漫谈清洁煤技术

 清洁煤技术是指煤炭从开发到利用的全过程中,在减少污染排放与提高利用效率的加工、燃烧、转化和污染控制等新技术的总称。
清洁煤技术主要包括两个方面：一是直接烧煤洁净技术。在直接烧煤的情况下,需要采用相应的技术措施：①燃烧前的净化加工技术,主要是洗选、型煤加工和水煤浆技术。②燃烧中的净化燃烧技术,主要是流化床燃烧技术和先进燃烧器技术。③燃烧后的净化处理技术,主要是消烟除尘和脱硫脱氮技术。二是煤转化为洁净燃料技术。主要是煤的气化以及液化技术,煤气化联合循环发电技术和燃煤磁流体发电技术。     

现代信息技术与物理课程整合的层面

1现代信息技术与物理课程整合的内涵①现代信息技术现代信息技术主要是指以计算机为核心,数字技术为基础,融合通讯技术和传播技术,能处理、编辑、存储和呈现多种媒体信息的集成技术.媒体信息包括文本、图形、图像、视频、动画和声音等,集成性处理技术对多媒体信息进行数字化处理,使多媒体信息具有多样性、集成性和交互性,表     

从换能器技术的变化看声波测井技术的发展

无论是在电缆测井还是在随钻测井方面,声波换能器结构和振动模式的变化导致了声波测井技术的进步和重大演化.文章以声波测井换能器技术的变化为主线,分析了声波测井技术的发展和进步以及我国在该技术领域取得的进步.单极子声波测井技术已经成为我国成熟的声波测井技术,包括非对称声源技术在内的多极子声波测井技术是我国刚刚攻克的先进声波测井技术并已经进入产业化进程,以井下声波的定向辐射和定向接收为最主要特征的相控声波测井技术是正在研发的新一代声波测井技术,我国在此领域也已经取得显著突破.     

在RF等离子体中应用的探针和粒子能量分析技术

本文简要的评述了RF对探针测量影响的研究现状,并介绍了若干减少或消除RF影响的技术。这些技术可归纳为,时间平均技术,快速扫描技术、取样技术、多探针技术、滤波技术和跟随技术。某些技术同样适用于粒子能量分析器和束流探针等离子体电位测量。     

加速器束流诊断技术的新进展

介绍了加速器柬流诊断技术的新进展,包括束流位置测量技术、束团横向尺寸测量技术和束团长度测量技术.柬流位置测量技术主要介绍具有高位置分辨率的腔型束流位置检测器和数字束流位置处理技术.束团尺寸测量技术主要介绍高空问分辨率的激光丝扫描器、光学渡越辐射和光学衍射辐射技术.束团长度测量技术主要介绍高时间分辨率的相干辐射光谱技术、RF横向偏转腔、RF零相位技术和电光采样技术.     

高密度蓝光存储及其扩展技术

蓝光技术被认为是第三代光存储的主流技术。介绍了蓝光存储中关键技术的发展过程,并对Blu_Ray和HD_DVD两种蓝光光盘的主流技术方案进行了比较分析。通过分析和比较后认为:HD_DVD技术方案具有较好的兼容性,因而较适合在PC机中应用;Blu_Ray技术方案具有容量大的优势,因而较适用于作为视频传播媒体。对蓝光存储的一些扩展技术,如蓝光多阶技术、蓝光超分辨近场结构技术和蓝光多波长技术等进行了综述。展望了蓝光技术的发展前景。     

