On the pronormality of subgroups of odd index in finite simple symplectic groups

A subgroup H of a group G is pronormal if the subgroups H and H ^g are conjugate in 〈H,H ^g 〉 for every g ∈ G. It was conjectured in [1] that a subgroup of a finite simple group having odd index is always pronormal. Recently the authors [2] verified this conjecture for all finite simple groups other than PSL _n (q), PSU _n (q), E ₆(q), ² E ₆(q), where in all cases q is odd and n is not a power of 2, and P Sp_2n (q), where q ≡ ±3 (mod 8). However in [3] the authors proved that when q ≡ ±3 (mod 8) and n ≡ 0 (mod 3), the simple symplectic group P Sp²ⁿ (q) has a nonpronormal subgroup of odd index, thereby refuted the conjecture on pronormality of subgroups of odd index in finite simple groups.The natural extension of this conjecture is the problem of classifying finite nonabelian simple groups in which every subgroup of odd index is pronormal. In this paper we continue to study this problem for the simple symplectic groups P Sp_2n (q) with q ≡ ±3 (mod 8) (if the last condition is not satisfied, then subgroups of odd index are pronormal). We prove that whenever n is not of the form 2 ^m or 2 ^m (2^2k +1), this group has a nonpronormal subgroup of odd index. If n = 2 ^m , then we show that all subgroups of P Sp_2n (q) of odd index are pronormal. The question of pronormality of subgroups of odd index in P Sp_2n (q) is still open when n = 2 ^m (2^2k + 1) and q ≡ ±3 (mod 8).     

On the Pronormality of Subgroups of Odd Index in Some Extensions of Finite Groups

We study finite groups with the following property (*): All subgroups of odd index are pronormal. Suppose that G has a normal subgroup A with property (*), and the Sylow 2-subgroups of G/A are self-normalizing. We prove that G has property (*) if and only if so does N_G(T)/T, where T is a Sylow 2-subgroup of A. This leads to a few results that can be used for the classification of finite simple groups with property (*).     

On R-conjugate-permutability of sylow subgroups

A subgroup H of a finite group G is said to be conjugate-permutable if HH^g = H^gH for all g ∈ G. More generaly, if we limit the element g to a subgroup R of G, then we say that the subgroup H is R-conjugate-permutable. By means of the R-conjugatepermutable subgroups, we investigate the relationship between the nilpotence of G and the R-conjugate-permutability of the Sylow subgroups of A and B under the condition that G = AB, where A and B are subgroups of G. Some results known in the literature are improved and generalized in the paper.     

Every 2-group with all subgroups normal-by-finite is locally finite

A group G has all of its subgroups normal-by-finite if H/H _G is finite for all subgroups H of G. The Tarski-groups provide examples of p-groups (p a “large” prime) of nonlocally finite groups in which every subgroup is normal-by-finite. The aim of this paper is to prove that a 2-group with every subgroup normal-by-finite is locally finite. We also prove that if |H/H _G | 6 2 for every subgroup H of G, then G contains an Abelian subgroup of index at most 8.     

Finite groups with given σ-embedded and σ-n-embedded subgroups

Let G be a finite group and σ = {σ _i |i∈I} be a partition of the set of all primes P. A set H of subgroups of G is said to be a complete Hall σ-set of G if every non-identity member of H is a Hall σ _i -subgroup of G and H contains exactly one Hall σ _i -subgroup of G for every σ _i ∈ σ(G). A subgroup H is said to be σ-permutable if G possesses a complete Hall σ-set H such that HA ^x = A ^x H for all A ∈ H and all x ∈ G. Let H be a subgroup of G. Then we say that: (1) H is σ-embedded in G if there exists a σ-permutable subgroup T of G such that HT = H ^σG and H ∩ T ≤ H _σG , where H _σG is the subgroup of H generated by all those subgroups of H which are σ-permutable in G, and H ^σG is the σ-permutable closure of H, that is, the intersection of all σ-permutable subgroups of G containing H. (2) H is σ-n-embedded in G if there exists a normal subgroup T of G such that HT = H ^G and H ∩ T ≤ H _σG . In this paper, we study the properties of the new embedding subgroups and use them to determine the structure of finite groups.     

Polycyclic groups with automorphisms of order four

n this paper, we study the structure of polycyclic groups admitting an automorphism of order four on the basis of Neumann’s result, and prove that if α is an automorphism of order four of a polycyclic group G and the map φ: G → G defined by g^φ = [g,α] is surjective, then G contains a characteristic subgroup H of finite index such that the second derived subgroup H″ is included in the centre of H and C_H(α²) is abelian, both C_G(α²) and G/[G, α²] are abelian-by-finite. These results extend recent and classical results in the literature.     

