Be靶丸的研制进展及其关键技术北大核心CSCD

可控核聚变反应是科学家用来解决能源缺乏和发展可持续能源的理想途径,为此美国开展了惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究,建设了国家点火装置(NIF),旨在实验室演示核聚变反应,为惯性约束聚变能(IFE)发展指明方向。制靶是NIF点火工程三大主体之一,如何制备满足设计需求的靶丸成为科学家不懈努力的追求目标。详细介绍了NIF工程中主要候选Be靶丸需求背景、研究现状、Be靶优势、靶参数设计要点、靶丸制备技术,以及制靶过程中存在的关键技术问题,为我国Be靶制备及制靶能力建设提供参考信息。     

ICF靶材料和靶制备技术研究进展

 主要介绍了中国工程物理研究院ICF靶材料科学与靶制备技术在材料研究、靶丸制备技术、薄膜制备技术、精密微工艺及靶参数测量等方面的主要研究进展。在靶材料研究方面,近年相继研制成功全氘代聚苯乙烯（D-PS）有机材料、微靶掺杂和激光吸收与X射线转换金属纳米或团簇材料;探索了新型有机气凝胶储氢材料,开展了金属小团簇理论研究和纳米金属复合材料的研究工作。在靶制备技术与工艺方面,完成了PS单层、双层和三层塑料空心微球的研制工作;利用低温等离子体聚合涂层技术,建立了微球表面沉积纯CH薄膜以及金属掺杂CH薄膜的工艺和技术;在玻璃微球充氩技术研究中,开展了原子力扫描显微镜对玻璃球壳钻孔工艺研究以及粒子辐照改性充气技术研究,等等。     

激光惯性约束聚变靶靶丸制备与表征

激光惯性约束聚变的核心思想是利用球形内爆技术对聚变燃料进行增压,使热核燃料达到高温、高密度的等离子体状态,进而实现聚变点火。基于对称压缩、流体界面不稳定性和实验诊断的考虑,ICF实验对作为热核燃料容器的空心微球的品质在球形度、壁厚均匀性、表面粗糙度以及掺杂水平等方面提出了严格的要求。为满足这些要求,陆续发展了乳液微封装技术、降解芯轴技术、低压等离子体聚合/掺杂技术、干凝胶玻璃微球制备技术等用于多层塑料微球和空心玻璃微球的研制。另一方面,针对ICF靶丸量小、质轻以及表面要求高的特点,发展了相应的非破坏性靶丸参数表征技术,如X光照相技术、4π形貌表征技术、微球掺杂水平测量技术以及微球内燃料负载水平快速测试技术。基于这些制备与表征技术,初步实现了多层塑料微球、玻璃微球、聚-!-甲基苯乙烯芯轴微球、梯度掺杂CH微球的研制,满足了"神光Ⅱ"、"神光Ⅲ原型"及"神光Ⅲ主机"上开展的一系列内爆物理实验的要求,同时为未来点火物理实验用靶丸的研制提供了技术支撑。     

微球GDP涂层制备技术研究进展

辉光放电碳氢聚合物（GDP）靶丸因具有较大的抗张强度、红外透明、涂层表面粗糙度高且均一性好、内应力较小等特性,成为惯性约束聚变（ICF）点火的首选靶丸。20世纪70年代,国外就开展了GDP靶丸制备技术的研究工作,主要以美国为代表,另外俄罗斯、日本、法国等国家也有相关研究。目前,美国已基本具备制备出满足点火要求的Ge掺杂GDP靶丸的能力,而我国从20世纪90年代才开始微球GDP涂层的研究工作。     

国家点火装置(NIF)点火靶制备技术研究进展

文章介绍了国家点火装置(NIF)点火靶制备技术在近年来取得的一些最新进展,主要内容包括芯轴与靶丸的制备,氘氚(DT)冰层的均匀化等方面.     

