原子时间和原子频率标准

时间和频率都是重要的物理量.它们的标准的建立,在生产斗争和科学实验中无疑有着重要的意义. 任何一种计时基准都是以均匀的周期现象为基础的.过去,传统的时间基准是地球的自转周期,用平太阳日的86,400分之一定为一秒,称为“世界时”.但是由于地球自转并不完全均匀,因此以地球自转为基准的世界时的准确度只有10～(-8)(相当于三年误差一秒钟).为得到更准确的时间标准,1956年国际计量委员会第10次会议规定,以1900年1月0日12时相应的回归年的31,556,925.9747分之一定为“历书时”的一秒,它是以地球绕太阳公转周期作为计时标准,实际实现的准确度…     

悠悠岁月巧安排

人们的生产、生活需要计量时间,计量时间需要有参考点。以太阳视圆面中心为参考点,地球围绕太阳公转约360°所经历的时间间隔叫做一个回归年,长度为365·2422日,是季节变化的周期;以月球视圆面中心为参考点,两次满月(或新月)的时间间隔叫做一个朔望月,其长度为29·5306日,它是月相变化的周期;以太阳视圆面中心为参考点,地球绕地轴自转约360°(太阳两次经过地球同一子午线平面)所经历的时间间隔叫做一个太阳日,长度为24小时。历法是协调和安排年、月、日的法则,理想的历法应该使用方便、精度较高。以回归年为基本单位的历法叫阳历(太阳历);以…     

利用月掩星现象测量月球公转周期

月掩星现象发生前,通过天文望远镜观测月球阴影部分可以看到月球相对于遥远的恒星的视角的变化,在较短的观测时间内遥远的恒星可以视为固定不动,通过两者的相对位置的变化加上地球自转的修正可以测量出月球公转的平均轨道周期.     

一天为24小时吗？

我们常说一天 2 4小时 ,严格来讲 ,并不是这样 ,下面加以说明 .1　地球自转周期和昼夜更替周期这是两个不同的概念 ,先来了解地球的运动情况 .众所周知 ,地球绕太阳公转的同时 ,绕自身的地轴自转 ,如图 1所示 .选遥远的某颗恒星为参照物 (其射到地球的光可视为平行光 ) ,在某时刻 ,地球上的某点Ｐ正对太阳和该恒星 (如图 2中的位置Ａ ) .随着地球的公转和自转 ,到达位置Ｂ时 ,地球恰好自转了 1圈 ,Ｐ点再次正对该恒星 ,完成了一次完整的圆周运动 ,所用时间为自转周期 (一个恒星日 ) .但此时Ｐ点还未再次正对太阳 ,地球必须继续运动到达Ｃ点…     

1987年CUSPEA试题选解

C1 (a)试说明地球上涨潮的起因.海岸边为何每天看到两次涨潮? (b)太阳质量比月球质量大很多,但太阳所引起的潮高仅约月球的一半,这是为什么? (c)大气里也可观察到潮汐现象.气压计指示出气潮有一规则的小振幅(～10-3)周期性变化.由月球引起的大气潮汐周期为12.7小时,且气潮位相延迟约18°.试说明位相延迟意味着什么?它和月球方位有什么关系? (d)若将大气看作线性阻尼振子,由不同的大气疾风冲击所得出的自由振子周期约为10.5小时.假如地球自转周期连续可变,试画出所预期的气潮振幅和位相对于自转频率的分布曲线. (e)月球现今表现出同一个侧面…     

地球几个常用物理量的计算

有关地球的几个物理量,如质量、半径、电容量等,是我们在实践中常常提及并用到的,学生了解这些知识是非常必要的．１地球质量Ｍ地 月球绕地球作圆周运动,周期Ｔ＝２７．３天,轨道半径 Ｒ＝３． ８ × １０８ｍ．由万有引力定律和圆周运动的知识得： 化简后 与相关资料的 ５． ９８ × １０２４ｋｇ,近似相等． 有必要说明,在计算中我们所采用的月球绕地球的周期Ｔ＝２７．３天,而不是通常所认为的Ｔ０＝２９． ５天,这是因为Ｔ０表示了月相变化的周期,这种周期是相对于日地连线而言的,而月球绕地球公转的周期应相应于月地连线,…     

月相漫谈

月球东升西落,日复一日,这是因地球自西向东自转造成的.月球本身并不发光,人们看到的皎皎月光完全是它表面反射到地球上的太阳光.在一个月当中,月亮会呈现不同的形状--月相,有新月、上弦月、满月、下弦月和残月等,且周而复始,循环不已.月相为何做这种周期性变化呢?这得从月球相对地球的公转运动谈起.     

日食月食形成原理及日月食相

1影光源发出的光照到不透明的物体上，在物体的后面形成一个光线照不到的黑暗区域，这就是影，若光源发光面较大，每个发光点都在物体的后方形成影区，这些影区重叠部分是先完全照射不到的黑暗区域叫做本影（见图1）．本影周围部分光源照射不到的半明半暗区域叫半影．而图中3区好像也是本影，其实那里也能得到一部分光的照射，并不是真本影叫做伪本影．太阳是一个很大的发光体，地球及地球的卫星--月球都是不发光体，在地球及月球的背后都有本影、半影及伪本影．由于地球绕太阳公转、月球绕地球旋转、地球本身还在自转．它们共同运动的结果…     

短文荟萃：月相漫谈

月球东升西落，日复一日，这是因地球自西向东自转造成的．月球本身并不发光，人们看到的皎皎月光完全是它表面反射到地球上的太阳光．在一个月当中，月亮会呈现不同的形状——月相，有新月、上弦月、满月、下弦月和残月等，且周而复始，循环不已．月相为何做这种周期性变化呢?这得从月球相对地球的公转运动谈起．     

嫦娥四号月球背面探秘之旅

<正>在地-月系统长期的演化过程中,地球和月球之间的潮汐力使月球的自转逐渐减缓,最终导致月球被地球潮汐锁定,使得月球总是同一面朝向地球,所以从地球上始终不能完全看见月球的另一面(仅有18%因天平动效应和视差而被观测),因此被称为月球背面。月球背面的第一张影像由前苏联的"月球3号"环月探测器在1959年10月拍摄,揭开了月球背面的神秘面纱,直到1968年12月的阿波罗8号任务环绕月球时,才直接用眼睛看见月球背面。2007年中国发射了嫦娥一号,获取了分辨率为120     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Carriers and sideband pairs and their analogues in physics and Biology

This is a further development of the author's paper A Unified Theory of Biology and Physics. It is found that male and female in biology, as well as particle and antiparticle in physics, are analogues of symmetrical sideband pairs in communication theory. This gives a new point of view from which to investigate the significance and characteristics of these different paired entities.These findings are intimately related to the fact that there are two transform domains of representation of entities in all the cases involved. They are the somatic and the genetic domains in biology, the configuration domain and the domain of conserved observables in physics, and the time and frequency domains in communication.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.