Design and analysis of the tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the spectrum hall of the CSNS

There is a tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the target station in the spectrum hall in the CSNS project.The length of the tunnel is about 20 m.The shielding design of the tunnel is very significant for the persons working in the spectrum hall because the tunnel is not covered ed soil for shielding.In order to reduce the dose rate at the exit of the cable ducts,we use the ISIS construction,which is designed with four turnings,as a reference for the tunnel design.The thickness of the shielding is obtained by a simulationwith the Monte Carlo Code FLUKA.The result is compared with the data obtained with Moyer Mode and the reliability of the simulation is proved.This paper provides the basis for the design of the tunnel.     

TEXONO中微子实验屏蔽效果的Monte Carlo研究

TEXONO实验采用CsI (T1)晶体量能器测量反应堆低能中微子的能谱和通量,确定中微子ν_e的反常磁矩并为中微子振荡实验做技术准备.详细描述了屏蔽体的安排,本底的主要来源,基于GEANT3软件包做了Monte Carlo研究,得到屏蔽体对本底的屏蔽效果.     

冷中子三轴谱仪屏蔽体的蒙特卡罗模拟

冷中子三轴谱仪( CTAS ) 的屏蔽体对于保障工作人员安全、降低散射大厅本底及提高信噪比具有重要的意义。采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP5 对谱仪各部分屏蔽体进行了计算,并结合Mcstas 程序确定了CTAS 入口处的中子源,大大提高了计算效率。经过模拟计算和优化表明:单色器后端使用厚350mm、密度4.6 g/cm3 的重混凝土,衔接屏蔽体使用厚300 mm、密度3.6 g/cm3的重混凝土,生物屏蔽采用厚150 mm、密度3.6 g/cm3 的重混凝土可保证屏蔽体外表面的剂量率满足散射大厅的剂量要求。The shielding of Cold neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer( CTAS ) is important for radiation safety of workers, and reduce the background of scattering hall as well as enhancing the ratio of signal-to-noise. In this study,Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to conduct the calculation on the shielding of CTAS. To increase the calculation efficiency, neutron source was obtained by using Mcstas code. The results indicate that, in the case of heavy concrete ( density 4.6 g/cm3 ) with thickness of 350 mm for the shielding behind the monochromater, and heavy concrete ( density 3.6 g/cm3 ) with thickness of 300 mm for the other monochromater shielding, as well as the heavy concrete ( density 3.6 g/cm3 ) with thickness of 150 mm for biological shielding, the dose rate outside shielding may meet the requirement of national standard of China.     

95 MeV射频电子直线加速器辐射防护分析

应相关建设安评、环评、稳评以及职业健康评估的要求,电子加速器设计过程中即应对其辐射情况进行分析。针对电子能量为40～95 MeV可调的光阴极微波电子枪直线加速器,对其辐射源项进行分析,并讨论了可能的辐射防护措施的效果。采用蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA对电子束流和加速器进行建模,通过模拟计算发现,加速器产生的等效剂量分布主要位于废束桶中,废束桶以外辐射剂量迅速下降,在电子加速器实验大厅四周设置混凝土墙体的情况下辐射等效剂量率将随墙体厚度迅速下降。若混凝土墙体厚度设置为1 m,则墙体外工作人员所在区域辐射等效剂量率不高于1 μSv/h量级,能够有效屏蔽加速器产生的电离辐射,给工作人员提供有效防护。研究方法及结果对同能区同类型加速器建设中的辐射分析及辐射防护评估具有一定的参考价值。     