Finite groups in which Sylow normalizers have nilpotent Hall supplements

The normalizer of each Sylow subgroup of a finite group G has a nilpotent Hall supplement in G if and only if G is soluble and every tri-primary Hall subgroup H (if exists) of G satisfies either of the following two statements: (i) H has a nilpotent bi-primary Hall subgroup; (ii) Let π(H) = {p, q, r}. Then there exist Sylow p-, q-, r-subgroups H _p , H _q , and H _r of H such that H _q ? N _H (H _p ), H _r ? N _H (H _q ), and H _p ? N _H (H _r ).     

A condition for the solvability of finite groups

A subgroup H is called ?-supplemented in a finite group G, if there exists a subgroup B of G such that G = HB and H ₁ B is a proper subgroup of G for every maximal subgroup H ₁ of H. We investigate the influence of ?-supplementation of Sylow subgroups and obtain a condition for solvability and p-supersolvability of finite groups.     

On weakly <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>Φ-supplemented subgroups of finite groups

Let G be a finite group. We say that a subgroup H of G is weakly SΦ-supplemented in G if G has a subgroup T such that G = HT and H∩T ≤ Φ(H)H_sG, where H_sG is the subgroup of H generated by all those subgroups of H that are s-permutable in G. In this paper, we investigate the influence of weakly SΦ-supplemented subgroups on the structure of finite groups. Some new characterizations of p-nilpotency and supersolubility of finite groups are obtained.     

Some Existence Theorems on All Fractional (<Emphasis Type="Italic">g</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>)-factors with Prescribed Properties

Let G be a graph, and g, f: V (G) → Z⁺ with g(x) ≤ f(x) for each x ∈ V (G). We say that G admits all fractional (g, f)-factors if G contains an fractional r-factor for every r: V (G) → Z⁺ with g(x) ≤ r(x) ≤ f(x) for any x ∈ V (G). Let H be a subgraph of G. We say that G has all fractional (g, f)-factors excluding H if for every r: V (G) → Z⁺ with g(x) ≤ r(x) ≤ f(x) for all x ∈ V (G), G has a fractional r-factor F _h such that E(H) ∩ E(F _h ) = θ, where h: E(G) → [0, 1] is a function. In this paper, we show a characterization for the existence of all fractional (g, f)-factors excluding H and obtain two sufficient conditions for a graph to have all fractional (g, f)-factors excluding H.     

On the length of a finite group and of its 2-generator subgroups

The nonsoluble length λ(G) of a finite group G is defined as the minimum number of nonsoluble factors in a normal series of G each of whose quotients either is soluble or is a direct product of nonabelian simple groups. The generalized Fitting height of a finite group G is the least number h = h* (G) such that F* _h (G) = G, where F* ₁ (G) = F* (G) is the generalized Fitting subgroup, and F* _i+1(G) is the inverse image of F* (G/F*_i (G)). In the present paper we prove that if λ(J) ≤ k for every 2-generator subgroup J of G, then λ(G) ≤ k. It is conjectured that if h* (J) ≤ k for every 2-generator subgroup J, then h* (G) ≤ k. We prove that if h* (〈x, x^g 〉) ≤ k for allx, g ∈ G such that 〈x, x^g 〉 is soluble, then h* (G) is k-bounded.     

Engel-type subgroups and length parameters of finite groups

Let g be an element of a finite group G. For a positive integer n, let E _n (g) be the subgroup generated by all commutators [...[[x, g], g],..., g] over x ∈ G, where g is repeated n times. By Baer’s theorem, if E _n (g) = 1, then g belongs to the Fitting subgroup F(G). We generalize this theorem in terms of certain length parameters of E _n (g). For soluble G we prove that if, for some n, the Fitting height of E _n (g) is equal to k, then g belongs to the (k+1)th Fitting subgroup F_k+1(G). For nonsoluble G the results are in terms of nonsoluble length and generalized Fitting height. The generalized Fitting height h*(H) of a finite group H is the least number h such that F_h* (H) = H, where F₀* (H) = 1, and F_i+1(H)* is the inverse image of the generalized Fitting subgroup F*(H/F*_i (H)). Let m be the number of prime factors of |g| counting multiplicities. It is proved that if, for some n, the generalized Fitting height of E _n (g) is equal to k, then g belongs to F*_f(k,m)(G), where f(k, m) depends only on k and m. The nonsoluble length λ(H) of a finite group H is defined as the minimum number of nonsoluble factors in a normal series each of whose factors either is soluble or is a direct product of nonabelian simple groups. It is proved that if λ(E _n (g)) = k, then g belongs to a normal subgroup whose nonsoluble length is bounded in terms of k and m. We also state conjectures of stronger results independent of m and show that these conjectures reduce to a certain question about automorphisms of direct products of finite simple groups.     

