钙结合位点上进一步结合钙离子.Tb~(3+)具有比Ca~(2+)离子更强的键合ACF能力,能定量结合在ACF中的两个位点上,且能全部取代ACF中Ca~(2+).文中提及的金属离子对ACF的抗凝血活性没有显著的影响.     

Determination of 17 kinds of banned organochlorine pesticides in water by activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS.

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) as extraction fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and its application for the analysis of banned organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated. Firstly, ACF was activated by different concentration of zinc chloride, which indicated that ACF activated by 60% zinc chloride had a reasonable specific surface area, pore volume and pore distribution. Secondly, the parameters for the ACF-SPME procedure, the adsorption and desorption conditions, were also optimized when coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirdly, the ACF-SPME was used to analyze 17 kinds of OCPs in water. The linearity of most pesticides was found to be between 0.2 and 50 microg/l with GC-MS under the selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition mode. The limits of detection (LOD) at the sub microg/l were obtained. The work demonstrated here shows that ACF is a promising alternative for the SPME procedure.     

CAMDA扩链聚氨酯脲的硬段对形态与性能的影响

由红外光谱、核磁共振及质谱分析证实了所合成的3-氯-3’-甲氧基-4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷(CAMDA)具有预期的化学结构.用RIM方法制成的CAMDA基聚氨酯脲(PUU)性能接近于DETDA扩链的PUU.用快速手工浇注法制备了一系列由CAMDA扩链的不同硬段含量的PUU样品.采用DSC、SEM观察了硬段含量由10％增加到45％PUU形态的变化,并测量了力学性能.实验结果表明:随着硬段含量增加,PUU的形态由平行间隔的软、硬链段富集区经相互穿叉的软、硬段富集区,进一步聚集成硬链段富集球状超级结构,强度亦相应提高.     

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of heterostructured ZnO/ZnS nanorod arrays with high ethanol-sensing properties

ZnO/ZnS heterostructured nanorod arrays with uniform diameter and length were synthesized from zinc substrates in a one-pot procedure by using a simple hydrothermal method. Structural characterization by HRTEM indicated that the heterostructured nanorods were composed of parallel segments of wurtzite-type ZnO and zinc-blende ZnS, with a distinct interface along the axial direction, which revealed the epitaxial relationship, ZnO (1010) and ZnS (111). The as-prepared ZnO/ZnS nanorods showed only two green emissions at around 523?nm and 576?nm. We also found that the nanorods exhibited high sensitivity to ethanol at relatively low temperatures, owing to their smaller size and structure.     

Building-up Remarkably Stable Magnesium Porphyrin Polymers Self-Assembled via Bidentate Axial Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Surface Morphology, and Effect of Bridging Ligands

A series of supramolecular architectures of magnesium tetranitrooctaethylporphyrins mediated by several bidentate axial ligands have been synthesized in excellent yields and structurally characterized. Six conjugated axial ligand with increasing chain lengths have been utilized in the present investigations in which the Mg···Mg nonbonding distance between successive ions also increases from 0.73 to 2.70 nm in the series. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where stable metallo-porphyrin polymers with such long spacers have been synthesized in one pot so easily. Linear one-dimensional (1D) polymeric chains were observed in the X-ray structure of the six-coordinated complexes in which porphyrin units are aligned parallel to each other to have so-called "shish kebab" like architectures to maintain offset-stacked overlap. However, after an optimum Mg···Mg nonbonding distance, these 1D chain do not continue, rather they form five-coordinated porphyrin dimers with "wheel-and-axle" like architectures which are then self-aggregated by π-π interactions in a perpendicular manner to fill space created by large bridging ligands more effectively which consequently results in spherical structures. The structures of the molecules in solution and their surface patterns on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have also been investigated.     

Adsorption of Acid Orange II from Aqueous Solution by Plasma Modified Activated Carbon Fibers

As a main composition of dye wastewater, organic pollutant which has a negative effect on the environment can be effectively removed by active carbon adsorption. In the present work, activated carbon fiber (ACF) was modified by a novel modification technology, gilding arc discharge, while its adsorption capacity was studied with the acid orange II (AO II) solution selected as the target wastewater. Several factors, such as air flow rate, distance between samples and the discharge area, pH of the solution and plasma treating time, were investigated with respect to their effects on properties of the plasma-treated ACF, in terms of texture characteristic, surface chemical compositions and adsorption capacities. The results showed that the specific surface area and pore volume of ACF decreased after the plasma treatment, while the amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of ACF increased compared with the raw ACF. Moreover, it was observed that the adsorption capacity of the modified ACF was improved by nearly 20.9 %, which was beneficial to the industrial application.     