TMR与GMR传感器1/f噪声的研究进展

隧道结磁阻(TMR) 传感器及巨磁阻(GMR) 传感器的1/f噪声在低频段噪声功率密度较大, 是影响其低频下分辨率和灵敏度的主要噪声形式. 本文详细介绍了近年来TMR传感器及GMR传感器1/f噪声的特点、来源、理论模型、检测方法及降噪措施等方面的研究进展, 并就隧道结磁阻传感器1/f噪声的物理模型进行了详细解释. 通过纳米模拟软件Virtual NanoLab对不同MgO厚度的Fe/MgO/Fe型磁性隧道结(MTJ) 进行了隧穿概率和TMR变化率的模拟计算, 得到保守估计与乐观估计的TMR变化率, 分别为98.1%与10324.55%, 同时通过MTJ的噪声模型分析了MgO厚度对TMR传感器噪声的影响. 制备了磁屏蔽系数大于10000的磁屏蔽筒并搭建了磁阻传感器1/f噪声的测试平台, 通过测试验证了磁屏蔽系统对环境磁场具有较好的屏蔽效果, 为噪声检测提供了稳定的磁场空间. 最后分析了TMR与GMR中各种因素对传感器噪声的影响, 提出了影响MTJ传感器1/f噪声的因素及一些降噪措施.     

Comparative sensitivity study and reading correction of various albedo dosimeters in neutron fields on the U-400M accelerator

The sensitivities of three types of albedo dosimeters are experimentally studied in U-400M accelerator radiation fields in the experimental hall (one point) and behind its shielding (three points). It is shown that the ratios of the sensitivity of the albedo dosimeter (AD) and the combined personal dosimeter (CPD) used earlier at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) to the sensitivity of the DVGN-01 dosimeter are constant within 25%. This allows the AD and CPD sensitivities obtained earlier at the JINR facilities to be used for correcting readings of the DVGN-01 now used at JINR for personal radiation monitoring. Correction coefficients are found for DVGN-01 readings behind the U-400M shielding. This has allowed a more reliable correction coefficient to be established for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR).     

音乐厅音质设计进展述评

本文对近年来音乐厅音质设计中若干问题的进展作一述评。（1）在已建立的众多独立音质参量基础上，如何作出大厅综合评价，就需要考虑到它们的互动性和贡献权，方法学将成为关键。（2）空间感已确认由声源视在展宽度ASW和听者环绕感LEV组成，对于影响两者的诸多复杂因素有了较深入研究，这声场中的细节又将如何与大厅设计相联系亦备受关注。（3）听众及座椅吸声这个老问题有了新的研究成果，对于空、满场的声学关系已积累了更多资料，使大厅音质的估算更为精确可靠。（4）常说扩散对大厅音质很重要，但其主观效应仍然处于玄虚状态，一些新的主观试听实验结果还不足以说明问题。     

Dose estimation and shielding calculation for X-ray hazard at high intensity laser facilities

An ionizing radiation hazard produced from the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets has been observed. Laser-plasma interactions create "hot" electrons, which generate bremsstrahlung X-rays when they interact with ions in the target. However, up to now only limited studies have been conducted on this laser-induced radiological protection issue. In this paper, the physical process and characteristics of the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets are analyzed. The parameters of the radiation sources are discussed, including the energy conversion efficiency from laser to hot electrons, hot electron energy spectrum and electron temperature, and the bremsstrahlung X-ray energy spectrum produced by hot electrons. Based on this information, the X-ray dose generated with high-Z targets for laser intensities between 10¹⁴ and 10²⁰ W/cm² is estimated. The shielding effects of common shielding items such as the glass view port, aluminum chamber wall and concrete wall are also studied using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. This study provides a reference for the dose estimation and the shielding design of high intensity laser facilities.     

广东星海音乐厅室内乐厅的声学设计

室内乐厅是以演奏室内乐为主、兼供独奏(唱)、音乐讲座、文娱演出和立体电影所用的多功能厅堂。为使各项功能均具有最佳的声学条件,设置了用计算机调控混响时间的装置。本文概要介绍室内乐厅的声学设计、但侧重于计算机调控混响时间所取得的成效。     

科特迪瓦共和国剧场声学设计与缩尺声学模型试验

科特迪瓦共和国剧场包括主演出厅、第二演出厅、排练厅和各种配套用房。此外还有科方自建的露天剧场，它构成了供和国首都阿比让市的演出中心，由于三个厅室各有其主要功能、且音质要求较高，故分别进行了声学设计，并对其中的主演出厅作了缩心声学模拟试验，以弥补声学计算上的不足，本报告简述共和国剧场各厅声学设计指标的确定，以及为达到预期声学效果所采取的各项技术措施。     

