芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的研究进展

综述了芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的方法及近年的研究进展.其方法主要包括催化氢化法、CO/H2O还原法、金属还原法、硫化碱还原法、金属氢化物还原法、电化学还原法和光化学还原法.其中催化氢化法中的氢气还原法和水合肼还原法符合绿色化学的理念,并且反应收率高,选择性好,具有很高的应用价值.     

Effect of the Secondary Reduction on the Enantioselectivity and Function of Additives in the Chiral Oxazaborolidine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Borane Reduction of Ketones

The secondary reduction in the direct and oxazaborolidine‐catalyzed asymmetric borane reduction of ketones was investigated by the use of GC/MS tracing titration and control experiments. The results indicate that the secondary reduction affects the enantioselectivity only in noncoordinated solvents at low temperature and not under the usual catalytic reduction conditions because the intermediate alkoxyborane is unstable and quickly converts to borane and dialkoxyborane. The function of an alcohol additive in the asymmetric borane reduction of ketones is to consume excess borane in the reduction system thus inhibiting noncatalytic reduction, which leads to increased enantioselectivity in the catalytic reduction.     

煤粉着火模式对再燃脱硝效率影响的实验研究

在一维携带流实验台上研究了烟煤煤粉着火模式,包括均相着火和非均相着火,对煤粉再燃还原NO的影响。实验结果表明,温度一定时,随着再燃区氧体积分数的增加,煤粉挥发分首先着火,脱硝效率明显下降;而非均相着火初期造成的颗粒高温有利于异相还原NO,脱硝效率得以回升;氧体积分数进一步提升,再燃区呈现富氧状态,脱硝效率再次下降。提高再燃区温度促进煤粉还原NO,脱硝效率更高,但是也促使挥发分在更低的氧体积分数下着火,着火后脱硝效率下降更多;粒径对煤粉着火以及还原NO的影响较为复杂,粒径在40μm以上,不同氧体积分数下脱硝效率基本上随粒径增大而下降。     

全氟萘烷的化学还原与电化学还原

全氟碳化合物 ( PFCs)是分子中与碳原子相连的氢 (官能团中的除外 )全部被氟原子取代的有机氟化合物 .由于氟元素的电负性最大 ,所以 C— F键的键能很大 ( 4 80～ 5 30 k J/mol) ;PFCs与相应的碳氢化合物相比 ,C— F键的键长 ( 0 .1 3nm)与 C— H键的键长 ( 0 .1 nm)接近 ,而且氟原子的范德华半径( 0 .1 5 nm)与氢原子的范德华半径 ( 0 .1 2 nm)也非常接近 ,所以当碳氢化合物中的氢原子被氟原子取代而形成全氟碳化合物后 ,结构上不会发生太大的变化 [1] ;但是全氟碳化合物的物理化学性质与原来碳氢化合物的物理化学性质有显著差异 ,表…     

α,β-不饱和羰基化合物的选择还原研究进展

综述了近年来α,β-不饱和羰基化合物α,β-碳碳双键和碳氧双键的选择还原研究进展,讨论了过渡金属催化还原、氢化试剂还原、连二亚硫酸钠还原以及生物还原。     

含氮煤焦还原NO反应路径研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论结合热力学和动力学分析研究了含氮煤焦还原NO的途径;从微观角度探究了含氮煤焦还原NO的间接还原和直接异相还原两种途径,分析了NO还原过程中的能量变化。结果表明,含氮煤焦先产生中间体NH_2再还原NO(间接还原)的过程决速步能垒值较直接异相还原NO的决速步能垒值高183.76 kJ/mol;由能垒角度分析,含氮煤焦与NO直接发生异相还原的过程更为有利。从热力学角度分析,含氮煤焦直接异相还原NO为可自发进行的单向放热反应,较间接还原过程有利。动力学分析结果表明,含氮煤焦间接还原NO的过程决速步速率常数较直接异相还原至少低10个数量级,说明含氮煤焦直接异相还原NO的路径更容易发生。     

Kathodische Reduktion von 2-Azido-2,4-pentadien-1-onen Elektrolytische Untersuchungen an Vinylaziden, 9. Mitt.

