Dynamic behaviour of alternating current arc discharge in a multi‐arc generator at atmospheric pressure

In this letter, a multi‐arc generator with three high‐voltage electrodes and a common grounded one was developed for the purpose of obtaining large area and steady arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. Three typical discharge states were found in the multi‐arc generator: independent movement of three arc columns, confluence of two arc columns, and confluence of three arc columns. The three discharge states cyclically occur on the evolution of the arc discharge and their duration is influenced by the power dissipation and plasma working gas flow rate. With an increase of discharge power and a decrease of the gas flow rate, the duration of multiple arc confluence increases, which contributes to the suppression of the fluctuation amplitude of each arc. Frequency domain analysis of the arc voltage envelope shows that the frequency of arc fluctuation increases in the multi‐arc mode in the multi‐arc generator compared to that in the single arc mode.     

Evolution of magnetically rotating arc into large area arc plasma

An arc channel tends to shrink due to its conductivity increasing with the increase of temperature.In this study,to generate large area arc plasma,we construct a magnetically rotating arc plasma generator,which mainly consists of a lanthanide tungsten cathode(13 mm in diameter),a concentric cylindrical graphite anode chamber(60 mm in diameter)and a solenoid coil for producing an axial magnet field.By controlling the cold gas flow,the magnetically rotating arc evolves from constricted mode to diffuse mode,which almost fills the whole arc chamber cross section.Results show that the diffuse arc plasma has better uniformity and stability.The formation mechanism of large area arc plasma is discussed in this paper.     

射流等离子发生器实验与模拟

针对自主设计的等离子体发生器,通过实验分析了常压下等离子热射流形态的发展状况,并对常压下的空气放电特性进行了数值模拟,以等离子发生器为原型,将等离子电弧的电场、磁场、温度场以及速度场进行了直接耦合计算,得到了等离子体电弧的速度场和温度场的分布情况. 针对不同间隙对放电结果的影响进行了分析,结果表明,放电间隙由1.5 mm增大到3.5 mm时,热射流速度由41.5 m/s增大到62.4 m/s,温度由3 650 K降低到1 960 K. 当间隙过窄时,温度过高将会烧蚀电极,影响电极使用寿命.      

三种电极的大气压氩等离子体射流光学特性

采用铜片-单匝线圈电极、螺旋缠绕电极和双铜片电极3种结构的放电装置,以氩气作为工作气体,在正弦波激励下获得了大气压等离子体射流。利用电学方法测量了放电电流以及电荷量,并对放电脉冲和放电功率进行了研究;利用发射光谱法对射流的等离子体参量进行了空间分辨测量,并根据ArⅠ 763.5 nm和Ar Ⅰ 772.4 nm的光强计算了电子激发温度。结果发现：在外加电压的正负半周期内,电流脉冲的个数和幅值呈现非对称的变化趋势;随着外加电压的增加,3种结构电极的放电功率从1.7 W逐渐增加到6.0 W;在相同的外加电压情况下,电极面积越小,等离子体射流的长度越长;3种等离子体射流的电子激发温度在1 348.5~3 212.1 K之间,并且随着气体流量的增加,各位置的电子激发温度总体上呈下降趋势,而等离子体的电子密度呈上升趋势。实验结果表明：外加电压对放电功率有一定影响;射流长度与电极面积有关;气体流量对电子激发温度和电子密度的空间分布起重要作用。     

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通过构建等离子体数字测控系统,测量了等离子体发生器不同工况下的工作参数,包括工作气体流量、冷却水温升、弧电压与弧电流等。运用能量平衡原理,计算了等离子体发生器出口射流平均焓值、平均温度及其分布。结果表明,在等离子体发生器的出口处,射流温度呈抛物线分布,增加主气气体流量,射流焓值与温度呈下降趋势,而添加氢气为辅助工作气体时,射流焓值与温度将会得到显著提高。     

Experimental Investigations of Discharge Characteristics and Plasma Parameters of a Cylindrical Cathode Discharge in a Magnetic Field. II. Plasma Parameters

The experimental determination of the main plasma parameters (i.e. plasma potential, plasma density, electron temperature, intensity of plasma radiation) in the negative glow of a cylindrical cathode discharge in magnetic field is presented. The influence of electrode configuration, gas pressure, discharge current and magnetic field on plasma parameters and their radial distribution is analysed.     

