Aerobic oxidation of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as key catalyst

The first systematic study on the aerobic oxidation of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene was examined by the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a key catalyst. It was found that 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene was efficiently oxidized with O₂ in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 75 °C. Upon treatment of the resulting products with sulfuric acid followed by acetic anhydride led to 5-acetoxy-1,3-diisopropylbenzene and 3,5-diacetoxy-1-isopropylbenzene as major products and a small amount of 1,3,5-triacetoxybenzene. When t-butylperoxypivalate (BPP) was employed as a radical initiator, the oxidation could be achieved in good yield even at 50 °C. This oxidation provides a facile method for preparing phenol derivatives bearing an isopropyl moiety, which can be used as pharmaceutical starting materials.     

An efficient aerobic oxidative aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines and 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines

4-Substituted Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines and 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines were oxidized to the corresponding pyridines and pyrazoles, respectively, in high yields by molecular oxygen in the presence of catalytic amount of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and Co(OAc)₂ in acetonitrile at room temperature.     

Synthesis of liquid crystalline materials based on 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-s-triazine

C₃-symmetric alkyloxy/aryloxy polyether dendrimers have been synthesized from 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-s-triazine and their liquid crystalline properties have been studied. C₃-symmetric derivatives with n-hexyl and n-dodecyl chains at the periphery show mesophase properties when they are complexed with trinitrofluorenone at different temperatures.     

A general approach toward the synthesis of 8-acylamidopyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines

An expedient synthesis of 8-acylamidopyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines was developed by treating 8-amino-4-[N-(4-aminophenyl)-N-(methyl)amino]pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine with various acyl chlorides following by the displacement of the so-formed N-(methyl)-N-[4-(acylamido)phenyl]amino leaving group with various amines. Applications to high-throughput synthesis are suggested.     

Die Bildung cyclischer Amidiniumiodide und -polyiodide aus 1,3,5-Trimethyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazin und Iod

Formation of cyclic Amidiniumiodides and -polyiodides from 1,3,5-Trimethyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and Iodine The reaction of 1,3,5-trimethyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (CH₃NCH₂)₃ with iodine in the molar ratio (CH₃NCH₂)₃:I₂ = 2:1 gives the new compound 1,3,5-trimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazinium-iodide C₆H₁₄N₃I. This iodide adds one mole I₂ and forms 1,3,5-trimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazinium-triiodide C₆H₁₄N₃I₃. The crystal structure analysis shows a cation, in which two methyl groups and five ring atoms are planar arranged. The third methyl group stands axial to the ring. 1,3,5-Trimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazinium-pentaiodide is formed by adding a further mole I₂.     

Novel generation of selenoaldehydes through stannic chloride-induced unsymmetrical C-Se bond cleavage of bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamoylseleno)methanes

Treatment of a benzene or a CH₂Cl₂ solution of bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamoylseleno)methanes with SnCl₄ afforded β-1,3,5-triselenanes, and the key intermediates, acylselonium ions and selenoaldehydes, were successfully trapped by using allyltrimethylsilane or 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene to obtain the allylation products or the cycloadducts, respectively.     

Regioselective synthesis of 1,3,5- and 1,3,4,5-substituted pyrazoles via acylation of N-Boc-N-substituted hydrazones

Acylation of N-Boc-N-methylhydrazones followed by TFA treatment affords regioselective access to substituted pyrazoles. Both regioisomers of 1-methyl-3,5-disubstituted-1H-pyrazoles can be selectively obtained. This procedure can also be employed for the regioselective preparation of fully substituted 1H-pyrazoles.     

The stereodynamics of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-oxadiazinane and 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-triazinane—an experimental and theoretical study

Multinuclear dynamic NMR spectroscopy of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-oxadiazinane (3) revealed the existence of two conformers with differently oriented CF₃ groups with respect to the ring, and two dynamic processes: ring inversion and restricted rotation about the N-S bond. Two transition states connecting the two conformers and corresponding to clockwise and counterclockwise rotations about the N-S bond were found; the calculated activation barriers of about 12 kcal/mol are in excellent agreement with those measured experimentally for the related molecule 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-triazinane (1). X-ray analysis proved the existence of the symmetric isomer of 3, which is the minor isomer in solutions but the only one in the crystal due to packing effects. The normal Perlin effect (JCH_ax<JCH_eq) was observed for 2(6)-CH₂ in 3, whereas the reversed Perlin effect was found for the 4-CH₂ group in 3 as well as for all CH₂ groups in 1 both experimentally and theoretically. The latter effect in compounds 1, 3, and 1-(methylsulfonyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-triazinane (2) can be considered as a genuine reverse Perlin effect since larger values of ¹J_CH are observed for longer C-H bonds.     

A convenient one-pot synthesis of trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines through intermediary amidinothioureas

A thiophile-promoted one-pot synthesis of trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines starting from isothiocyanates, N,N-diethylamidines, and carbamidines has been studied. The reaction proceeds through the formation of intermediary amidinothioureas, which react with carbamidines in the presence of mercury(II) chloride to generate the desired 1,3,5-triazines in good to moderate yields (40-70%).     