高光谱成像技术在果蔬品质与安全无损检测中的原理及应用

水果和蔬菜的品质与安全是消费者最为关心的问题。传统的化学检测方法是一种费时费力的破坏性检测技术。随着成像和光谱技术的快速发展,高光谱成像技术已经广泛应用于农产品品质与安全的快速无损检测中。高光谱成像技术融合了传统的成像和光谱技术的优点,可以同时获取被检测物体的空间信息和光谱信息,因此该技术既可以像检测物体的外部品质,又可以像光谱技术一样检测物体的内部品质和品质安全。目前,已经有大量的基于高光谱成像技术检测水果和蔬菜品质与安全的研究性论文发表,为了深入了解高光谱成像技术的检测原理并跟踪国内外最新的研究进展,综述了高光谱成像技术在水果和蔬菜外部品质、内部品质和品质安全检测中的原理、发展和应用。另外,还简要介绍和讨论了高光谱成像系统的构成、常用的数据分析方法、发展趋势及面临的挑战。     

原位液相透射电子显微镜及其在 纳米粒子表征方面的应用

近年来,基于透射电子显微技术、微纳加工技术和薄膜制造技术的发展,原位液相透射电子显微技术产生,为构建多种纳米级分辨率尺度下的微实验平台,发展新型纳米表征技术和众多领域的相关研究提供了途径.本文首先介绍了应用于原位液相透射电子显微技术的液体腔设计要求,然后介绍了液体腔的发展和典型的制备工艺,最后综述了近年来液体腔透射电子显微镜在纳米粒子成核和生长方面的应用研究,并探讨了该技术前沿发展面临的机遇和挑战.本文将为提高我国先进纳米表征技术和原子精准构筑技术提供相关讨论和支持.     

从光电子技术到光子技术

 当前,人类正进入信息化和智能化时代。这是微电子技术、光电子技术、通信技术、计算机科学与技术和自动化、精密机械等应用性很强的科学技术综合发展的结果。在迈入信息化社会的进程中,光电子技术起着十分重要的作用。它是继微电子技术之后,近十几年来迅速发展的新兴高技术。     

加速器束流诊断技术的新进展

介绍了加速器束流诊断技术的新进展, 包括束流位置测量技术、束团横向尺寸测量技术和束团长度测量技术. 束流位置测量技术主要介绍具有高位置分辨率的腔型束流位置检测器和数字束流位置处理技术. 束团尺寸测量技术主要介绍高空间分辨率的激光丝扫描器、光学渡越辐射和光学衍射辐射技术. 束团长度测量技术主要介绍高时间分辨率的相干辐射光谱技术、RF横向偏转腔、RF零相位技术和电光采样技术.     

ICP-AES测定云南楚雄糖尿病患者发样微量元素的研究

探讨微量元素与糖尿病间的关联性及临床意义。采用ICP-AES等离子体发射光谱仪测定了楚雄地区糖尿病患者人发中11种元素,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定发样中的硒元素。选取糖尿病患者120例,对照组35例。糖尿病组发样中常量元素Ca、Mg低于对照组,P高于对照组;除Cd、Cr、Fe外,微量元素Zn、Se、Ni、Mn、Cu等5种元素低于对照组,并有显著差异(P0.01)。糖尿病组间性别比较数据显示男性除发Ni、Mn、P外,其余元素含量均低于女性,其中发锌远低于女性。3个不同年龄段糖尿病人群的微量元素含量变化显示Fe、P2种元素随年龄增加含量增高;Mg、Cd2种元素随年龄增加含量减少;其余各元素变化情况为Fe、P元素在老年组中较高,Cu、Cd、Mg较低;Mn、Cr、Cu元素含量在中年组中较高,而Zn、Se略低;Zn、Se在青年组较高,而Mn、Cr低。城市人群发中Zn、Cd、Cu、Mg、Ca含量比农村人群高;Se元素含量二者间差别也不大,其余元素含量均低于农村人群。楚雄地区糖尿病患者发中Zn、Se、Mg、Mn4种元素水平低,楚雄地区糖尿病患者致病原因可能与地区属低Se水平和患者体内硒水平低有关。     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白(MT)基因烟草不同器官中金属离子铅和锌的分布