Cathodic reduction of 2-azido-2,4-pentadien-1-ones under slightly protic conditions result in aminodienones, whereas under acetylating conditions only the methyl-N,N-diacetylaminoadienoates could be prepared in reasonable yields. The low reduction potential of the N,N-diacetylaminodienones leads to a mixture of by-products. The N,N-diacetylaminodienoates were studied as a model of the reduction of the azidodienes at higher reduction potentials. Dimerisation, reduction of the double-bonds and elimination of the N,N-diacetylamino group are possible reactions. The mechanism of reduction under acetylating conditions is discussed.

     

水分压对铁基费托合成催化剂还原动力学的影响

 利用恒温还原和程序升温还原技术研究了水分压对铁基费托合成催化剂还原路径、还原机理和表观活化能的影响. 程序升温还原结果表明, 水分压对催化剂的还原路径没有明显的影响, 催化剂均首先由 α-Fe2O3 还原为 Fe3O4, 然后超顺磁态 Fe3O4 先还原为 FeO, 再还原为 α-Fe, 而顺磁态 Fe3O4 则直接还原为 α-Fe. 恒温还原结果表明, 催化剂在 2.5%H2O-97.5%H2 气氛中还原时, 还原过程达到平衡时的还原程度随还原温度的升高而增加. 利用 Hancock-Sharp 方法分析了恒温还原过程的动力学模型. 结果表明, 还原温度较低时, 催化剂在 2.5%H2O-97.5%H2 气氛中还原时受内扩散模型控制; 还原温度较高时则受晶相形成与生长模型控制. 利用 Kissinger 方法计算了还原过程的活化能, 发现随着水分压的增加, 表观活化能呈增大的趋势. 水分压对 Fe3O4 还原为 α-Fe 过程的影响大于其对 α-Fe2O3 还原为 Fe3O4 过程的影响.     

还原方式及还原温度对甲烷部分氧化镍催化剂结构和反应性能的影响

采用H2 TPR、TEM及活性评价等手段,考察了还原方式（等温和程序升温还原）及还原温度对不同温度（550℃和950℃）焙烧制备的镍基催化剂结构和甲烷部分氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明,与程序升温还原方式相比,等温还原的催化剂中镍物种的还原度较低、Ni晶粒度较小。还原方式对550℃焙烧制备的催化剂（POM-1）的甲烷部分氧化反应性能影响不明显,但等温还原的催化剂反应过程中床层温度较低。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂的镍还原度有所降低,而950℃焙烧制备的催化剂（POM-5）还原度略有增加,且具有较小的镍晶粒。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂反应性能无明显差异,但床层热点温度提高;POM-5催化剂反应性能随还原温度的提高而提高,且床层温度呈现降低趋势。通过分析发现,催化剂床层温度与催化剂镍晶粒大小密切相关,较小的镍晶粒利于床层热点温度的降低,这与较大镍晶粒利于甲烷完全氧化反应有关。     

TPR法研究轻油转化制氢催化剂还原性能——CeO2促进还原的研究

用TPR法研究了烃类蒸气转化制氢催化剂还原性能。发现这类催化剂的还原符合核化模型。镍与催化剂中其它组分相互作用影响催化剂的还原, MgO和水泥的加入均提高了NiO的还原温度,稀土氧化物的加入可降低NiO-MgO体系的还原温度。由TPR曲线峰形分析求得了RKN,TDRE-3和ICI-46-1以及其它含CeO_2催化剂还原动力学参数。发现CeO_2的加入减少了催化剂的还原活化能, 且还原活化能与镍的分散度之间有较好的对应关系, 即镍铈比(Ni/Ce)分散得越均匀, 则还原活化能越低。提出了CeO_2促进还原的机理。     