Carbon dendron nano-chains with π-extended conjugation based on end-capped N,N-dimethylamino in linear 1,4-phenylethynyl or in 1,5-naphthylethynyl subunits: fluorescence analysis

The synthesis of dendrons with the end-capped 5-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthyl-1-ethynyl unit connected to conjugated naphthylethynyl or p-phenylethynyl chains, as the branches of the 1,3,5-substituted benzene core, have been undertaken by heterocoupling reaction between 1,3,5-triiodobenzene and the convenient end-capped 5-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthylacetylene or 5-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthylethynylphenylacetylene in the presence of the palladium-copper catalyst system, in excellent yields. The influence of the alternating naphthylethynyl-phenylethynyl chains on the fluorescence emission radiation, in the dendron structures, has been analyzed.     

Synthesis of a homotrifunctional conjugation reagent based on maleimide chemistry

A novel homotrifunctional conjugation reagent, 1,3,5-tris-(N-maleimidomethyl)benzene has been synthesized in high yield with minimum purification. The reactivity of this compound was examined by using l-cysteine as a nucleophile.     

Facile and efficient synthesis of C2-symmetrical 1,3,5-triazine polycarboxylate ligands under microwave irradiation

A rapid and efficient method for preparation of C₂-symmetrical 1,3,5-triazine polycarboxylate ligands was developed. The reactions included either selective mono- or di-substitution of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine with various nucleophiles containing carboxyl group(s), followed by nucleophilic displacement of the remained chloride(s) in aqueous media under microwave irradiation. Novel C₂-symmetrical tripodal ligands were afforded in good yields and purities under short reaction time with simple work-up, which are potentially useful as structural directing units in metal-organic frameworks.     

Synthesis of dendrimeric N-glyoxylamide peptide mimics

A range of peptidomimetic dendrimers based on 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine central cores has been synthesised through the facile ring-opening of N-acylisatins with amino acids, alcohols and other amines.     

Novel generation and ring closure of 1,3-thiaza-1,3-butadiene S-oxides through thermal cycloreversion of 6H-1,3,5-oxathiazine S-oxides

Heating of 6H-1,3,5-oxathiazine S-oxides efficiently afforded 1,2,4-oxathiazoles through the mechanism involving thermal cycloreversion of the substrates and the subsequent ring closure of the intermediary 1,3-thiaza-1,3-butadiene S-oxides.     

Three practical approaches for the synthesis of novel 4,7-dihetarylpyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines

Novel 4,7-dihetarylpyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines were synthesized from three different approaches. The first one, involved a one-step reaction between 5-amino-3-hetaryl-1H-pyrazoles and O,S-diethyl hetaroylimidothiocarbonates or S,S-diethyl hetaroylimidodithiocarbonates under solvent-free conditions employing microwave irradiation as the energy source. In the second approach, conventional heating under reflux in DMF as solvent was used instead of the microwave irradiation; and the third one was achieved from a two-step sequence through the treatment of 5-amino-3-hetaryl-1H-pyrazoles with hetaroyl isothiocyanates and the subsequent S-alkylation and cyclization process in DMF as solvent. Some intermediates were isolated and characterized to support the regiochemistry of the studied reactions. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously established by spectroscopic and analytical techniques.     

The stereoselective synthesis of (E)-octafluoro-1,3,5-hexatriene and (3E,5E,7E)-dodecafluoro-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene

(E)-(1,2-Difluoro-1,2-ethenediyl)bis[tributylstannane], 3, readily undergoes a Pd(PPh₃)₄/CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with iodotrifluoroethene to yield (E)-octafluoro-1,3,5-hexatriene, 4, in high isomeric purity. (1Z,3E,5Z)-(1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexafluoro-1,3,5-hexenetriyl)bis[tributylstannane], 7, was sequentially prepared from (1Z,3E,5Z)-(1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluoro-1,3,5-hexenetriyl)bis[triethylsilane], 5, which was prepared via a Pd(PPh₃)₄/CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 3 with (E)-1,2-difluoro-1-iodo-2-triethylsilylethene, 6. Pd(PPh₃)₄/CuI cross-coupling of 7 with iodotrifluoroethene gave (3E,5E,7E)-dodecafluoro-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene, 8.     

Efficient synthesis of purines by inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1-substituted-1H-imidazol-5-amines with 1,3,5-triazines

The reaction of 1,3,5-triazine and 2,4,6-tri(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine with in situ generated 1-substituted 5-amino-1H-imidazoles led to a set of functionalized purines. The developed practical route could serve as a fundament for the preparation of related ADA inhibitors.     

Synthesis of 1,2,4-dichalcogenazoles by the reaction of 6H-1,3,5-oxachalcogenazines with elemental chalcogen

A series of 1,2,4-dichalcogenazoles were synthesized by the reaction of 6H-1,3,5-oxachalcogenazines with elemental chalcogen through the plausible pathway involving in situ generation of 1,3-chalcogenaza-1,3-butadienes and the subsequent reaction with chalcogen species. Synthetic utilities of 1,2,4-dichalcogenazoles were also explored.     

Electrochemical fluorination of N,N-dimethylperfluoroacylamides

The electrochemical fluorination (ECF) of N,N-dimethylperfluoroacylamides gives the corresponding perfluoro-N,N-dimethylacylamides in low yield. With increase of the number of carbon atoms in the perfluoroacyl radical the yield of the required perfluoro-N,N-dimethylacylamides is slightly increased.     

DAB-Cy as an inexpensive and effective ligand for palladium-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of aryl halides

A novel catalytic system of PdCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ with N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1,4-diazabutadiene (DAB-Cy) ligand was successfully used in reductive coupling of aryl halides.