转金属硫蛋白(MT)基因植物具有清除重金属污染的能力,但是金属离子在植物体内的分布研究较少。文章以多代培育纯合的转MT烟草为材料,研究了转MT基因烟草积累铅和锌以及铅和锌在不同器官的分布情况。结果表明转基因植株的老叶、茎部和根部铅和锌积累量显著高于普通烟草植株,整株的铅和锌含量分别提高了21.8%和27.2%。铅和锌在植物体内的分布也发生了变化,转基因植株老叶和根中的铅含量分别高出普通烟草同位置的30.2%和47.8%,锌在转基因植株老叶、茎和根中的含量分别高出普通烟草同位置的44.7%,29.2%和21.6%,说明铅更容易在转基因植株老叶和根中积累,而锌更容易在转基因植株的老叶和茎中积累。     

Spectral Properties of Single BODIPY Dyes in Polystyrene Microspheres and in Solutions

The absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence quantum yield, and photostability of five BODIPY dyes are characterized and compared as single dyes in two environments, in 40-nm polystyrene spheres and in solution. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes in spheres are similar in profile but shifted to lower energies compared to those in solution. All the dyes are highly fluorescent, with three having fluorescence quantum yields of 1.0. For three of the five dyes, the yields were the same in spheres as in solution (1.00, 1.00, and 0.73). The high concentration of these dyes in spheres does not quench their fluorescence. For two other dyes the yields dropped, from 1.00 to 0.55 in one case and 0.83 to 0.50 in another, comparing the dyes in solution versus in spheres. The photodegradation of the dyes decreases in spheres compared to in solution in all but one case. For one dye, it decreases as much as 800-fold. Dyes overlooked because of low fluorescence or stability in solution could become useful fluorescent materials in the microsphere environment.     

碱溶法,原子吸收光谱直接测定人发、指甲的微量元素

本文探讨 2mol·L-1 NaOH溶液溶解人发、指甲 ,并在氘灯扣除背景下用火焰原子吸收法和石墨炉原子吸收法测定其中的Ca ,Zn ,Fe,Mn ,Ni,Cd ,Cu ,Pb ,Bi等元素 ,结果显示 ,所测元素含量与文献值基本相符 ,回收率除Bi偏低外 ,其它元素均在 90 0 %～ 110 8%内。并且发现人体的头发与指甲中所含元素含量没有对应关系 ,头发中所含元素含量高的 ,指甲中所含元素含量不一定高 ;头发中所含元素含量低的 ,指甲中所含元素含量不一定低     

ICP-OES法分析桑椹果实成熟过程中14种矿物元素含量的变化

桑椹果实在成熟过程中各种成分不断发生变化,但对期间矿物元素的变化了解甚少。文章以桑椹果实为材料,采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对绿色期、粉色期、红色期、黑色期四种不同成熟度桑椹果实的九种必需元素和五种重金属元素含量进行了测定。结果发现,随着果实成熟度的增加,Na,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn和Cu等元素的含量均出现明显的下降趋势,绿色期桑椹果实中上述各种元素的含量分别为2.99,2 957.49,809.00,559.95,36.30,10.07,2.12和1.32 mg·kg-1,而粉色期上述各种元素的含量下降了62.9%(Zn)至12.3%(Na),红色期上述各种元素的含量分别降至1.63, 2 367.13, 489.30, 221.54, 19.01, 2.64, 0.40和0.59 mg·kg-1,黑色期果实各种元素的含量保持继续下降的趋势,但幅度大大减小。Se元素的含量绿色期最高,为1.24 mg·kg-1,粉色期下降,红色期上升至0.88 mg·kg-1,而黑色期又下降为0.65 mg·kg-1。重金属元素中Pb含量在前三个成熟时期变化不显著,而黑色期大大下降,绿色期最高为0.27 mg·kg-1,未超出国家标准。Cr含量随着果实成熟度的增加而增加,但黑色期又降至粉色期的水平,虽然红色期为54.07 mg·kg-1,但仍未超出国家标准。文章通过测定不同成熟时期桑椹果实的矿物元素含量,为果实采收时期的确定提供理论依据,也为桑椹果实的功能评价和安全评价提供参考数据。     

