GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池不同能量质子辐照损伤模拟

以GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池为研究对象,开展了能量为0.7, 1, 3, 5, 10 MeV的质子辐照损伤模拟研究,建立了三结太阳电池结构模型和不同能量质子辐照模型,获得了不同质子辐照条件下的I-V曲线,光谱响应曲线,结合已有实验结果验证了本文模拟结果,分析了三结太阳电池短路电流、开路电压、最大功率、光谱响应随质子能量的变化规律,利用不同辐照条件下三结太阳电池最大输出功率退化结果,拟合得到了三结太阳电池最大输出功率随位移损伤剂量的退化曲线.研究结果表明,质子辐照会在三结太阳电池中引入位移损伤缺陷,使得少数载流子扩散长度退化幅度随质子能量的减小而增大,从而导致三结太阳电池相关电学参数的退化随质子能量的减小而增大.相同辐照条件下,中电池光谱响应退化幅度远大于顶电池光谱响应退化幅度,中电池抗辐照性能较差,同时中电池长波范围内光谱响应的退化幅度比短波范围更大,表明中电池相关电学参数的退化主要来源于基区损伤.     

Degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution by laser cavitation

A novel method of laser cavitation (LC) was proposed for degrading organic dye wastewater. Rhodamine B (RhB) aqueous solution was employed as the simulated organic dye wastewater, and a LC system was designed to conduct the experiments of degrading RhB. The effects of laser energy, initial concentration and cavitation time on the degradation were investigated. Moreover, the degradation kinetics, degradation mechanism and energy efficiency were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that RhB aqueous solution can be degraded effectively by LC and the degradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The extent of degradation increases by 27.6% with the rise of laser energy (50–100 mJ) while it decreases by 7.8% with increasing the initial concentration from (20–40 mg/L), but RhB can not be degraded when exceeding 100 mg/L. The degradation extent of RhB at 100 mJ and 20 mg/L for 3 h is 81.11%, and the RhB solution is almost completely degraded at 150 mJ (98.4%). The degradation velocity of RhB rises firstly and then decreases as the cavitation time increases. The degradation of RhB by LC can be attributed to the N-de-ethylation and chromophore cleavage caused by oxidation of hydroxyl (OH) radical and thermal decomposition. LC has a higher energy efficiency compared with other methods and is more energy efficient at lower laser energy.     

分子量对PAMS热降解等温活化能的影响

聚α-甲基苯乙烯(PAMS)是制备激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)用靶丸的重要芯轴材料之一。采用快速热解气相色谱-质谱法(Py-GC-MS)和热重分析技术(TG/DTG)分析了不同分子量PAMS的热降解产物和热降解温度,并通过Arrhenius方程计算了不同分子量PAMS的等温热降解活化能。结果表明:分子量对PAMS热降解产物的影响可忽略不计,其热降解产物均为α甲基苯乙烯单体,且产率均接近100%;热降解温度随PAMS分子量的增加而降低,其热降解温度介于240~450 ℃之间;在相同降解率下,随分子量的减小,PAMS的热降解活化能增加,且PAMS的热降解活化能随着热降解率的增加而增加。     

Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Biodegradable Poly(Ester Urethane) Containing Poly(L-Lactic Acid) and Poly(Butylene Succinate) Blocks

A novel biodegradable poly(ester urethane; PEU) was synthesized by chain extension reaction of dihydroxylated poly(L-lactic acid; PLLA) and poly(butylene succinate; PBS) using diisocyanate as a chain extender. The kinetics of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of PEU containing PLLA and PBS blocks were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA results indicated that PEU was more stable in air than in nitrogen and went through a two-stage degradation process irrespective of the experimental atmosphere. Activation energy of each stage was calculated by means of Kissinger, Kim-Park, Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methods. For the first stage, the activation energy value obtained in air was slightly higher than the corresponding value obtained in nitrogen; and for the second stage, the activation energy showed a much higher value in air than in nitrogen. The Coats-Redfern method was employed to study the degradation mechanism of each stage. The results indicated that the degradation of the first stage follows the P3/4 mechanism irrespective of the experimental atmosphere; the degradation of the second stage of PEU obeys the P1 mechanism in nitrogen while P3/2 in air.     

