微小型傅里叶变换光谱仪波前像差分析与光谱修正

为了进一步实现傅里叶变换光谱仪的微小型化,在基于多级微反射镜的傅里叶变换光谱仪结构中引入微透镜阵列,利用微透镜阵列对由多级微反射镜调制的各级次的干涉光场单元进行同步收集。光场相位采用空间调制的方式,因此系统的波前像差会导致各级次干涉光场单元的子波前产生不同程度的畸变。建立含有波前像差的光场与多级微反射镜和微透镜阵列相互作用的标量衍射理论模型,计算表明波前像差会导致各级次干涉像点的强度产生不同程度的衰减,同时在复原光谱中引入低频噪声。通过分析发现,干涉像点强度的衰减是各干涉光场单元子波前像差的斯特列尔比调制的结果,且复原光谱中的低频噪声主要源于斯特列尔比的傅里叶谱。根据波前像差对干涉图像的调制特点,提出了一种利用波前像差的斯特列尔比对干涉光强进行修正的方法,计算表明该方法可以使复原光谱的失真得到有效改善。     

中波红外微型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的设计与分析

提出一种基于微光学元件的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,通过引入红外微结构衍射光学元件、多级微反射镜和微透镜阵列,实现仪器的微型化.介绍了微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的结构及基本原理,分析了微型准直系统和聚焦耦合光学系统的设计理论,研究了单片折衍混合准直透镜的残存像差、衍射面的衍射效率、多级微反射镜的衍射、微透镜阵列的孔径衍射和中继系统的轴向装配误差对光谱复原的影响.最后,对中波红外微型傅里叶变换光谱仪进行了建模仿真,得到的复原光谱与理想的光谱曲线比较符合,实际的光谱复原误差为2.89%.该中波红外微型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪无可动部件,且采用了微光学元件取代了传统的红外镜头,不仅稳定性良好,而且体积小、重量轻,有利于在线监测应用.     

多级微反射镜对准误差的分析与抑制

由于系统装调与器件定位精度的限制,空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪中的两个多级微反射镜在对准过程中会产生相对位置的平移和旋转。为了明确对准误差对系统产生的影响,利用线性系统理论与标量衍射理论分别建立了平移误差与旋转误差对应的干涉图像与复原光谱的模型。通过对计算结果的分析,平移误差与旋转误差均会对边缘的干涉图元进行剪裁,从而在复原光谱中引入伴线,带来光谱噪声。根据平移误差与旋转误差对干涉图像的作用特点,提出一种对干涉图像进行区域补偿的方法,通过扩展多级微反射镜的阶梯级数扩大干涉区域,然后利用干涉图像内部有效的干涉图元进行光谱反演;计算表明该方法可以有效抑制对准误差给系统带来的影响,从而降低多级微反射镜的定位精度要求。     

低阶梯多级微反射镜高度误差分析及制作研究

本文提出了一种基于多级微反射镜和栅格分束器的静态轻型傅立叶红外变换光谱仪,通过两个多级微反射镜实现光程差的空间离散和干涉图的静态二维采样,通过引入栅格分束器有效降低了系统的体积和重量。作为该光谱仪的核心光学器件,多级微反射镜的阶梯高度一致性、面型平整度和结构精度是决定采样间隔、分辨率和噪声等仪器指标的主要因素。本文提出了基于MOEMS技术的厚度依次减半多层膜法,制作了台阶高度为0. 625μm,阶梯数为32的低阶梯多级微反射镜。测得实际阶梯高度平均值为626. 9 nm,表面粗糙度均方根值为1. 72 nm。分析了阶梯高度误差对光谱复原的影响,提出了两种阶梯高度误差校正方法,分别为通过修正因子来减小膜厚监控误差,和利用最小二乘余弦多项式算法对复原光谱进行校正。校正后的复原光谱误差(SCE)降低为2. 34%,满足系统对光谱复原的要求。最后,将该低阶梯多级微反射镜置入光谱仪中,得到乙腈样品的干涉图和复原光谱图。     

空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究

针对目前环境、医疗、空间、气象、军事及安全等领域对傅里叶变换红外光谱仪微小型化、轻量化及固态化的迫切需求,提出并研究了一种以MOEMS多级微反射镜为核心器件的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪。在理论研究方面,建立了空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的物理模型,探究了该系统的光场分割与空间采样的光学原理;分析了多级微反射镜的衍射效应,提出了一种通过补边抑制衍射噪声抑制方法;进行了多级微反射镜采样误差的分析,并提出了基于最小二乘拟合的修正算法;通过对光源空间相干性、准直系统像差以及入射光场均匀性的分析,确定了光学系统的总体设计指标;通过对多级微反射镜基片加工精度、分束器材料色散特性和膜层透射效率等的计算分析,确定了干涉系统的设计方法与技术参数。在核心技术方面,提出了两个多级微反射镜的3种制作方法,分析了制作误差的来源及对系统性能的影响。通过工艺设计及实验条件探索,分别采用电铸法、真空镀膜法以及斜面倾角叠片法制作了两个多级微反射镜。在系统设计方面,进行了红外准直与缩束系统的光学设计,对整体光机系统进行了建模仿真,分析了杂散光噪声的来源。在图谱处理方面,利用过零采样方式,通过图像分割算法,获取了干涉图采样序列;通过对干涉图序列的插值、补零、延拓与卷积方法,完成了光谱相位误差的校正;通过离散傅里叶变换解调,实现了由干涉图像到信号光谱的数据反演。最后研究了系统光机整体的集成组装技术,并对原理样机进行了实验测试。本文研制的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的特点在于:取消了动镜驱动机构与采样控制机构,具有微小型与轻量化的特点;干涉图的采样由多级微反射镜完成,其空间采样的方式增加了系统的稳定性与可靠性,实时采样的特点增加了系统的快速性与有效性;多级微反射镜阵列采用MOEMS工艺技术制作,增加了系统的采样精度。该光谱仪系统的结构及制作方法具有自主知识产权,并具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于多级微反射镜的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中准直误差的分析