CSR的辐射防护

CSR(cooling storage ring)按计划将于2005年底建成调束,届时从¹²C到²³⁸U的重离子将可以分别被加速到900和400MeV的能量. HIRFL(兰州重离子加速器Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou)将 用作CSR的注入器. 为了CSR的屏蔽设计,本文利用现有的实验数据计算了由于束流损失产生的中子及其能谱、角分布,同时也估算了屏蔽体外表面的中子剂量、环境中子剂量及天空返照中子剂量. 在源项计算中使用了400MeV/u ¹²C+Cu反应的中子产额、能谱、角分布的实验数据. 计算表明, CSR对环境剂量影响最大的是天空返照中子.     

Aspects of the acoustical design and properties of Christchurch Town Hall,New Zealand

The Christchurch Town Hall (2650 seats) is the major hall in a complex which includes a 986 seat theatre. It was opened on 30 September 1972 and was designed primarily as a choral symphony hall. Reverberation time (125 Hz to 2 kHz) in excess of 2·2 seconds with the hall full is provided by a volume of 20 500 m³ and reflective surfaces. The basic design aim, provision of relatively strong early lateral reflections, is achieved by large interior oblique reflectors which hang free from the boundaries of the reverberant volume. The resulting early lateral energy and long R.T. gives the hall a combination of reverberance, envelopment and clarity. The paper gives an account of design aims and studies including a ray tracing computer program with an interactive graphics output. Measurements of T₆₀, T₁₅ and integrated early energy have been carried out in the hall. Echograms and other measured data are presented. Clarity has been measured by a speech intelligibility test with the Hall empty except for 40 participants. With T₆₀ at 500 Hz 2·7 seconds, the intelligibility was better than the Peutz criterion for public address systems.     

LED光源光谱对隧道出口段明适应的影响

随着我国经济的不断发展,高速公路隧道建设的发展也非常迅猛。前期在隧道的实际工程设计中,为完全保证隧道车辆通行安全,隧道内部全线灯具的输出功率和安装布置全部取决于一年四季中最大的洞外亮度值和车辆速度值。这样的设计尽管充分考虑了安全性,但盲目的增加隧道照明亮度,不能够缓解视觉适应的问题。随着LED在隧道照明中的应用, LED光源光谱的影响逐渐引起人们的关注。调查研究发现高速公路隧道在出口段交通事故发生率比较高,主要原因是隧道出口段内外亮度差较大,驾驶员在驶离时明适应时间较长。LED光源的光谱呈现双峰结构,在长波长范围内,光谱含量差异明显。明适应的能力主要与两个因素有关,一是瞳孔面积的变化;二是感光色素的光化学反应。不同色温的LED具有不同的光谱特性,进而通过影响感光色素的合成,来影响明适应的时间长短。现在市场上可用的隧道照明LED光源的色温可选范围比较广,所以实验选取了市场上可用的不同色温的大功率的LED光源作为研究对象,其色温分别是3 000, 3 500, 4 000, 4 500, 5 000, 5 700和6 500 K等7种。邀请了30名视觉功能正常,矫正视力1.0以上,且无色盲、色弱等其他眼疾的观察者参加了本次实验。地点选择在长9 m,高2.8 m,宽5 m的模拟隧道内。实验参数选取3组亮度值,分别为4, 8和12 cd·m^-2;2个灯具安装高度分别是2.0和2.4 m;3个安装角度分别是15°, 20°和25°。共评估了126种照明条件。实验结果表明:隧道出口段亮度越大,明适应时间越小;当亮度相同时,随着色温的增大,明适应时间减小;灯具安装角度和安装高度对光谱的影响很小,改变安装高度和安装角度并不能有效的减小明适应时间。从明适应的角度出发,通过分析不同色温LED灯的光谱,为隧道照明设计与应用中出口段LED光源的选择提供数据和理论支撑。     