制备均一性靶丸过程中的影响因素

在激光聚变实验中,高球形度、高厚度均一性的靶丸经常通过乳液微封装方法来制备。利用T.Norimatsu的模型研究在靶丸制备过程中,界面间表面张力、油相粘度、壳层尺寸、壳层厚度的影响。结果显示:较大的表面张力,较小的壳层尺寸,会使胶囊具有更好的均一性。当外部变形形式不同的时候,油相的粘度对于壳层均一性会有不同作用。     

靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术

为了精密检测靶丸壳层厚度及其分布数据,开展了靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术研究。介绍了靶丸壳层的白光反射光谱及其光谱数据处理方法（极值法、峰值拟合法、干涉级次校正法等）的基本原理,搭建了基于白光反射光谱的精密回转轴系测量装置;开展了GDP靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量、数据处理和可靠性验证实验,获得了靶丸壳层厚度圆周分布曲线。结果表明,基于峰值拟合法和干涉级次校正的白光反射光谱技术可实现靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的准确测量,其测量误差小于0.1 μm。     

间接驱动冷冻双壳层点火靶的设计和分析

双壳层靶中,由于燃料被高Z壳层包裹,其点火方式要求燃料整体点火,不同于单壳层中心热斑点火。结合点火条件和对于其中物理过程的认识,设计了间接驱动的冷冻双壳层点火靶。利用冷冻的氘氚(DT)燃料,可适当提高双壳层靶的燃料装量,获得和NIF装置条件下中心热斑点火靶相当的放能。间接驱动下,X射线烧蚀并驱动外壳层碰撞内壳层,把能量传递给内壳层,进而压缩和点燃冷冻的DT燃料。壳层碰撞过程是能量传递的关键,通过调整内外壳层的质量比,提高了碰撞效率,相应地降低了靶丸点火的能量需求。一维数值模拟分析了该点火靶的内爆过程及定性分析了其中的流体力学不稳定性。同时,也指出了泡沫中形成的辐射冲击波对内壳层的预热效应,即辐射冲击波的致稳效应,能够很好地抑制内壳层外界面处的不稳定性发展,进而会减弱高Z内壳层和燃料的混合。     

快点火锥壳靶压缩对称性及燃料分布测量实验研究北大核心CSCD

快点火激光惯性约束聚变将压缩与点火过程分开,与中心点火方式相比,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和能量的要求,是国际惯性约束聚变研究的热点方向。在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验中,背光分幅图像显示导引锥及输运丝对靶丸预压缩过程无明显影响,实验结果与一维数值模拟结果吻合也证明了该结论;实验中通过调节导引锥尺寸和相对靶丸的位置,可保证最大压缩时刻导引锥保存完好,这对超热电子的输运以及能量沉积是至关重要的。     

通过理论定标律研究激光间接驱动的参数空间

系统地梳理了激光间接驱动点火靶内爆压缩的物理过程,使用理论方法和一维流体力学模拟给出了靶丸内爆过程中的关键定标律公式。通过这些定标律公式获得了在给定黑腔辐射温度、飞行熵增因子、整形速度和烧蚀材料的条件下,靶丸装量——半径参数空间的点火岛区域。研究了靶丸性能参数随辐射温度、飞行熵增因子等的变化规律:当靶丸所处黑腔辐射温度升高时,内爆的稳定性将变好;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,靶丸半径需要减小。当靶丸的飞行熵增因子增大时,内爆增益略微减小,内爆稳定性变好;但是点火阈值因子减小导致点火岛的区域变窄。当靶丸的整形速度增大时,点火岛的区域略微变大,内爆稳定性变化不显著;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,需要增大靶丸半径,这会导致靶丸壳层形状因子变大。当改变靶丸烧蚀材料,提高质量烧蚀速率与烧蚀压时,能量增益变大且稳定性增强;设计上在靶丸装量不变的条件下,需要减小靶丸半径。     

Update on design simulations for NIF ignition targets, and the rollup of all specifications into an error budget

Targets intended to produce ignition on NIF are being simulated and the simulations are used to set specifications for target fabrication and other program elements. Recent design work has focused on designs that assume only 1.0 MJ of laser energy instead of the previous 1.6 MJ. To perform with less laser energy, the hohlraum has been redesigned to be more efficient than previously, and the capsules are slightly smaller. Three hohlraum designs are being examined: gas fill, SiO₂ foam fill, and SiO₂ lined. All have a cocktail wall, and shields mounted between the capsule and the laser entrance holes. Two capsule designs are being considered. One has a graded doped Be(Cu) ablator, and the other graded doped CH(Ge). Both can perform acceptably with recently demonstrated ice layer quality, and with recently demonstrated outer surface roughness. Complete tables of specifications are being prepared for both targets, to be completed this fiscal year. All the specifications are being rolled together into an error budget indicating adequate margin for ignition with the new designs. The dominant source of error is hohlraum asymmetry at intermediate modes 4–8, indicating the importance of experimental techniques to measure and control this asymmetry.     