通过对基于多级微反射镜的空间调制傅里叶变换红外光谱仪准直误差的分析,模拟了准直误差的存在而导致的干涉图大光程差处对比度反转和光谱图边频噪声的产生。讨论了在不同的误差系数下复原光谱图的信噪比和分辨率,并且分析了干涉图大光程差处对比反转以及光谱图边频分量的产生原因。仿真结果表明,在误差系数α=0.15°.mm-1时,光谱的信噪比会下降到6 dB,同时光谱分辨率会退化到13.4cm-1。本文的结论将应用于微型光谱仪系统的光学设计与装调。     

微小型快照式傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的建模与分析

为了实时探测运动场景、迅变目标的图像与光谱,提出了一种微小型快照式傅里叶变换成像光谱仪,利用多级微反射镜对微透镜阵列形成的多重像场进行分布式相位调制,实现了干涉图谱信息的实时获取。根据微透镜阵列与多级微反射镜对光场的相位调制特性,建立了多重干涉成像的理论模型,计算表明,不同视场的干涉像点位于探测平面的不同区域,但大视场情况下相邻通道之间的干涉图像单元会发生串扰,并导致复原光谱失真。分析表明,为了抑制相邻干涉成像通道间发生串扰,视场角应控制在微透镜阵列和多级微反射镜的衍射与离焦效应所限定的极限视场角之内。同时,视场角还会引入相位误差,并导致归一化光谱误差随视场角的增大而单调递增。根据归一化光谱误差关系曲面可以对系统的视场角进行合理的设计,从而实现对目标场景中特定区域的有效探测。     

基于多级微反射镜的时空联合调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪:原理及数据处理

介绍了一种基于多级阶梯微反射镜的时空联合调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的原理及数据处理方法.仪器利用一块多级阶梯微反射镜取代传统迈克尔逊干涉仪中的动镜以实现静态干涉,通过摆镜扫描使目标物体成像在不同的子阶梯反射面上从而获得目标物体不同光程差的干涉信息.某一时刻,目标物体经摆镜与前置成像系统后在平面镜与多级阶梯微反射镜上形成两个一次像点,两个一次像点被平面镜和多级阶梯微反射镜反射之后经后置成像系统最终成像在探测器焦平面上.平面镜与多级阶梯微反射镜之间的高度差会使到达探测器的两束光的光程差不同,因此探测器焦平面上可以获得目标物体的二维空间信息及一维干涉信息.根据多级阶梯微反射镜参数及光学系统设计参数计算得到摆镜步进角度为0.095°.利用实验获得的三维数据立方体进行了图像拼接与光谱复原.针对子阶梯反射镜存在宽度差异的问题,提出了一种基于极坐标霍夫变换的图像分割方法.为缓解拼接全景图中的间断线效应,将图像变换到HSI颜色空间并插值拟合其亮度分量后再变换回原空间.对拼接后的干涉图像进行了降维、去直流、寻址、切趾、相位校正、傅里叶变换及光谱分辨率增强等处理,完成了光谱复原工作.复原光谱分辨率为194 cm-1,优于设计指标(250 cm-1).     

基于多级微反射镜的时空联合调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪:原理及数据处理（英文）

介绍了一种基于多级阶梯微反射镜的时空联合调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的原理及数据处理方法。仪器利用一块多级阶梯微反射镜取代传统迈克尔逊干涉仪中的动镜以实现静态干涉,通过摆镜扫描使目标物体成像在不同的子阶梯反射面上从而获得目标物体不同光程差的干涉信息。某一时刻,目标物体经摆镜与前置成像系统后在平面镜与多级阶梯微反射镜上形成两个一次像点,两个一次像点被平面镜和多级阶梯微反射镜反射之后经后置成像系统最终成像在探测器焦平面上。平面镜与多级阶梯微反射镜之间的高度差会使到达探测器的两束光的光程差不同,因此探测器焦平面上可以获得目标物体的二维空间信息及一维干涉信息。根据多级阶梯微反射镜参数及光学系统设计参数计算得到摆镜步进角度为0.095°。利用实验获得的三维数据立方体进行了图像拼接与光谱复原。针对子阶梯反射镜存在宽度差异的问题,提出了一种基于极坐标霍夫变换的图像分割方法。为缓解拼接全景图中的间断线效应,将图像变换到HSI颜色空间并插值拟合其亮度分量后再变换回原空间。对拼接后的干涉图像进行了降维、去直流、寻址、切趾、相位校正、傅里叶变换及光谱分辨率增强等处理,完成了光谱复原工作。复原光谱分辨率为194cm~(-1),优于设计指标(250cm~(-1))。     

空间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪光场的均匀性研究

基于多级微反射镜的空间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪在光场的横向空间同时采集所有光程差的干涉图信息,所以光场能量的空间分布特性影响着系统的性能。文章将空间分布函数引入到光谱仪系统中,通过仿真实验得到,分布函数调制后的干涉图对比度下降,同时复原光谱中出现边频谱线。理论分析表明,干涉图调制度下降来源于调制度函数对光程差采样空间的周期性变化;而边频谱线则是光源的单色谱线对调制度函数的空间频谱进行频率搬移的结果。最后,提出了平场校正的差影算法与反向恢复算法。仿真结果表明,反向恢复算法可以更好的复原出干涉图和光谱。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.