含氘电极真空弧等离子体空间分布特性诊断研究

真空弧放电等离子体含有多种离子成分,并且各离子在空间上具有不同的分布规律.本文针对金属氘化物电极真空弧离子源,搭建了一台紧凑型磁分析装置,用来研究放电等离子体中氘离子与金属离子的空间分布.当离子源弧流为100 A左右时,该装置能有效地传输引出束流,并且具有较好的二次电子抑制效果,可准确获得各离子流强.利用该装置测量并获得了氘化钛含氘电极真空弧放电等离子体内氘离子和钛离子空间分布规律,结果表明:径向上,氘离子和钛离子都呈高斯分布,但氘离子分布均匀,而钛离子相对集中在轴线附近,导致轴线附近氘离子比例最低;轴向上,所有离子数量都以自然指数函数减少,而且相对幅度接近,所以氘离子比例几乎不变.本文研究结果不仅有助于理解真空弧放电等离子体膨胀过程,还可以指导金属氘化物电极真空弧离子源及其引出设计.     

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设计建立了同轴圆柱介质阻挡放电线状射流装置,并利用其实现了宽度为50mm的大尺度线状射流,并对射流长度随放电参数的变化进行了研究.研究发现,随气压、流量的增加,射流长度呈先增加后达到饱和;随激励电压的增加,射流长度增加.对氮气射流等离子体进行发射光谱诊断,表明氮气等离子体中主要是氮分子和少量氮原子,并利用光谱拟合得出射流的温度范围为290～350K.     

Observation of arc modes in a magnetically rotating arc plasma generator

An arc plasma can present various forms under the influence of an external magnetic field. In this study, a magnetically rotating arc plasma generator has been developed to produce three arc modes, namely rigid arc, distorted arc, and diffuse arc, which are obtained by controlling the gas flow rate. The evolution of these arc modes are experimentally studied and discussed. Results show that, as the gas flow rate increases, the arc mode is first transformed from the rigid to the distorted mode, and then to the diffuse mode. Comparisons show that the location of the arc attachment is a key factor in determining the rigid and distorted modes. The diffuse arc is observed under larger gas flow rates, but the completely diffuse arc can exist only within a narrow range of gas flow rates. Compared to the distorted arc, the diffuse arc has not only better stability but also a wider high‐temperature plasma zone, which indicates that the diffuse mode may be more useful in industry.     

The influence of electrode gap width on plasma properties of diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge in nitrogen

In this work we have studied the influence of electrode gap width (inter-electrode distance) on plasma properties of the diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge. The outer conditions and discharge configuration can substantially influence properties of the discharge. Better understanding of these effects can lead to optimization of the discharge parameters for industrial applications. In this work the discharge was operated in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The electrode gap width was varied in the range from 0.6 to 2.2 mm. The input voltage, electrode temperature and gas flow was kept constant for all cases. Plasma parameters were studied by the means of time and space resolved optical emission spectroscopy and oscilloscopic measurements. These measurements gave us time and space distribution of discharge luminosity (e.g. intensities of second positive and first negative systems of nitrogen) and 1D-spatial profiles of rotational and vibrational temperature of nitrogen.     

小功率等离子体射流的流特性

采用焓探针对小功率(5kW)热喷涂等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度进行了测量和计算。研究了气体成分、流量、电弧电压和电流对等离子流体的焓、温度和速度分布的影响。结果表明,对于单一氩气等离子体,当使用新喷嘴时,增大氩气流量能够使喷嘴内部电弧弧根向出口方向移动,从而增加等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加气体中氮气的含量,会提高等离子电弧电压,在同样的输入功率下,改变等离子电流和电压对等离子体的焓、温度和速度影响较小。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加氢气含量会明显地提高等离子射流的速度和热传递。     

A steadily rotating plasma disk

A homogeneously rotating plasma disk can be formed in a radially directed Ar-arc discharge at reduced pressure with an externally applied axial magnetic field. The radial pressure distribution is measured, as well as the emitted continuum radiation and the arc voltage. With these experimental values profiles of temperature, radial and azimuthal current density, and flow velocity in the disk are evaluated. Viscosity determines the flow pattern essentially. The effects of magnetic field and rotational motion on the discharge are investigated. The disk exhibits at nonrigid rotation a strong centrifugal force and a minor Coriolis force. A weak double vortex is found to develop in the meridional plane. The electric field in the discharge is altered by the azimuthal plasma flow.     