Distribution of electrical energy consumption for the efficient degradation control of THMs mixture in sonophotolytic process

Sonophotolytic degradation of THMs mixture with different electrical energy ratio was carried out for efficient design of process. The total consumed electrical energy was fixed around 50 W, and five different energy conditions were applied. The maximum degradation rate showed in conditions of US:UV = 1:3 and US:UV = 0:4. This is because the photolytic degradation of bromate compounds is dominant degradation mechanism for THMs removal. However, the fastest degradation of total organic carbon was observed in a condition of US:UV = 1:3. Because hydrogen peroxide generated by sonication was effectively dissociated to hydroxyl radicals by ultraviolet, the concentration of hydroxyl radical was maintained high. This mechanism provided additional degradation of organics. This result was supported by comparison between the concentration of hydrogen peroxide sole and combined process. Consequently, the optimal energy ratio was US:UV = 1:3 for degradation of THMs in sonophotolytic process.     

Thermal stability and thermal degradation kinetic study of bismaleimide-epoxy modified novolac resin

The thermal stability of bismaleimide and epoxy modified novolac-type phenolic resin is investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirm that the phenolic resin is interacted with bismaleimide and epoxy groups. The thermo gravimetric analysis results indicate that the modified resin exhibits better thermal stability than the virgin novolac resin. It is also found that the thermal degradation process can be divided into two stages. The nonisothermal degradation behavior of the modified novolac resin is then studied by multi-stage model-fitting kinetic method and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) model-free method. The two-stage model uses two separated peaks to simulate the DTG curve and the final model predicts the mass loss fraction accurately. It is able to describe the two-stage degradation reaction process and produce two equations corresponding to the two-stage degradation mechanism. The KAS model results in the dependence of activation energy of degradation on mass loss. The activation energy history of degradation also indicates the change of reaction mechanisms.     

高能电子束和γ射线辐照降解氯酚类污染物研究

多氯酚污染物是一类具有强烈生物毒性,并且在环境中难以降解的持久性有机污染物, 对其生物危害和降解研究已成为环境科学界关注的热点。对高能电子束和γ射线辐照降解氯酚类持久有机污染物的降解机理和重要进展进行了概述,并报道了课题组应用γ射线辐照和臭氧相结合技术,处理经生化工艺后仍含有多氯酚的工业废水的研究情况。结果表明, 辐照O₃氧化联合降解工业废水具有显著的协同效应, 可以有效提高溶解有机碳的去除率。Chlorinated phenols have been paid great concerns recently because of their extreme toxicity and persistency in the environment. The paper reviews mainly the recent progresses on irradiation degradation of chlorinated phenols in aqueous solution by using high energy electron beam & γ rays. Mechanisms dealing with the irradiation degradation of chlorophenols and the different effect on degradation efficiency have been discussed. The results show that synergetic effect of the combination of γ irradiation and O3 on degradation of chlorinated phenols is significant.     

Effect of geometry of hydrodynamically cavitating device on degradation of orange-G

In this research work, we have carried out geometric optimization of different cavitating devices using degradation of orange-G dye [OG] as a model pollutant. Three different cavitating devices viz. orifice plate, circular venturi and slit venturi were optimized and the degradation of orange-G dye was studied. The optimization of all three cavitating devices was done in terms of fluid inlet pressure to the cavitating devices and cavitation number. The effect of pH and initial concentration of the dye on the degradation rate was also studied. The geometry of cavitating device (flow cross sectional area, perimeter, shape, etc.) was found to be an important parameter in getting the maximum cavitational effect using hydrodynamic cavitation. The cavitational yield of all three cavitating devices were compared on the basis of mg of total organic carbon (TOC) reduction per unit energy supplied. The slit venturi gives almost 50% higher degradation rate and cavitational yield among all three cavitating devices studied for the same amount of energy supplied.     

Degradation of benzene present in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation in combination with air

The degradation of benzene present in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) alone as well as in combination with air has been studied using nozzles as cavitating device of HC reactor. Initially, the energy efficiency of the HC reactor operated at different inlet pressures was determined using the calorimetric studies. Maximum energy efficiency of 53.4% was obtained at an inlet pressure of 3.9 bar. The treatment processes were compared under adiabatic as well as isothermal conditions and it was observed that under the adiabatic condition, the extent of degradation is higher as compared to isothermal condition. Studies related to the understanding the effect of inlet pressure (range of 1.8–3.9 bar) revealed that the maximum degradation as 98.9% was obtained at 2.4 bar pressure using the individual operation of HC under adiabatic conditions and in 70 min of treatment. The combination of HC with air was investigated at different air flow rates with best results for maximum degradation of benzene achieved at air flow rate of 60 mL/sec. A novel approach of using cavitation for a limited fraction of total treatment time was also demonstrated to be beneficial in terms of the extent of degradation as well as energy requirements and cost of operation. Based on the cavitational intensity, the resonant radius of aggregates of cavitation bubbles was also determined for distilled water as well as for aqueous solution of benzene. Overall, significant benefits of using HC combined with air have been demonstrated for degradation of benzene along with fundamental understanding into cavitation effects.     