Layered hybrid organic-inorganic nanobelts: synthesis and removal of trace heavy metal ions

Cobalt phosphate-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanobelts were successfully synthesized in the presence of trioctylamine (TOA) via a solvothermal system. The inorganic cobalt phosphate layers and organic n-octylamine layers in this structure arranged alternately, both of which were parallel to the axial direction of the nanobelts, and the layered distance is 4.0 nm. The formation of this nanostructure proceeds via two reactions. Trioctylamine molecules undergo C-N bond cleavage to form octylamine via the redox reaction between the Co(III) and trioctylamine. Octylamine was protonated to incorporate into the inorganic framework, resulting in the formation of organic-inorganic hybrid nanobelts. In addition, the as-synthesized nanobelts show excellent removal ability for the trace heavy metal ion Pb(2+) in wastewater.     

Structural evolution in amorphous silicon and germanium thin films.

The structural evolution in amorphous silicon and germanium thin films has been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in conjunction with autocorrelation function (ACF) analysis. The results established that the structure of as-deposited semiconductor films is of a high density of nanocrystallites embedded in the amorphous matrix. In addition, from ACF analysis, the structure of a-Ge is more ordered than that of a-Si. The density of embedded nanocrystallites in amorphous films was found to diminish with annealing temperature first, then to increase. The conclusions also corroborate well with the results of diminished medium-range order in annealed amorphous films determined previously by a variable coherence microscopy method.     

尖吻蝮蛇毒抗凝血因子(ACF)含量和钙离子含量的定量测定及钙离子结合位点的初步研究

由紫外光谱法测定蛋白质浓度,用ICP测定Ca含量,从而确定一个ACF分子中含一个钙离子.ACF中分子中除一个高亲和性钙结合位点外,至少还有一个低亲和性钙结合位点,只有当过量钙离子存在时,才可能在低亲和性钙结合位点上进一步结合钙离子.Tb³⁺具有比Ca²⁺离子更强的键合ACF能力,能定量结合在ACF中的两个位点上,且能全部取代ACF中Ca²⁺.文中提及的金属离子对ACF的抗凝血活性没有显著的影响.     

Hierarchical Synthesis,Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Gallium- and Ruthenium-Porphyrins with Axially Bonded Azo Ligands

The hierarchical synthesis of three porphyrin and four bisporphyrin derivatives is presented. This strategy relies on the incorporation of linkers based on azo moieties appended with pyridyl and/or acetylenic groups that facilitate axial coordination to Ga- and Ru-metalloporphyrins. These porphyrinic systems allow for a quantitative analysis of the effects of diamagnetic anisotropy (DA) by using ¹H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. A simple power-law relationship between the proton chemical shift and the distance from the porphyrin core is experimentally outlined, which confirms previous theoretical predictions and shows that the limit of DA is about 2 nm. Photophysical properties of the azo-linked porphyrins are analyzed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, showing that significant cis–trans isomerization is not observed for azo ligands bound only to Ga-porphyrins. Incorporation of Ru-porphyrins to an azo ligand facilitates photoswitching behavior, but the process faces competition from decarbonylation of the Ru-porphyrin, and appreciable switching is only documented for GaL1Ru .     

铜(Ⅱ)与α,β-不饱和酸根和乙酰胺配合物的合成、 表征、晶体结构和磁性

合成了铜(Ⅱ)与丙烯酸根和乙酰胺及铜(Ⅱ)与α-甲基丙烯酸根和乙酰胺两种配合物,进行了元素分析、红外光谱、电子光谱、ESR谱和变温磁化等研究,确定配合物的组成为Cu~2A~4(C~2H~5NO)~2,其中A=CH~2＝CHCOO^-,CH~2＝C(CH~3)COO^-;C~2H~5NO=乙酰胺,测定了它们的晶体结构。Cu~2(CH~2＝CHCOO)~4(C~2H~5NO)~2(1)晶体属单斜晶系,P2~1/c群;晶胞参数：a=1.5333(5)nm,b=1.0044(3)nm,c=1.6184(7)nm,β=115.28(3)°;Z=4;最终偏离因子R=0.0701。Cu~2[CH~2＝C(CH~3)COO]~4(C~2H~5NO)~2(2)晶体属三斜晶系,P1群;晶胞参数：a=0.93327(11)nm,b=1.12484(11)nm,c=1.3740(6)nm,α=94.90(2)°,β=108.409(14)°,γ=110.556(5)°;Z=2;最终偏离因子R=0.0351。配合物中Cu(Ⅱ)具有畸变的四角锥形配位环境,两个Cu(Ⅱ)由四个α,β-不饱和酸根桥联,在Cu(Ⅱ)的端位各有一个乙酰胺分子以O原子配位。Cu(Ⅱ)－Cu(Ⅱ)间具有一对称中心。配合物1中Cu(Ⅱ)－Cu(Ⅱ)间距离为0.26302(13)nm,配合物2中Cu(Ⅱ)－Cu(Ⅱ)间距离为0.26383(4)nm。变温磁化率研究表明,两种配合物中Cu(Ⅱ)－Cu(Ⅱ)间具有强烈的反铁磁性偶合作用。