Optical retrieval of encrypted digital holograms for secure real-time display

Secure data transmission by use of encrypted digital holograms and an optical retrieval system for secure real-time display are proposed. Original images are encrypted by a double-random phase encryption technique and then are recorded as digital holograms in a CCD, together with a reference plane wave. This digital hologram of the encrypted image can be transmitted to receivers via any conventional electronic or digital communication channels. The decryption key is also recorded as a digital hologram. At the receiver, the original image can be retrieved by an optical correlation-based reconstruction process. Both encryption and retrieval can be performed by all-optical means, and thus a real-time secure display can be implemented. We demonstrate the proposed system numerically and experimentally.     

Image encryption based on gyrator transform and two-step phase-shifting interferometry

A novel optical image encryption method is proposed, based on gyrator transform and phase-shifting interferometry. The input two-dimensional image to be encrypted is gyrator transformed two times, and two random phase masks are placed at the input plane and the output plane of the first gyrator transform. Two-step phase-shifting interferometry is used to record the digital holograms of the input image encrypted by use of double-random phase encoding technique in gyrator transform domain. The rotation angles of gyrator transform, the random phase mask in the gyrator plane and the arbitrary phase shift used for recording form the keys for decryption of the input image. Numerical simulations are presented to verify its validity and efficiency.     

An asymmetric single-channel color image encryption based on Hartley transform and gyrator transform

A novel asymmetric single-channel color image encryption using Hartley transform and gyrator transform is proposed. A color image is segregated into R, G, and B channels and then each channel is independently Hartley transformed. The three transformed channels are multiplied and then phase- and amplitude truncated to obtain first encrypted image and first decryption key. The encoded image is modulated with a conjugate of random phase mask. The modulated image is gyrator transformed and then phase- and amplitude truncated to get second encrypted image and second decryption key. The asymmetric (decryption) keys, random phase mask, and transformation angle of gyrator transform serve as main keys. The optoelectronic encryption and decryption systems are suggested. Numerical simulation results have been demonstrated to verify the performance and security of the proposed security system.     

Fully phase multiple-image encryption based on superposition principle and the digital holographic technique

We propose an optoelectronic image encryption and decryption technique based on coherent superposition principle and digital holography. With the help of a chaotic random phase mask (CRPM) that is generated by using logistic map, a real-valued primary image is encoded into a phase-only version and then recorded as an encoded hologram. As for multiple-image encryption, only one digital hologram is to be transmitted as the encrypted result by using the multiplexing technique changing the reference wave angle. The bifurcation parameters, the initial values for the logistic maps, the number of the removed elements and the reference wave parameters are kept and transmitted as private keys. Both the encryption and decryption processes can be implemented in opto-digital manner or fully digital manner. Simulation results are given for testing the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Deterministic phase encoding encryption in single shot digital holography

We demonstrate a deterministic phase-encoded encryption system based on the digital holography and adopted a lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet as a phase modulator. In the proposed scheme the holographic patterns of encrypted images are captured digitally by a digital CCD. This work also adopt a novel, simple and effective technique that is used to suppress numerically the major blurring caused by the zero-order image in the numerical reconstruction. The decryption key is acquired as a digital hologram, called the key hologram. Therefore, the retrieval of the original information can be achieved by multiplying the encrypted hologram with a numerical generated phase-encoded wave. The storage and transmission of all holograms can be carried out by all-digital means. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be operated in single procedure only and represent the satisfactory decrypted image. Finally, rotating and shifting the LLA is applied to investigate the tolerance of decryption to demonstrate the feasibility in the holographic encryption, as well as can also be used to provide the higher security.     

基于两步正交相移干涉的振幅图像光学加密技术

提出一种基于两步正交相移干涉的光学图像加密技术.这种相移干涉数字全息只要记录两幅干涉图,不需要记录物光波和参考光波的强度信息,就可以再现没有零级像和共轭像的再现像.物光波对应的光路经过两次菲涅尔变换,并结合双随机相位编码.参考光分别引入0和π/2相位,用数字化记录介质记录两幅数字全息图作为加密图像.解密时只要获得正确的密钥,经过简单的计算就可以重建清晰的原始图像.模拟实验验证了它的可行性和有效性,分析了抗裁剪和噪音的鲁棒性.     