动力学阿尔文波及其在太阳和空间等离子体中的应用

动力学阿尔文波是短波长的色散阿尔文波,其色散主要是由于垂直波长接近离子回旋半径或电子惯性长度等微观粒子动力学特征尺度而引起的。在频率远低于离子回旋频率的低频条件下,其平行波长通常仍然远大于离子惯性长度,这导致动力学阿尔文波在电磁偏振和传播方向上呈现显著各向异性的重要特性,并因此使其在磁等离子体的粒子能化现象和结构丝化现象中起重要作用。动力学阿尔文波早期于1970年代由Chen和Hasegawa研究聚变等离子体加热问题时首先提出。随后,在1980年代受到空间等离子体、特别是电离层-磁层耦合与极光现象研究的广泛关注。进入1990年代后,由于在空间卫星探测技术和地面等离子体实验技术的不断发展,特别是一些高分辨空间等离子体探测仪器和地面大型等离子体实验设备投入工作以来,在动力学阿尔文波的实验研究上取得了一系列突破性的重要进展。这不仅导致对动力学阿尔文波在磁等离子体动力学现象中重要作用的重新估价和正视,并再次激发了对动力学阿尔文波理论及其在实验室、空间和天体环境下各类等离子体活动现象中应用研究的广泛兴趣。自1990年代中期以来,我们在中国科学院紫金山天文台的研究小组一直致力于动力学阿尔文波及其在太阳和空间等离子体粒子能化现象中应用的研究。这篇综述性报告主要介绍了有关动力学阿尔文波非线性孤波理论及其在空间和太阳等离子体粒子能化现象中应用的研究进展,也是我们这十几年来在这一领域研究工作的一个总结。报告的第一章简要介绍动力学阿尔文波的一些主要特征及其在磁等离子体动力学现象中的重要作用。然后,在第二章中利用等离子体的双流体方程、结合有关的实验观测,系统介绍了动力学阿尔文波的色散、传播、偏振等基本特性和在一维孤波与二维涡旋等非线性结构理论方面的研究进展。接下来的第三、四、五章将聚焦在动力学阿尔文波的耗散机制及其在太阳和空间等离子体粒子能化现象中的应用研究上,分别包括：动力学阿尔文孤波的耗散结构及其在极光高能电子加速现象中的应用（第三章）;动力学阿尔文孤波中重离子的各向异性能化机制及其在延伸日冕中少量重离子反常加热现象中的应用（第四章）;以及动力学阿尔文波的反常耗散机制及其在日冕磁等离子体结构非均匀加热现象中的应用（第五章）。最后的第六章是一个简要的总结和几点进一步发展的展望。     

Staining methods applied to glycol methacrylate embedded tissue sections

The use of glycol methacrylate (GMA) avoids some technical artifacts, which are usually observed in paraffin-embedded sections, providing good morphological resolution. On the other hand, weak staining have been mentioned during the use of different methods in plastic sections. In the present study, changes in the histological staining procedures have been assayed during the use of staining and histochemical methods in different GMA-embedded tissues.

Samples of tongue, submandibular and sublingual glands, cartilage, portions of respiratory tract and nervous ganglion were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. The sections of tongue and nervous ganglion were stained by H&E. Picrosirius, Toluidine Blue and Sudan Black B methods were applied, respectively, for identification of collagen fibers in submandibular gland, sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage (metachromasia) and myelin lipids in nervous ganglion. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) method was used for detection of glycoconjugates in submandibular gland and cartilage while AB/PAS combined methods were applied for detection of mucins in the respiratory tract. In addition, a combination of Alcian Blue (AB) and Picrosirius methods was also assayed in the sublingual gland sections.

