Dependence of Output Power on Cavity Length in a Gyrotron Backward Wave Oscillator

A relativistic electron beam (500 keV, 200 A, 10 ns) generated magnetically tunable microwave radiation in a frequency range of 9-13 GHz when it is injected into an X-band rectangular waveguide immersed in a uniform axial magnetic field (4-10 kG). The mechanism of the microwave radiation was identified as the gyrotron backward wave interaction. The output power of the radiated microwave increased exponentially with the increase of the cavity length.     

Scaling studies and time-resolved microwave measurements on arelativistic backward-wave oscillator

A relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) operating at a frequency near 8 GHz has been built. The parameters of the 60-ns electron beam driving this microwave source are varied over the ranges 0.8-1.5 MV and 2-10 kA. Several different annular cathodes for launching the electron beam are tried, varying the outer radius and shape. The axial magnetic field guiding the beam through the BWO is varied between 0.6 and 3 T. The power transfer downstream to an output waveguide is investigated as a function of the shape of the transition from the BWO to the waveguide. The scaling of the output power and frequency with these variations is discussed. Time-resolved measurements of 2-ns-long segments of the microwave output are shown. In observations of the microwave signal, it is found that the frequency shifts as the output power envelope passes through a sharp dip. It is proposed that this shift corresponds to a change in the longitudinal operating mode of the BWO     

The Axially Modulated, Cusp-Injected, Slowly Varied Section Opened Cavity, Magnicon Amplifier

I introduce a novel hybrid microwave amplifier that utilizes the axial bunching mechanism of klystrons in conjunction with the energy extraction mechanism of cyclotron resonance masers on TM mode. A simpler analytic model is used to show the viability of the device configuration and to explore limitations of the scheme. An example of an 11.5 GHz, fourth harmonic amplifier is presented. Adopting a multi-particle in azimuth range of (0, /2) whose divide thickness of beam into three share approach, numerical simulation are used to demonstrate bunching in physical space and to estimate system efficiency et al. It shall be shown that this configuration enables the design of eficient, high harmonic devices over a wide range of parameters. Magnicon [1]-[11] is a kind of microwave amplifier tabe, it operates on the mode of rotating E_n10 in cylindrical cavity and there is solid focus fine electrons beam. In it from theory, the paper researches the new type magnicon, it is changed into using annular electron beam and using slowly variable section opened cavity. Compared with magnicon, its pervence beams will may be increased, its frequency may be increased up to millimeter wave band, its bandwidth also will may be increased same times. Than model of new type magnicon is put forward. Starting from large signal's theory, interacting of the annular electron beam into driver cavity in between the mode of rotating E_n10, numerical value to simulate. It done on the small current density and small density of electron in space that electrons dynamic are simulated, which may uses Runge-Kutta method to do it.     

Powerful electromagnetic millimeter-wave oscillations produced by stimulated scattering of microwave radiation by relativistic electron beams

The stimulated scattering of electromagnetic waves in microwave generators, in which a high-current electron beam excites either a backward wave (BWO) or a quasi-critical frequency wave (orotron) is investigated experimentally. The scattering occurs at the same electron beam and the high-frequency feedback is provided by the inhomogeneities of the electrodynamic system of the microwave generator itself. A power of several tens of megawatts has been achieved in the 3-mm range. The mode selection permitted to obtain single-mode scattering.     

High-Power Modulated Intense Relativistic Electron Sources with Applications to RF Generation and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Recent advances in the physics and technology of the modulated intense relativistic electron beams (IREB's) are reviewed in this paper. Bunched dense electron beams can be used to construct high-power RF sources, which may critically affect future progress in fusion technology. In this paper a system is described in which electrical energy can be converted from a single pulse of relatively long duration into a series of subpulses of short duration (nanosecond and subnanosecond) and of high power (~1010 W). This electrical system consists of an IREB propagating through passive structures. The mutual interaction between the electron beam and one passive structure modifies the IREB so that power compression and beam modulation occur. When the modified IREB interacts with the next passive structure, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into electrical energy or RF energy. The beam current modulation depends on the injected IREB and the structure parameters. A 100-percent modulation of the current has been achieved. A single-beam source may be used for exciting radiation in a frequency range of 60 MHz to 10 GHz. In the frequency range of 60-750 MHz a modulated beam with power ~1010 W has already been achieved. IREB modulation at a frequency of ~3 GHz was performed and RF energy was extracted from the bunched beam with power output of 5 × 108 W.     