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采用直流驱动等离子体激励器并通过气流场的碘线表征法研究了边界表面放电等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场的作用。实验结果表明,边界表面放电等离子体的阴极区对以超音速流动的氦气的控制作用在符合实际工程条件的低气压下是有效果的;等离子体激励器的驱动电压越高,气流场的流动控制效果越好;定性观察表明激励器的阴极板的面积越大,实际作用区域越大,相应的实际控制效果越好。     

等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场作用的实验研究

采用直流驱动等离子体激励器并通过气流场的碘线表征法研究了边界表面放电等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场的作用。实验结果表明,边界表面放电等离子体的阴极区对以超音速流动的氦气的控制作用在符合实际工程条件的低气压下是有效果的;等离子体激励器的驱动电压越高,气流场的流动控制效果越好;定性观察表明激励器的阴极板的面积越大,实际作用区域越大,相应的实际控制效果越好。     

用于真空弧等离子体放电阴极温度场测量的多光谱高温计

阴极表面温度是真空弧等离子体放电过程中一个重要参数,对真空弧等离子体的形成、电极腐蚀预测、热传导以及离子源的寿命都有重要影响。真空弧离子源的阴极具有目标小,放电过程快等特点,其温度的测量,对于时间分辨率和空间分辨率要求都很高,阴极表面温度的测量技术的欠缺,使得仅靠理论解析获得的结果难以得到验证。并且等离子体放电过程中测量仪器极易受到弧光的影响,如何避免放电过程中等离子体的辐射也是采用辐射法测量阴极表面温度要考虑的问题。这无疑给其温度场的测试研究带来困难。针对脉冲真空弧等离子体开展阴极表面温度测试实验有着重要意义,在分析了真空弧等离子体放电特性以及背景辐射特性和等离子体放电阴极测温的实际需求,本文基于高速CCD相机研制了一种新型的多光谱高温计。该高温计采用单色高速CCD相机,主要避免RGB彩色相机不能完全滤除背景辐射的弧光。为使用单色CCD相机实现多光谱辐射测温,设计了高温计的光学系统,该系统采用4孔径分光系统。将4种不同波长的滤光片嵌入到1个滤光片中。该研究设计的高温计可用于2 000~6 000 K的等离子体温度测量。并在中国工程物理研究院电子工程研究所进行现场测试,测试过程中将研制的高温计,通过外部触发形式对等离子体放电过程进行跟踪拍摄,高温计完全拍摄到等离子体放电过程。利用真空弧等离子体金属电极阴极放电的实测数据对高温计进行了验证。实验结果表明,设计的新型多光谱高温计能够用于测量真空弧等离子体放电时阴极温度场信息,测量的温度值低于放电电极的沸点温度,与等离子体放电过程中出现气化现象相符,说明高温计测的是等离子体放电阴极的温度。     

大气压氩气射流等离子体的光谱特性研究

等离子体喷枪是一种重要的等离子体源,已成为近几年低温等离子体研究的一个重要课题。本文利用钨针-钨丝网电极制作了直流喷枪装置,在大气压空气中产生了稳定的等离子体羽,并采用发射光谱的方法,对等离子体羽的等离子体参数进行了研究。在钨针电极与钨丝网电极之间放出耀眼的白光,钨丝网电极出口的气流下游有火苗形状的等离子体羽喷出。在电压保持不变的条件下(13.5 kV),等离子体羽长度随气体流量增加而增大;在气体流量保持不变的条件下(10 L·min-1),羽长度随外加电压的增大而增大。在气体流量一定的条件下,放电电压和放电电流呈反比例关系,即电压随着电流的增大而减小,说明放电属于辉光放电。采集了该喷枪在300～800 nm范围内的放电发射光谱,通过玻尔兹曼方法对放电等离子体电子激发温度进行了测量。结果表明,电子的激发温度随外加电压的增大而降低,随着工作气体流量的减小而升高。利用放电的基本理论对上述现象做了解释。这些研究结果对大气压均匀放电等离子体源的研制和工业应用具有重要意义。     