Patchy colloidosomes – an emerging class of structures

A colloidosome, i.e., a selectively permeable capsule composed of colloidal particles forming a stable homogenous shell, is a tiny container that can be used for storage, transportation, and release of cargo species. There are many routes to preparing colloidosomes; dozens of examples of future applications of such colloidal capsules have been demonstrated. Their functionality can be further extended if the capsules are designed to have heterogeneous shells, i.e., one or more regions (patches) of a shell are composed of material with specific properties that differ from the rest of the shell. Such patchy colloidosomes, supplemented by functionalities similar to that offered by well-studied patchy particles, will surely possess advantageous properties when compared with their homogenous counterparts. For example, owing to specific interactions between patches, they either can self-assemble into complex structures; specifically adhere to a surface; release their cargo species in specific direction; or guided–align,–orient or –propel. Fabrication of patchy colloidal microcapsules has long been theorized by scientists able to design different models, but actual large-scale production remains a challenge. Until now, only a few methods for fabricating patchy colloidosomes have been demonstrated, and these include production by means of microfluidics and mechanical pipetting. The field of science related to fabrication and application of patchy colloidosomes is clearly unexplored, and we envision it blooming in the coming years.     

基于纯冲击波聚心的准一维氘氘内爆物理实验

在神光Ⅲ原型装置上利用八路6400J/1ns激光注入1100μm×1850μm的黑腔内产生210eV的高温辐射场,均匀辐照填充氘氘燃料的靶丸实现内爆。实验中选择高气压薄壳靶丸实现纯冲击波聚心内爆。通过闪烁体探测器、中子条纹相机等多套诊断设备获取了中子产额、聚变反应时刻等关键内爆参数。结合一维数值模拟表明,实验测量的中子产额与干净一维数值模拟计算的中子产额之比达到90%;同时通过人为破坏内爆对称性等方式表明,该设计下内爆中子产生机制集中于冲击波聚心,其内爆性能受到高维因素影响极低,从而实现了准一维内爆。     

Fill-tube-induced mass perturbations on x-ray-driven, ignition-scale, inertial-confinement-fusion capsule shells and the implications for ignition experiments

On the first inertial-confinement-fusion ignition facility, the target capsule will be DT filled through a long, narrow tube inserted into the shell. microg-scale shell perturbations Delta m' arising from multiple, 10-50 microm-diameter, hollow SiO2 tubes on x-ray-driven, ignition-scale, 1-mg capsules have been measured on a subignition device. Simulations compare well with observation, whence it is corroborated that Delta m' arises from early x-ray shadowing by the tube rather than tube mass coupling to the shell, and inferred that 10-20 microm tubes will negligibly affect fusion yield on a full-ignition facility.     

Compensation for time-dependent radiation-drive asymmetries in inertial-fusion capsules

An approach is presented to design inertial-fusion capsules compensated for time-dependent radiation-drive asymmetries. This approach uses in depth variable doping of the capsule ablator, i.e., the addition of small amounts of material to tailor the opacity. Simulations show that an inertial-fusion capsule, using a beryllium ablator variably doped with gold, can be designed to compensate for a constant P(2) radiation asymmetry as high as 20% and still produce nominal yield (80% of a symmetrically driven capsule). In contrast, without variable doping the P(2) asymmetry must be less than 2% to obtain nominal yield. Similarly encouraging results are obtained for modes P(1), P(4), and P(6). Simulations also demonstrate that variable doping can compensate for nearly arbitrary time-dependent radiation-drive asymmetries by varying the polar dependence of the doping fraction with depth.     