Thermo-oxidative degradation kinetics of grafted polypropylene films

The thermo-oxidative stability and degradation behavior of polypropylene (PP) and grafted PP have been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Three multiple heating rate methods, namely Kissinger, Kim–Park and Flynn–Wall have been used to calculate the activation energy as a function of the extent of degradation. The four different heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 20°C/min) were maintained in the temperature range of 30–550°C during the analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of carboxylic group on the surface of grafted PP films. Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that the crystallinity decreased with the increase in grafting. In the air atmosphere, the thermo-oxidative degradation occurs via a pathway that involves decomposition of polymer peroxide. Thermo-oxidative stability of grafted PP films is found to increase with an increase in the degree of grafting (DG). The degradation kinetic parameters were used to predict the lifetime of PP and grafted PP films. The activation energy and lifetime of grafted PP films increased with an increase in the DG. The lifetime of PP and grafted PP decreased with an increase in degradation temperature.     

Ultrasonic bath with longitudinal vibrations: a novel configuration for efficient wastewater treatment

Efficacy of a novel configuration for large-scale wastewater treatment applications has been investigated using formic acid degradation as a model reaction. The reactor is first characterized using energy efficiency measurements and the optimum operating volume for maximum transfer of supplied energy and hence maximum cavitational effects has been established. Effect of initial concentration of the pollutant on the rates of degradation has been investigated. Comparison has been also made with the conventional ultrasonic horn in terms of energy efficiency and cavitational yield for the model reaction. With an aim of possible reduction in the total treatment time, some intensification studies have been undertaken considering hydrogen peroxide as an additional source of free radicals.     

电子辐照对ZnO／K2SiO2型热控涂层光学性能的影响

研究了电子辐照对ZnO/K2SiO2型热控涂层光学性能的影响,采用10,30,50和70keV的电子对试样进行辐照。在辐照前后对每一个试样的光谱反射系数进行了原位测量。根据Johnson太阳光谱分布计算了涂层的太阳光谱吸收系数,分析了电子能量对光谱反射系数和太阳光谱吸收系数的影响,并对红外区光谱反射系数的变化结果进行了讨论。实验结果发现电子辐照后ZnO/K2SiO2涂层的光学性能发生严重退化,退化程度取决于电子能量,随电子能量的增大而增大。     

Effect of irradiation distance on degradation of phenol using indirect ultrasonic irradiation method

Ultrasound is used as degradation of hazardous organic compounds. In this study, indirect ultrasonic irradiation method was applied to the degradation process of phenol, the model hazardous organic compound, and the effects of irradiation distance on radical generation and ultrasonic power were investigated. The chemical effect estimated by KI oxidation dosimetry and ultrasonic power measured by calorimetry fluctuated for the irradiation distance, and there was a relationship between the period of the fluctuation of ultrasonic effect and the wavelength of ultrasound. The degradation of phenol was considered to progress in the zero-order kinetics, before the decomposition conversion was less than 25%. Therefore, the simple kinetic model on degradation of phenol was proposed, and there was a linear relation in the degradation rate constant of phenol and the ultrasonic power inside the reactor. In addition, the kinetic model proposed in this study was applied to the former study. There was a linear relation in the degradation rate constant of phenol and ultrasonic energy in the range of frequency of 20-30 kHz in spite of the difference of equipment and sample volume. On the other hand, the degradation rate constant in the range of frequency of 200-800 kHz was much larger than that of 20-30 kHz in the same ultrasonic energy, and this behaviour was agreed with the former investigation about the dependence of ultrasonic frequency on chemical effect.     

电子辐照对ZnO/K_2SiO_3型热控涂层光学性能的影响

研究了电子辐照对 Zn O/K2 Si O3 型热控涂层光学性能的影响。采用 1 0 ,3 0 ,50和 70 ke V的电子对试样进行辐照。在辐照前后对每一个试样的光谱反射系数进行了原位测量。根据 Johnson太阳光谱分布计算了涂层的太阳光谱吸收系数。分析了电子能量对光谱反射系数和太阳光谱吸收系数的影响 ,并对红外区光谱反射系数的变化结果进行了讨论。实验结果发现电子辐照后 Zn O/K2 Si O3 涂层的光学性能发生严重退化 ,退化程度取决于电子能量 ,随电子能量的增大而增大。     