极性对自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊光谱特征的影响

由于自保护药芯焊丝具有抗风性以及优异的焊缝性能,已广泛应用于野外管道焊接以及大型机械的修复过程。电极极性是影响焊接过程的重要工艺参数。为了研究电极极性对电弧等离子体的影响机理,设计电弧等离子体空域中各点逐步扫描的同步采集系统,通过光谱特征谱线的分析,采用Stark谱线轮廓法计算电子密度,并且基于Boltzmann作图法计算电弧等离子体的温度,同时针对Al和Mg活性元素的分布特征进行分析。结果表明,靠近电极处,沿y轴负方向,直流正接时（焊丝接电源负极性）,弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素呈现“水滴状”分布。而直流反接时（焊丝接电源正极性）,弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素的分布特征表现为“手指状”分布。根据“自磁收缩”的原理,直流正接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较小,整体分布呈现发散状。直流反接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较大,收缩较为严重,整体表现为收缩状态。采用相同的电参数时,直流反接条件下弧柱中心区的电弧电子密度、电弧温度均大于直流正接条件下得到的电子密度和电弧温度,其中电子密度分布特征和带电粒子的电离程度是影响电弧温度的主要因素。在相同的电极极性下,随着电流、电压的增大,电弧等离子体的温度和电子密度都在显著增大。     

Fluctuation of arc plasma in arc plasma torch with multiple cathodes

Fluctuation phenomena commonly exist in arc plasmas, limiting the application of this technology.In this paper,we report an investigation of fluctuations of arc plasmas in an arc plasma torch with multiple cathodes.Time-resolved images of the plasma column and anode arc roots are captured.Variations of the arc voltage, plasma column diameter, and pressure are also revealed.The results indicate that two well-separated fluctuations exist in the arc plasma torch.One is the high-frequency fluctuation(of several thousand Hz), which arises from transferring of the anode arc root.The other is the low-frequency fluctuation(of several hundred Hz), which may come from the pressure variation in the arc plasma torch.Initial analysis reveals that as the gas flow rate changes, the low-frequency fluctuation shows a similar variation trend with the Helmholtz oscillation.This oscillation leads to the shrinking and expanding of the plasma column.As a result, the arc voltage shows a sinusoidal fluctuation.     

Simulation of nanoparticle coagulation in radio-frequency capacitively coupled C_2H_2 discharges

A self-consistent fluid model is employed to investigate the coagulation stage of nanoparticle formation, growth,charging, and transport in a radio-frequency capacitively coupled parallel-plate acetylene(C2H2) discharge. In our simulation, the distribution of neutral species across the electrode gap is determined by mass continuity, momentum balance, and energy balance equations. Since a thermal gradient in the gas temperature induced by the flow of the neutral gas, a careful study of the thermophoretic force on the spatial distribution of the nanoparticle density profiles is indispensable. In the present paper, we mainly focus on the influences of the gas flow rate, voltage, and gas pressure on the spatial distribution of the nanoparticle density. It appears that the resulting density profile of the 10-nm particles experiences a significant shift towards the upper showerhead electrode once the neutral equations are applied, and a serious shift is observed when increasing the gas flow rate. Thus, the flow of neutral gas can strongly influence the spatial distribution of the particles in the plasma.     

Influence of ambient pressure on the performance of an arc discharge plasma actuator

The arc discharge plasma actuator (ADPA) has wide application prospects in high‐speed flow control because of its local heating effect and strong disturbance. In this paper, the influence of ambient pressure, which ranges from 3 to 20 kPa, on the performance of a two‐electrode ADPA is investigated by a schlieren system. The duration of the arc heated region, as well as its area, is extracted by image processing. As the ambient pressure increases, different flow field evolutions occur. The duration of the ADPA heated region increases with the ambient pressure. The maximum duration reaches 1185.3 µs at 20 kPa. The velocity of the discharge‐induced blast shock wave first decreases gradually and then remains at 345 m/s for all air pressures. The blast shock wave has a higher velocity at lower pressures when it is freshly produced. A maximum blast shock wave velocity of 582 m/s is observed at the pressure of 7 kPa. The arc heated region is not sensitive to ambient pressure, but the deposited energy from the arc increases when the pressure increases.