Multiple color-image fusion and watermarking based on optical interference and wavelet transform

A novel multiple color-image fusion and watermarking using optical interference and wavelet transform is proposed. In this method, each secret color image is encoded into three phase-only masks (POMs). One POM is constructed as user identity key and the other two POMs are generated as user identity key modulated by corresponding secret color image in gyrator transform domain without using any time-consuming iterative computations or post-processing of the POMs to remove inherent silhouette problem. The R, G, and B channels of different user identity keys POM are then individually multiplied to get three multiplex POMs, which are exploited as encrypted images. Similarly the R, G, and B channels of other two POMs are independently multiplied to obtain two sets of three multiplex POMs. The encrypted images are fused with gray-level cover image to produce the final encrypted image as watermarked image. The secret color images are shielded by encrypted images (which have no information about secret images) as well as cover image (which reveals no information about encrypted images). These two remarkable features of the proposed system drastically reduce the probability of the encrypted images to be searched and attacked. Each individual user has an identity key and two phase-only keys as three decryption keys besides transformation angles regarded as additional keys. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Securing complex and multi-plane data in a lens-less digital holographic information system that uses position-phase-shifting geometry

A digital holographic information system can process complex three-dimensional (3-D) object information. We demonstrate a scheme for securing complex and 3-D information in the context of in-line digital holography. Double random phase encoding in the free-space propagation domain of light is used to secure the complex information. Encrypted in-line digital holograms are recorded using the position-phase-shifting method. The encrypted complex image at the CCD recording plane is retrieved from the real-valued digital holograms, and is used for decryption. The robustness of the method has also been studied for various securing keys used in the method against blind decryption. A layer-by-layer information retrieval from the encrypted digital hologram is also discussed. The method can also be used to secure digital complex information in a virtual optics modality using holographic principles.     

基于gyrator变换和矢量分解的非对称图像加密方法

本文结合矢量分解和gyrator变换的数学实现得到了一种新的非对称图像加密算法,它将待加密图像先通过矢量分解加密到两块纯相位板中,然后利用从gyrator变换的数学实现中推导出来的加密算法加密其中一块相位板,获得最终的实值密文.另一块相位板作为解密密钥.算法的解密密钥不同于加密密钥,实现了非对称加密,加密过程中产生的两个私钥增大了算法的安全性.数值模拟结果验证了该算法的可行性和有效性.     

Image encryption based on extended fractional Fourier transform and digital holography technique

We present a new optical image encryption algorithm that is based on extended fractional Fourier transform (FRT) and digital holography technique. We can perform the encryption and decryption with more parameters compared with earlier similar methods in FRT domain. In the extended FRT encryption system, the input data to be encrypted is extended fractional Fourier transformed two times and random phase mask is placed at the output plane of the first extended FRT. By use of an interference with a wave from another random phase mask, the encrypted data is stored as a digital hologram. The data retrieval is operated by all-digital means. Computer simulations are presented to verify its validity and efficiency.     

Gyrator变换全息图及其在图像加密中的应用

提出了gyrator变换全息图,利用gyrator变换快速算法模拟实现了gyrator变换全息图的产生和再现,并研究了基于相移数字全息的gyrator变换全息图.在此基础上提出了采用正弦相位光栅实现光学图像加密的新方法.该方法利用gyrator变换在相空间的旋转特性,将gyrator变换的角度、光栅的频率及光栅的旋转角度作为加密密钥,并利用两个或两个以上的gyrator变换系统的级联实现图像加密,增加了系统的安全性.依据相移数字全息进行的两个gyrator变换系统级联的仿真实验验证了该方法的可行性、有效性及其良好的安全性能.     

Cascaded Fresnel holographic image encryption scheme based on a constrained optimization algorithm and Henon map

We propose an image encryption scheme using chaotic phase masks and cascaded Fresnel transform holography based on a constrained optimization algorithm. In the proposed encryption scheme, the chaotic phase masks are generated by Henon map, and the initial conditions and parameters of Henon map serve as the main secret keys during the encryption and decryption process. With the help of multiple chaotic phase masks, the original image can be encrypted into the form of a hologram. The constrained optimization algorithm makes it possible to retrieve the original image from only single frame hologram. The use of chaotic phase masks makes the key management and transmission become very convenient. In addition, the geometric parameters of optical system serve as the additional keys, which can improve the security level of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive security analysis performed on the proposed encryption scheme demonstrates that the scheme has high resistance against various potential attacks. Moreover, the proposed encryption scheme can be used to encrypt video information. And simulations performed on a video in AVI format have also verified the feasibility of the scheme for video encryption.     

Single-random-phase holographic encryption of images

In this paper, a method is proposed for encrypting an optical image onto a phase-only hologram, utilizing a single random phase mask as the private encryption key. The encryption process can be divided into 3 stages. First the source image to be encrypted is scaled in size, and pasted onto an arbitrary position in a larger global image. The remaining areas of the global image that are not occupied by the source image could be filled with randomly generated contents. As such, the global image as a whole is very different from the source image, but at the same time the visual quality of the source image is preserved. Second, a digital Fresnel hologram is generated from the new image, and converted into a phase-only hologram based on bi-directional error diffusion. In the final stage, a fixed random phase mask is added to the phase-only hologram as the private encryption key. In the decryption process, the global image together with the source image it contained, can be reconstructed from the phase-only hologram if it is overlaid with the correct decryption key. The proposed method is highly resistant to different forms of Plain-Text-Attacks, which are commonly used to deduce the encryption key in existing holographic encryption process. In addition, both the encryption and the decryption processes are simple and easy to implement.     