L波段相对论返波振荡器初步实验研究

设计了一个紧凑型L波段相对论返波振荡器(RBWO),利用Karat 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内部束-波作用的物理过程。模拟结果表明:在二极管电压700 kV、电子束流10 kA、导引磁场为1.0 T时,能实现L波段2.23 GW高功率微波输出,平均效率约为31.8%。为验证模拟结果,在高阻加速器平台上进行了初步实验:当二极管电压为703 kV、电流10.6 kA、导引磁场为0.8 T时,实验获得了峰值功率1.05 GW、频率1.61 GHz、脉宽38 ns的高功率微波输出,其功率效率为14.4%。     

Experimental investigation of electron-wave processes in a nonautonomous quasioptical Smith-Parcell autogenerator

The interaction processes of an electron beam with an external microwave field are studied in a quasioptical electronic device with distributed interaction using the Smith-Parcell effect. A distinctive feature of this device is an electrodynamic feedback loop in the form of an unstable two-mirror open resonator (OR) and two autonomous elements of microwave power input and output. Amplification modes are examined for different power levels of the external signal. It is shown that scenarios of electron beam dynamic parameter variation can be observed when the phase of the incident electromagnetic wave is changed. The measurements are carried out over a frequency range of 68 to 73 GHz.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 414–422, April, 1996.     

铁电阴极相对论行波管初步研究

 研究了铁电材料的电子发射特性,根据实验和数值模拟结果给出了铁电发射特性的定性解释,并指出目前的几种铁电发射理论都不足以完备地解释各种实验现象。设计了Pierce型铁电阴极电子枪,实现了束流的二级压缩,其总束流大于100 A。在此基础上,分析和设计了具有盘荷波导慢波结构的相对论行波管,得到了带宽500 MHz,增益约25 dB的X波段行波放大输出。     

C波段磁绝缘线振荡器的数值模拟

 利用2维半全电磁PIC程序进行数值模拟，设计了一种C波段磁绝缘线振荡器。该振荡器在阴极电子发射起点加圆环,控制此处电子束的发射密度，来减少电子能量的损耗，改善束-波互作用；逐渐加大慢波结构的后两个叶片的内半径，增大微波群速度，便于谐振腔中的能量输出，提高微波输出效率；采用两个扼流片有效地阻止了微波功率向二极管区泄漏，相应减小了器件的尺寸。当外加电压为430 kV、束流46 kA时，饱和后输出微波平均功率2 GW，频率3.51 GHz，功率转换效率10%。     

Ultrastable cesium atomic clock with a 9.1926-GHz regeneratively mode-locked fiber laser

We describe an ultrastable cesium (Cs) atomic clock with a 9.1926-GHz regeneratively mode-locked fiber laser obtained by use of an optically pumped Cs beam tube. By adopting a 1-m-long Cs beam tube with a linewidth of 110 Hz, we have successfully obtained frequency stabilities of 4.8 x 10(-12) for tau = 1 s and 6.3 x 10(-13) for tau = 50 s for a 9.1926-GHz microwave output signal. This Cs atomic clock can generate an optical pulse train with the same stability as that of the obtained microwave, which allows us to deliver a frequency standard optical signal throughout the world by means of optical fiber networks.     