第二配位层的氧化还原活性二茂铁促使铁卟啉在氧存在下发生质子还原

采用洁净、可持续的替代能源以解决化石燃料的过度消耗及因其燃烧而导致的日益加剧的全球变暖问题已经成为当务之急.其中,如何实现在大气含氧条件下的析氢反应成为需要攻克的重大挑战.氧还原在热力学上比质子还原更容易进行,并且氧气部分还原时通常产生活性氧物种,致使催化剂失活.因此,需要开发在氧气存在情况下能够有效还原质子的催化剂.本文设计了一种四苯基铁卟啉分子,该分子通过三氮唑将四个二茂铁连接在苯基邻位,并证明该催化剂能够在有氧气的情况下高效还原质子,产生氢气.作为铁卟啉类化合物催化质子还原的活性物种,Fe(0)发生质子还原比发生O2还原的动力学速率快得多,从而为氧气存在下的选择性质子还原奠定了基础.     

汽车尾气中NO的脱除方法

对汽车尾气中NO的脱除方法进行了介绍。对于选择性催化还原,目前的方法主要有以NH3作为还原剂选择还原NO、以碳氢化合物作为还原剂选择还原NO和三效催化剂法。非选择性催化还原方法主要包括CO催化还原NO和H2催化还原NO等。NO的直接催化分解和贫燃条件下NO的催化还原也得到了广泛研究。低温等离子体技术、改性碳纤维以及TiO2光催化法等是近几年新发展的脱除方法。     

Effects of molar mass, concentration and thermodynamic conditions on polymer-induced flow drag reduction

Drag reduction in Taylor flow of polystyrene solutions is investigated using a commercial rheometer equipped with a standard double-gap sample holder with axial symmetry. The dependence of drag reduction on various factors, including polymer molar mass, polymer concentration, and thermodynamic conditions is studied. Drag reduction induced by polystyrene in toluene is found to increase with increasing polymer concentration in the dilute concentration regime. It is also seen that molecules with high molar mass of the polymer promote drag reduction. In terms of hydrodynamic volume fraction normalisation, it is found that most of the drag reduction effect occurs at volume fractions below 0.2. It is observed that drag reduction is favoured by good thermodynamic conditions of the polymer-solvent system. Both the flow induced extension of the polymer chains and the hydrodynamic volume fraction occupied by the polymer molecules seem to play an important role for the drag reduction effect.     

还原温度与时间对铁基催化剂浆态床F-T合成性能的影响

在浆态床反应器中考察了未还原催化剂以及在240℃和270℃的还原温度下还原时间对Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂F-T合成反应性能的影响,采用Mssbauer谱研究了还原和反应后催化剂的物相组成。结果表明,在240℃延长还原时间或将还原温度升高到270℃均有利于催化剂的还原,270℃还原的催化剂的活性和稳定性明显高于未还原和240℃还原的催化剂,催化剂的运行稳定性与催化剂在反应过程中的流失量有密切关系。催化剂高温还原时烃产物分布倾向于生成低碳数的烃类,在相同的还原温度下,烃产物选择性随还原时间的延长向轻组分方向偏移。     

Polarographic investigations of 7-methylguanosine

The mechanism of reduction of 7-methylguanosine (7-MeGuo) in buffered solution was studied by electrochemical methods. The polarographic reduction involves complex processes due to the presence of maxima (maximum of the first kind and maximum of catalytic reduction of protons). Consequently other techniques are required such as u.v. and n.m.r. spectroscopies, and chromatography for the identification of the reduction product.A mechanism of reduction is suggested in acid medium, the reduction saturates the imidazolium ring by fixation of two electrons and one proton.     

O2/CO2气氛下木醋调质石灰石再燃/先进再燃脱硝性能研究

在O₂/CO₂气氛下利用沉降炉脱硝实验台,对木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃/先进再燃脱硝特性以及氨气的选择性非催化还原脱硝特性进行了研究。结果表明,木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃脱硝效率随温度的升高先提高后降低,1 323 K时获得最高脱硝效率分别为82.70%和78.52%;再燃脱硝氧浓度不宜过高,合适的再燃比为14%~17%,停留时间为0.8 s。氨气选择性非催化还原脱硝在1 173 K时获得最高脱硝效率为95.41%,温度窗口为1 142~1 335 K;随着氧浓度的增大,脱硝效率不断降低,反应适宜的氨氮比为1.5,停留时间为1.2 s。按氨氮比0.75向再燃区喷入氨气可显著提高木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃脱硝效率,同时脱硝反应适宜的温度区间也得到显著拓宽,1 323 K时两者获得的先进再燃脱硝效率分别为93.49%和92.79%。     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over ruthenium-promoted Co/Al2O3 catalyst with different reduction procedures