The GMA-embedded tissue sections showed an optimal morphological integrity and were favorable to the staining methods employed in the present study. In the sections of tongue and nervous ganglion, a good contrast of basophilic and acidophilic structures was obtained by H&E. An intense eosinophilia was observed either in the striated muscle fibers or in the myelin sheaths in which the lipids were preserved and revealed by Sudan Black B. In the cartilage matrix, a strong metachromasia was revealed by Toluidine Blue in the negatively-charged glycosaminoglycans. In the chondrocytes, glycogen granules were intensely positive to PAS method. Extracellular glycoproteins were also PAS positive in the basal membrane and in the region occupied by the lamina externa and reticular fibers surrounding each smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. In the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, acid and neutral mucins were histochemically detected by AB and PAS methods, respectively. Moreover, granules containing acid and neutral mucins were revealed in purple by AB and PAS concomitantly. In the sublingual gland sections, a distinct affinity of acid mucins by AB (in turquoise-blue) and collagen fibers by Picrosirius (in red) was obtained when these methods were combined. Although some routine dyes used in paraffin sections have showed a weak stain in historesin sections, our results showed that different dyes could be applied in GMA sections if modified staining procedures were assayed. Therefore, appropriate staining contrast and, thus, detection of one or different substances in a same section can be acquired in association to the good morphological resolution provided by GMA.     

A Conversation with Franco Rasetti

Along with Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti played a key role in the rebirth of Italian physics in the 1920s and 1930s. In this interview he talks about his experiments at Caltech on the Raman effect in 1928–1929, mountain climbing, his passion for bugs, fossils, and flowers, and doing physics in Florence, Rome, Berlin-Dahlem, and Quebec. Rasetti also reminisces about the Rome school of mathematics and other scientists he has known and worked with in Europe and in North America, including Robert and Glenn Millikan, Lise Meitner, and O. M. Corbino.     

近五年我国近红外光谱分析技术研究与应用进展

评述了我国近五年来(2009年—2013年)近红外光谱分析技术的研究与应用进展,内容涉及软硬件研发、方法研究、以及诸多领域的应用开发等方面,并对今后我国近红外光谱技术的发展方向提出了建议。引用文献209篇。     

Recent developments,challenges, and prospects of ultrasound-assisted oil technologies

There has been consistent drive towards research and innovation in oil production technologies in order to achieve improved effectiveness and efficiency in their operation. This drive has resulted in breakthrough in technologies such as the application of ultrasound (US) in demulsification and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and usage of high-volume hydraulic fracturing and special horizontal well for shale oil and gas extraction. These can be observed in the increment in the number of commercial oil technologies such as EOR projects that rose from 237 in 1996 to 375 in 2017. This sustained expansion in EOR resulted in their total oil production rising from 1.5 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.3 million barrels per day in 2020. And this is predicted to increase to about 4.7 million barrels per day in 2040, which represent about 4% of total production. Consequently, in this review, the developments in the utilization of US either as standalone or integrated with other technologies in EOR and dehydration of water in oil emulsions were analyzed. The studies include the optimization of fluid and US properties in EOR and demulsification. Reports on the treatment of formation damage resulting from inorganic salts, organic scales, drilling fluid plugs, condensate, paraffin wax and colloidal particle with US-assisted EOR were also highlighted. Moreover, the mechanisms were examined in order to gain insightful understanding and to aid research investigations in these areas. Technologies such as US assisted green demulsification, high intensity focused ultrasound, and potential pathways in field studies were assessed for their feasibilities. It is essential to evaluate these technologies due to the significant accrued benefits in them. The usage of green demulsifiers such as deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids and bio-demulsifiers has promising future outlook and US could enhance their technical advancement. HiFU has been applied successfully in clinical research and developments in this area can potentiality improve demulsification and interfacial studies (fluid–fluid and solid–fluid interactions). As regards field studies, there is need to increase actual well investigations because present reports have few on-site measurements with most studies being in laboratory scale. Furthermore, there is need for more detailed modeling of these technologies as it would assist in conserving resources, saving research time and fast-tracking oil production. Additional evaluative studies of conditions such as the usage of Raschig rings, crude oil salinity and high temperature which have improved demulsification of crude oil emulsions should be pursued.