Dependence of relativistic backward wave oscillator properties oneffective beam gamma

The operation of a backward wave oscillator (BWO) is shown to be critically dependent on the energy of the slow space-charge wave of the electron beam. Experimental work parameterizing the dependence of microwave frequency on effective beam energy, γ_beam, reveals that through an understanding of electron-beam dynamics, a BWO could be systematically tuned through a desired frequency range while maintaining a high power of a few hundred megawatts and narrow frequency bandwidth, which was 400 MHz. Through variation of γ_beam, 1.2 to 1.5 for the experiment, the lack of scaling of peak microwave power with the kinetic energy of the electron beam for γ_beam >1.32 was observed. This effect was previously found in numerical simulation. In order to explain this effect, the relationship of the beam current to the space-charge-limiting current for increasing γ_beam is examined. Dramatic evidence of pulse shortening, a phenomenon known to relativistic oscillators, was also seen     

On the possibility to realize the efficient relativistic Čerenkov microwave generator without an external guiding magnetic field

We consider the preconditions for efficient operation of the relativistic Čerenkov microwave generator in the absence of an external guiding magnetic field. The analytical expression for the length of propagation of a solid cylindrical electron beam along the drift tube is obtained in the framework of the paraxial approximation. The influence of preliminary modulation of the electron beam on the starting current of the generator and its linear efficiency is analyzed. We calculated the geometry of a relativistic Čerenkov microwave generator with an efficiency of about 30%, in which the solid cylindrical electron beam propagates over a short resonance decelerating system (with the length L ≈ 3λ, where λ is the radiation wavelength) in the absence of an external magnetic field. In experiments, the efficiency of power conversion from the high-current electron beam into the electromagnetic radiation of the E₀₁ mode reached 8%, approximately (relative to the total current of the vacuum diode), for a power of 1.2 ± 0.3 GW and a generation frequency of 4.06 GHz. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 829–836, October 2006.     

X波段长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器的分析与设计

为了提高相对论速调管放大器的工作频率、输出功率以及转换效率, 结合三重轴相对论速调管和多注速调管的特点, 采用三维电磁粒子模拟软件分析与设计了工作在X波段的长脉冲同轴多注相对论速调管放大器, 通过优化设计有效地抑制了X波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器的自激振荡, 避免了脉冲缩短现象的产生, 使X波段相对论速调管放大器在长脉冲状态下能够稳定工作, 在注入微波功率为70 kW、束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度为0.8 T的条件下, 输出微波功率达到了1.23 GW, 效率为41%, 增益为42 dB.     

带状束高功率微波源宽通带收集极

设计了一种适用于带状电子束高功率微波源的宽通带收集极,在有效吸收束-波相互作用后的带状电子束的同时,保证了带状电子束高功率微波源的工作模式——矩形波导TM11模式高效率地通过。研究结果表明:在13~27GHz范围内,功率传输效率大于95%,这一宽通带特性使得该类型的收集极与带状电子束高功率微波源能够更好配合,显著提高了微波源的模拟优化和实验调试效率;TM11模式微波的传输效率对收集极厚度和长度等参数不敏感;该类型收集极结构具有良好的散热能力,在不加外部水冷装置的条件下,仅靠空气自然对流冷却和辐射冷却,可以承受电流3kA、电压300kV、脉冲宽度30ns及重复频率50Hz带状电子束的连续冲击。     

Microwave emission and beam propagation measurements in ahigh-power relativistic electron beam-plasma system

Microwave emission was measured from a system consisting of an unmagnetized plasma and a propagating electron beam. A 93-cm² velvet cathode, with an anode-cathode gap of 5.9 cm, injects the electron current into the plasma through an aluminized Mylar anode. Measurements were made of the diode voltage and current in the 6-μV water dielectric accelerator and net current through the beam-plasma system. The unmagnetized plasma is produced by a 90-μs, 90-Å current pulse, emitted from a thermionic LaB₆ electron source, that preionizes argon fill in a 1-m-long, 15-cm-diameter Lucite tube. A microwave spectrometer detects the radio-frequency output in the 2-18, 18-26, and 26-47 GHz bands, filters, and then separates into narrower subbands. The emission takes place in two distinct phases. The 2-GHz output rises promptly with the current pulse and then decays. At 6-GHz and above, a low-level microwave prepulse appears simultaneously with the 2-6 GHz output. This output rises sharply 25 ns after the current pulse begins and includes frequencies out to and beyond 40 GHz. The radio-frequency output falls off before the current pulse ends. The microwave intensity decays monotonically with frequency     