Finite Groups with Given Weakly <Emphasis Type="Italic">σ</Emphasis>-Permutable Subgroups

Let G be a finite group and let σ = {σ _i | i ∈ I} be a partition of the set of all primes P. A set ? of subgroups of G is said to be a complete Hall σ-set of G if each nonidentity member of ? is a Hall σ _i -subgroup of G and ? has exactly one Hall σ _i -subgroup of G for every σ _i ∈ σ(G). A subgroup H of G is said to be σ-permutable in G if G possesses a complete Hall σ-set ? such that HA ^x = A ^x H for all A ∈ ? and all x ∈ G. A subgroup H of G is said to be weakly σ-permutable in G if there exists a σ-subnormal subgroup T of G such that G = HT and H ∩ T ≤ H _σG , where H _σG is the subgroup of H generated by all those subgroups of H which are σ-permutable in G. We study the structure of G under the condition that some given subgroups of G are weakly σ-permutable in G. In particular, we give the conditions under which a normal subgroup of G is hypercyclically embedded. Some available results are generalized.     

Properly discontinuous group actions on affine homogeneous spaces

Let G be a real algebraic group, H ≤ G an algebraic subgroup containing a maximal reductive subgroup of G, and Γ a subgroup of G acting on G/H by left translations. We conjecture that Γ is virtually solvable provided its action on G/H is properly discontinuous and ΓG/H is compact, and we confirm this conjecture when G does not contain simple algebraic subgroups of rank ≥2. If the action of Γ on G/H (which is isomorphic to an affine linear space Aⁿ) is linear, our conjecture coincides with the Auslander conjecture. We prove the Auslander conjecture for n ≤ 5.     

Intersections of two nilpotent subgroups in finite groups with socle <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript>(<Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis>)

Given a finite group G with socle isomorphic to L ₂(q), q ≥ 4, we describe, up to conjugacy, all pairs of nilpotent subgroups A and B of G such that A ∩ B ^g ≠ 1 for all g ∈ G.     

Products of F*(<Emphasis Type="Italic">G</Emphasis>)-subnormal subgroups of finite groups

A subgroup H of a finite group G is called F*(G)-subnormal if H is subnormal in HF*(G). We show that if a group Gis a product of two F*(G)-subnormal quasinilpotent subgroups, then G is quasinilpotent. We also study groups G = AB, where A is a nilpotent F*(G)-subnormal subgroup and B is a F*(G)-subnormal supersoluble subgroup. Particularly, we show that such groups G are soluble.     

Regularization of Mickelsson generators for nonexceptional quantum groups

Let g′ ? g be a pair of Lie algebras of either symplectic or orthogonal infinitesimal endomorphisms of the complex vector spaces C ^N?2 ? C ^N and U _q (g′) ? U _q (g) be a pair of quantum groups with a triangular decomposition U _q (g) = U _q (g_-)U _q (g₊)U _q (h). Let Z _q (g, g′) be the corresponding step algebra. We assume that its generators are rational trigonometric functions h ? → U _q (g_±). We describe their regularization such that the resulting generators do not vanish for any choice of the weight.     

On <Emphasis Type="Italic">G</Emphasis>-covering subgroup systems of finite groups

Let \(\mathcal{F}\) be a class of groups and G a finite group. We call a set Σ of subgroups of G a G-covering subgroup system for  \(\mathcal{F}\) if \(G\in \mathcal{F}\) whenever \(\Sigma \subseteq \mathcal{F}\). Let p be any prime dividing |G| and P a Sylow p-subgroup of G. Then we write Σ _p to denote the set of subgroups of G which contains at least one supplement to G of each maximal subgroup of P. We prove that the sets Σ _p and Σ _p ∪Σ _q , where q≠p, are G-covering subgroup systems for many classes of finite groups.     

Clifford Theory for Glider Representations

Classical Clifford theory studies the decomposition of simple G-modules into simple H-modules for some normal subgroup H ? G. In this paper we deal with chains of normal subgroups 1?G ₁?· · ·?G _d = G, which allow to consider fragments and in particular glider representations. These are given by a descending chain of vector spaces over some field K and relate different representations of the groups appearing in the chain. Picking some normal subgroup H ? G one obtains a normal subchain and one can construct an induced fragment structure. Moreover, a notion of irreducibility of fragments is introduced, which completes the list of ingredients to perform a Clifford theory.