Optical encryption of gray-level image using on-axis and 2-f digital holography with two-step phase-shifting method

In this paper we propose an encryption/decryption technique of gray-level image information using an on-axis 2-f digital holographic optical encrypting system with two-step phase-shifting method. This technique reduces the number of holograms in phase-shifting digital holography and minimizes the setup of the encryption system more than multistep phase-shifting technique. We are able to get the complete decrypted image by controlling the K-ratio which is defined as the reference beam intensity versus the object beam intensity. We remove the DC-term of the phase-shifting digital hologram to reconstruct and decrypt the original image information. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be used for encryption and decryption of a 256 gray-level image. Also, the result shows some errors of the decrypted image according to K-ratio.     

Multi-image encryption based on interference of computer generated hologram

A multi-image encryption scheme based on interference of computer generated holograms (CGH) is proposed. The encrypted information can be divided into several parts and recorded by corresponding CGHs that distribute randomly. With interference of all CGHs, the original information can be reconstructed. So the multi-image encryption is achieved, and every hologram can be regarded as the key to the corresponding image. Multi-user authentication and storage of information is implemented by applying unique CGH to interfere the common CGH. Furthermore, the CGHs can be cascaded to implement classification of images. When images of different level are assigned to corresponding user, hierarchical encryption is completed successfully. Numerical simulation verifies the feasibility of the method, and demonstrates the security of the algorithm and the decryption characteristics. Flexibility and variability of scheme can be higher than the existing methods. There are a lot of scheme's details still to consider and fulfill in the future.     

一种基于二元位相加密的大信息量数字全息水印

研究了一种基于二元位相加密的大信息量数字全息水印方法,对需隐藏的水印信息用二元位相编码,然后再用2台阶位相密钥进行加密,作为水印插入宿主图像中,解码后得到了高质量的水印结果.与平面波照明数字全息水印相比,采用位相密钥数字全息水印有效地提高了水印提取的安全性和相对光学效率,并保持了对大信息量水印的提取质量,解码过程不依赖于原图像. 计算和分析了二元位相密钥的空间分布对水印信息提取质量的影响,计算结果验证了理论的正确性.     

Optical Security System Based on the Biometrics Using Holographic Storage Technique with a Simple Data Format

We implement a first practical holographic security system using electrical biometrics that combines optical encryption and digital holographic memory technologies. Optical information for identification includes a picture of face, a name, and a fingerprint, which has been spatially multiplexed by random phase mask used for a decryption key. For decryption in our biometric security system, a bit-error-detection method that compares the digital bit of live fingerprint with of fingerprint information extracted from hologram is used.     

Optical image encryption technique based on compressed sensing and Arnold transformation

A new optical image encryption method based on compressed sensing and Arnold transformation is proposed. First, dimensional reduction and random projection, the characteristics of compressed sensing, are utilized to compress and encrypt a digital image. Second, Arnold transformation is used to scramble the encryption image followed by compressed sensing with low data volume. Then, the encryption image is encrypted again by double random phase encoding optical encryption technique; two random phase masks generated by sequences of irrational number are been used as secret keys. In the end, the multi-encrypted information is embedded into the host image and transmitted. At the receiver, original image information is reconstructed approximately via orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. The peak signal-to-noise ratio and the normalized cross-correlation between the original image and the decrypted one are used to calculate the quality of the decryption image. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is secure and robust.     

Gyrator transform-based optical image encryption,using chaos

We propose a new method for image encryption, using gyrator transform and chaos theory. Random phase masks are generated using chaos functions and are called as chaotic random phase masks. In the proposed technique, the image is encrypted using gyrator transform and two chaotic random phase masks. Three types of chaos functions have been used to generate the chaotic random phase masks. These chaos functions are the logistic map, the tent map and the Kaplan-Yorke map. The computer simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technique. The mean square errors have been calculated. The robustness of the proposed technique to blind decryption in terms of rotation angle and the seed values of the chaotic random phase mask have been evaluated. The optical implementation of the encryption and the decryption technique has been proposed.     

Securing information by use of digital holography

An information security method that uses a digital holographic technique is presented. An encrypted image is stored as a digital hologram. The decryption key is also stored as a digital hologram. The encrypted image can be electrically decrypted by use of the digital hologram of the key. This security technique provides secure storage and data transmission. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.