Radiation Protection of CSR

The construction of CSR (cooling storage ring) which includes a main ring (CSRm) and an experimental ring (CSRe) will be finished at the end of 2005. Heavy ions of carbon to uranium will be accelerated up to 900MeV/u and 400MeV/u at intensity of 10⁸ pps. The HIRFL (heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou) will be used as the injector. For the shielding design of CSR, the secondary neutrons due to the ion beam loss, their spectra and angular distributions were estimated based on the experimental results. The dose equivalent outside the shielding surface and in the surrounding environment and the neutron skyshine dose equivalent were also estimated in this study. The experimental result, neutron yield, spectrum and angular distribution for 400MeV/u ¹²C+Cu reaction were used for estimating the source term of shielding design. It is found that the most important environmental radiation impact component of CSR is the skyshine neutrons.     

Optimizing the collimator/shielding configuration of the NG-430 neutron generator

Computer optimization of the collimator and shielding of the NG-430 neutron generator at the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, is performed. The purpose of the optimization is to reach an acceptable value of the ratio Q between the neutron fluence in the investigated target (the signal) and the neutron fluence in the area of the detecting equipment (the background). The fluences of fast neutrons in the target and detectors are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The influence of the walls of the experimental hall is taken into account. The optimal configuration of the assembly that provides the required Q value is found.     

Influence of absorption properties of materials on the accuracy of simulated acoustical measures in 1:10 scale model test

This study investigated the absorption characteristics of materials in a multi-purpose hall using computer models, 1:10 scale model and actual hall measurements of Gimhae Arts Hall (GAH), in order to predict and evaluate the acoustical characteristics. The elements of this scale model, such as reflecting walls, seats, audience, and absorption banners, were made with materials selected according to their absorption coefficients, measured in a 1:10 scale model reverberation chamber. After the real hall was completed, in situ acoustical measurements were conducted in the GAH and compared with those of the scale model hall. Comparison of these measurements showed that the delay time of the major reflections in the scale model hall was similar to that of the real hall. However, the reverberation time especially at low frequencies showed a difference between the scale model hall and the real hall measurements. The results of computer simulations for both scale model and actual hall showed that the absorption of seats and audience, the structural detail of the reflecting walls with different thickness and air spaces, and the duct facilities in the open-type ceiling are the major differences. It was confirmed that there are more complicated absorption characteristics in the scale model design of a multi-purpose hall than a concert hall.     

体育馆声学设计探讨

本文分析了我国综合性体育馆共同的体形特征及其所导致的运用建筑声学时的出现的若干问题，探讨了有关的声学标准，并以工程实践为例，说明必须依靠建筑声学设计和电声设计的结合，才能作好体育馆的声学设计。     

Computer simulation of an extracted beam for the neutron generator of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The NG-430 neutron generator at the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, is being updated. The flux of neutrons produced by the ³H(d,n)⁴He reaction can be as high as 10¹³ s⁻¹. Modernization of the neutron generator involves moving it to a new accelerator hall. The generation of several extracted neutron beams is planned. After they pass through the collimator, the neutron fluxes are calculated by the Monte-Carlo method on the basis of the ABBN [4] neutron constants. The parameters of the biological shielding are estimated.     

中国散裂中子源多功能反射谱仪屏蔽设计

本文介绍了利用蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序MCNPX2.5.0进行中国散裂中子源多功能反射谱仪屏蔽设计的屏蔽需求、辐射源项、计算方法和设计结果等内容.在计算中考虑慢化器泄漏源项、中子导管损失源项等不同辐射源项,使用分步计算和源项角度偏移、源项能量偏移、几何分裂等多种减方差方法,在保证计算结果精度的同时提高计算速度.在谱仪束线传输段、第二中子开关、散射室等的屏蔽计算中,通过比较了不同条件下的所需屏蔽确定最终屏蔽设计,确保谱仪屏蔽外人员可到达区域的剂量低于安全限值2.5μSv/h.     

体育馆声学设计探讨

本文分析了我国综合性体育馆共同的体形特征及其所导致的运用建筑本学时出现的若干问题，探讨了有关的声学标准，并以工程实践为例，说明必须依靠建筑产学设计和电声设计的结合，才能作好体育馆的声学设计．