基于AlGaN/GaN共振隧穿二极管的退化现象的研究

文章研究了GaN基共振隧穿二极管 (RTD) 的退化现象. 通过向AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN量子阱中引入三个实测的深能级陷阱中心并自洽求解薛定谔方程和泊松方程, 计算并且讨论了陷阱中心对GaN基RTD的影响. 结果表明, GaN基RTD的退化现象是由陷阱中心的缺陷密度和激活能的共同作用引起. 由于陷阱中心的电离率和激活能的指数呈正相关关系, 因此具有高激活能的陷阱中心俘获更多电子, 对负微分电阻 (NDR) 特性的退化起主导作用. 关键词： 共振隧穿二极管 GaN 陷阱中心 电离率     

Degradation behavior of deep UV-LEDs studied by electro-optical methods and transmission electron microscopy

Degradation mechanism of 265-nm deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) has been investigated by means of electroluminescence, current-voltage measurement, capacitance-voltage measurement, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDAX). It is revealed that a major degradation mode of UV-LEDs may be the leakage current induced optical degradation. The current pathway is demonstrated by TEM with EDAX, indicating that the contact metals can partially interact with p-type materials, which accelerate the degradation of LEDs. The presented results can help to understand the degradation mechanisms and improve the reliability of deep UV-LEDs.     

The effect of UV radiation on the thermal degradation of cellulose triacetate

The effect of UV radiation on the thermal degradation of cellulose triacetate (CTA) has been investigated. Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been performed on CTA samples of 0.25 mm thickness. These samples were exposed to different energy fluences of UV in the range 2.3–113 kJ/cm². The specific heat capacity, C_p, has been evaluated for unexposed and exposed CTA samples using DSC method. The results indicate that the transition temperatures, onset temperatures of evaporation, specific heat capacity and the thermal activation energy of decomposition, E_a are affected by the UV energy fluence owing to the simultaneous processes of degradation and crosslinking.     

Degradation mechanism of two-dimensional electron gas density in high Al-content AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

This paper finds that the two-dimensional electron gas density in high Al-content AlGaN/GaN heterostructures exhibits an obvious time-dependent degradation after the epitaxial growth. The degradation mechanism was investigated in depth using Hall effect measurements, high resolution x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results reveal that the formation of surface oxide is the main reason for the degradation, and the surface oxidation always occurs within the surface hexagonal defects for high Al-content AlGaN/GaN heterostructures.     

哈龙1301分子在外电场中的光谱特征和解离特性

哈龙1301(三氟溴甲烷)在太阳光辐射下解离生成破坏臭氧的溴自由基, 严重破坏大气臭氧层, 采用有效的措施对哈龙1301排放前进行降解很有必要。利用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p)水平上研究了外电场(0～0.03 a.u.)作用下哈龙1301分子的解离特性和光谱特征, 包括总能量, 键长, 电偶极矩, LUMO-HOMO能隙, 红外光谱以及解离势能面等。计算结果表明,在C—Br键连线Z方向上, 外电场从0逐渐增加到0.03 a.u.时, 分子体系能量逐渐减小, 偶极矩在刚开始表现为减小然后单调增大, HOMO-LUMO能隙E_G呈现单调递减的趋势, C—Br键键长逐渐增大, C—F键键长逐渐减小。外电场对CF₃Br分子不同振动模式的红外光谱影响不同。在外电场作用逐渐增强下, 解离特性表现为: CF₃Br分子的C—Br键方向扫描得到的势能曲线的束缚状态逐渐被消除, 势垒逐渐变小最后消失。计算发现强度为0.03 a.u.的外电场足够使得CF₃Br分子发生C—Br键断裂而降解, 该结果为保护环境而对哈龙进行电场降解提供重要参考依据。     

高能伽玛源下碲锌镉探测器的针孔成像

采用新型室温碲锌镉(CdZnTe)辐射探测器,通过厚针孔系统对137Cs高能662 keV伽玛射线辐射源进行成像探测,得到了能谱图和放射源图像。计算分析了高能射线穿透效应对空间分辨力的影响,并对不同偏压下得到的图像进行比较与讨论。实验表明,当放大倍率不大时(小于3),高能射线对准直器材料的穿透效应增大是限制图像空间分辨力的主要因素,探测器像素尺寸的大小对图像空间分辨力的影响并不明显。随偏置电压升高,探测器得到的图像会得到改善,但过大的偏压(大于1 000 V)会使晶体内部的电场不均匀性增大,降低信噪比从而降低图像品质。