Optimization of the Doped Ablator Layers for the Plastic Ignition Capsule

The paper investigates theoretically the optimization of the doped ablator layers for the plastic ignition capsule. The high-resolved one-dimensional implosion simulations show that the inner pure CH layer of the Si-doped design is excessively preheated by the hard x-ray, leading to the unstable ablator-fuel interface compared to the Ge-doped capsule. This is because that the Si K-shell absorption edge (1.8 keV) is higher than the Ge L-edge (1.3 keV), and Si dopant makes more hard x-ray penetrate through the doped ablator layers to preheat the inner pure CH layer. So an optimization of the doped ablator layers (called "Si/Ge capsule") is performed: an Si-doped CH layer is placed next to the outer pure CH layer to keep the high implosion velocity; next to the Si-doped layer is a thin Ge-doped layer, in order to absorb the hard x-ray and protect the inner undoped CH-layer from excessively preheating. The simulations show that the Si/Ge capsule can effectively improve hydrodynamic stability at the ablator-fuel interface while keeping the high implosion velocity.     

ICF流体力学不稳定性实验用柱状激波管的研制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中,点火靶丸表面(界面)的粗糙度和缺陷所产生的流体力学不稳定性是决定点火成功与否的关键因素之一,设计和研制流体力学不稳定性分解实验用靶是解决该问题的主要技术手段。结合国内外的研究现状和神光-Ⅱ激光装置的特点,设计并研制了一种新型柱状激波管。该靶型由三种介质组成,分别为调制聚苯乙烯(CH)圆片、柱状碳气凝胶(CRF)和CH微套管。调制CH圆片和柱状CRF通过微加工技术装配到CH微套管内,封装后形成柱状激波管。介绍了该靶型的设计原理和详细的制备工艺,并对相应的靶参数进行了测量。结果表明:柱状CRF气凝胶具有较好的成型性,长度、直径和密度分别为1000μm、730μm和250mg·cm-3;CH圆片的厚度和直径分别为15μm和730μm,表面调制图形的周期和峰谷差分别为100μm和4.3μm;实验得到的柱状激波管的轴向和径向最大装配误差分别为2μm和3μm。     

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给出了氦冷却固体增殖剂中子学和产氚包层模块(NT-TBM-HCSB)聚变中子诊断的初步设计,提出了用固定或可移动位置微型裂变室探测器和可移动封装薄箔活化分析系统测量中子倍增器之后、固体氚增殖剂中及其后的中子通量;用可移动天然金刚石探测器的紧凑型能谱仪测量中子能谱。此诊断系统可用于中子倍增器的倍增效率,氚增殖层的增殖率与热核实验聚变堆的运行参数、加热和加料方式、磁流体不稳定性、能量约束以及大破裂等离子体参数和状态之间的工程和物理相关关系的实验研究,测量倍增层、氚增殖包层及其后进入屏蔽层的中子通量和能谱,并与MCNP计算相比较,优化和改进中子倍增器、氚增殖包层以及屏蔽层设计,提高氚增殖率。     

Formation and destruction of polyelectrolyte microcapsules modified by rhodamine 6G

Polyelectrolyte capsules with Rhodamine 6G molecules included into the shell are obtained in this work. The inclusion of dye molecules into the shell can provide the destruction of capsules by photosensitization. Measurements of the dye fluorescence intensity in the shell show that the energy of photoexcited molecules is effectively dissipated by the surrounding organic matrix. The capsule suspension is laser irradiated in the absorption band of Rhodamine 6G molecules. Measurements of the size distribution of capsules before and after laser irradiation reveal that the capsules are destroyed by laser illumination.     

Formation of polyelectrolyte microcapsules with chemically bound adsorbed molecules of fluorescein isotiocyanate and their destruction under laser action

Polyelectrolyte capsules with molecules of fluorescein isotiocyanate included in the shell have been obtained. The inclusion of dye molecules in the shell of the capsule allows the photosensibilized destruction of its structure. The measurements of the fluorescence intensity of a dye that was present in the shell revealed effective dissipation of the energy of photoexcited molecules by the surrounding organic matrix. The capsule suspension was irradiated by a laser in the absorption band of fluorescein isotiocyanate molecules. By measuring the size distribution of the capsules before and after irradiation with a laser it was shown that the capsules are destroyed under the effect of laser radiation.