The effect of reduction procedure on catalyst properties, activity and products selectivity of ruthenium-promoted Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was investigated. Catalyst samples were reduced with different reduction gas compositions and passivated before being characterized by TPR and XRD techniques. Different activity and product selectivity analyses were also performed. These results showed that the catalyst dispersion, particle size, and the degree of reduction changed with different reduction gas compositions, which were resulted from the water partial pressures in reduction process that give varying degrees of interaction with the support. It has been suggested that the FTS activity of cobalt catalyst was directly dependent on the catalyst reducibility. A reduction gas with a molar ratio of H2/He = 1 was used to prevent the formation of Co-support compound during catalyst reduction.     

Intermediates in the reduction of the antituberculosis drug PA-824, (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine, in aqueous solution

The reduction chemistry of the new anti-tuberculosis drug PA-824, together with a more water-soluble analogue, have been investigated using pulse and steady-state radiolysis in aqueous solution. Stepwise reduction of these nitroimidazo-dihydrooxazine compounds through electron transfer from the CO(2) (-) species revealed that, unlike related nitroimidazoles, 2-electron addition resulted in the reduction of the imidazole ring in preference to the nitro group. In mildly acidic solution a nitrodihydroimidazo intermediate was formed, which was reduced further to the amine product. In both alkaline and neutral solution, an intermediate produced on 2-electron reduction was resistant to further reduction and reverted to parent compound on extraction or mass spectrometric analysis of the solution. The unusual reduction chemistry of these nitroimidazole compounds, exhibiting ring over nitro group reduction, is associated with alkoxy substitution in the 2-position of a 4-nitroimidazole. The unique properties of the intermediates formed on the reduction of PA-824 need to be considered as playing a possible role in its bactericidal action.     

Contribution of the ligand to the electroreduction of CO2 catalyzed by a cobalt(II) macrocyclic complex

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using hexa-aza-macrocycles derived from the condensation of 1,10-phenanthroline and its Co(II) complex as an electrocatalyst dissolved in dimethylformamide has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy. The ligand does not show catalytic activity and only generates hydrogen when it is reduced under carbon dioxide. The cobalt complex shows electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of carbon dioxide, generating carbon monoxide and formic acid. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy show that the active site for the reduction is the metal center in oxidation state (I), although the reduced cobalt center alone is not enough to promote reduction of the carbon dioxide. Electrolysis at controlled potential shows that only at potentials corresponding to reduction of the ligand (second reduction) does carbon dioxide reduction occur. Cobalt(I) probably reacts with CO₂ forming a non-isolated intermediate which, when reduced, gives CO and formic acid. The second reduction that takes place on the ligand regenerates the catalyst and gives products, thus becoming the rate-determining step of the reaction.     

Reduction of MnFe2O4 without and with carbon

We succeeded in studying the mechanism of hydrogen added carbothermic reduction process of iron-manganese oxide by means of the new technique, simultaneous measurement of evolved gas analysis (EGA) and humidity sensor (HS). Water vapor evolved by the reduction with hydrogen can be detected by HS. Other gas was detected by TCD. Without carbon, the hydrogen reduction process was followed to the formation of the intermediate product between MnO and FeO and finally reduction to the mixture of MnO and Fe. With carbon, the intermediate products between MnO and FeO was formed at about 780 K. The methane was formed in higher temperature than 1073 K and the reduction with carbon proceeded mainly. At higher temperatures, methane decomposed to yield nascent carbon that tended to result in the acceleration of the reduction rate with carbon. The study is concerned with the mechanism of the hydrogen reduction of MnFe₂O₄ and the effect of without and with carbon on this reduction by means of combining EGA and HS. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.