轴向提取矩形波导TE10模虚阴极振荡器

 轴向提取矩形波导TE₁₀模虚阴极振荡器可以不需要模式转换器或弯曲过渡波导而直接通过天线轴向辐射微波，从而使微波源及其辐射系统更加紧凑。粒子模拟结果表明，在400 keV，8.9 kA的束流条件下，轴向提取矩形波导TE₁₀模虚阴极振荡器在2.12 GHz处可以获得功率为500 MW的高功率微波输出，功率效率为14%，频率、模式纯净。这些结果为相同波段同类装置的小型化提供了一条可能的技术途径。     

Dielectric Cherenkov masers as powerful amplifiers with superwidebandwidth

Here, we explore an important feature of dielectric Cherenkov masers (DCM's) that distinguishes them from other relativistic microwave devices. Most previous DCM experiments were carried out with rather thin dielectric liners or films. In this paper we show, however, that when the coefficient of waveguide filling with dielectric is not small, the beam-wave coupling doesn't depend on frequency, and, hence, superwide bandwidth is possible. The value of bandwidth is also determined by the current and velocity of the electron beam. DCM dispersion relations are examined both analytically, in the simplest model of total waveguide filling, and numerically, for a hollow beam in a waveguide with a dielectric liner. We show that a maximum value of bandwidth is achieved at a certain optimal value of the beam current for fixed velocity (and vice versa). Numerical results demonstrate a -3 db bandwidth of 40-50% at a peak gain of 40 dB for electron energies of 300-600 keV and beam currents of 1-10 kA     

325 MHz微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪的设计研究

高重复频率、高平均流强的电子枪具有十分广泛的应用。设计了一台束团重复频率为325 MHz在CW模式工作的微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪,并详细论述了该类型微波栅控电子枪的实验原理。在该类型电子枪的设计中,首先需要利用仿真模拟软件EGUN、POISSON（PoissonSuperfish）、GPT（General Particle Tracer）完成300 kV直流高压电子枪的结构设计,并进行束流动力学验证计算。为将微波馈入该直流电子枪的阴栅极之间,进行了该微波栅控电子枪的供电系统设计,完成了从射频功率源到同轴热阴极的阻抗匹配方案,设计了一种325 MHz双模式同轴供电器件,并进行了验证与分析。     

一种新的高功率微波折叠式谐振腔径向速调管振荡器

 提出一种高功率微波折叠式谐振腔径向速调管振荡器，用电子与电磁场相互作用的一维单电子模型分析了这种折叠式谐振腔径向速调管振荡器的特点。其特点为：径向尺寸小，起振电流低。用二维半PIC程序对折叠式谐振腔径向速调管振荡器进行数值模拟研究。结果表明，当二极管电压为380kV，电流为18kA时，输出微波功率峰值为1GW，主要微波频率为1.52GHz，输出微波为多频率成分微波。通过折叠式谐振腔的电子束得到很强的调制。     

单电子束双波段同轴相对论返波管粒子模拟

设计了一种能在C波段和X波段实现稳定双频输出的带有非对称谐振反射腔的单电子束同轴相对论返波振荡器。采用耦合阻抗跃变型慢波结构,使用粒子PIC模拟软件进行了粒子模拟研究。模拟结果显示:轴向电场在系统中的分布得到改进,电子束的能散得到改善。在电子束电压511 kV,电流8.95 kA,引导磁场0.73 T的条件下,双频器件实现了8.09 GHz和9.91 GHz的双波段频率稳定输出,平均功率为1.0 GW,波束互作用效率为21.9%, 效率高于空心双波段返波管及其他双波段器件。器件辐射功率的拍频为1.82 GHz,拍波更为明显和稳定。模拟研究中同时发现, 随着慢波结构之间漂移段的变化,双频频率都呈现一种准周期的变化。