球钯材料填充柱中氢-氘交换的计算机模拟

本文结合球体颗粒交换模型(SPEM)与气-固表面交换模型设计了氢-氘交换反应模型, 采用FORTRAN语言进行计算机编程模拟, 研究了钯材料粒径、分离柱长度、填料密度、气体流速和温度等因素对氢氘交换反应的影响。结果表明:通过降低气体流速, 增大金属材料目数、填料密度、交换柱长, 以及升高温度, 可以提高交换速率;而在满足一维速率方程的条件下, 柱径的大小不影响交换反应过程。     

钠离子取代对气相分子氢氘交换反应的影响

用质谱学方法测定分子的氢氘交换反应过程和结果是研究蛋白质分子等生物体系的分子构象,如蛋白质折叠状态的常用方法之一．本文利用线型离子阱．飞行时间质谱技术,在气相中测定了由不同个数钠离子所取代的简单多肽分子——五联丙氨酸（5Ala-nH＋nNa）．H^＋,,n=2,3,4,5的氢氘交换反应情况,得到了由不同个数钠离子取代的分子离子的氢氘交换反应速度以及交换的氢氘数量等,并研究了钠离子个数对分子氢氘交换反应的影响．结果表明,在本工作的实验条件下,钠离子的取代将影响分子离子的氢氚交换反应．当钠离子数为2时,（5Ala-2H＋2Na）．H^＋分子离子很难发生氢氘交换反应;当钠离子数增加时,对于（5Ala-3H＋3Na）．H^＋,（5Ala-4H＋4Na）．H^＋,和（5Ala-5H＋5Na）．H^＋等,分子的氢氘交换反应速度会加快．这可能是由于钠离子的取代导致了分子离子的构型以及分子的质子亲和势发生了显著的改变,因此影响它们的氢氘交换反应．此外,我们还研究了线型四极场的q值对离子氢氘交换反应的影响,发现对于某种离子,当其对应的四极场q值低于0．8时,对各种离子的交换反应速度影响不大,但当q值接近第一稳定区图的边界点,即当q接近0．908时,对某些离子的交换反应速度影响很明显．q值对离子的交换反应速度影响可以用离子的运动速度加快而导致碰撞反应能量增加来解释．     

亮氨酸-脑啡肽结合H~+和Li~+的氢氘交换实验与理论研究

气相氢氘交换质谱(HDX-MS)实验与量子化学计算结合,比较了亮氨酸-脑啡肽(YGGFL)结合H~+和Li~+的反应和结构差异性。HDX-MS结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,[YGGFL+Li]~+在交换5个氢原子后,氢氘同位素反应趋于停止,而[YGGFL+H]~+上的9个可交换氢原子均可发生交换。这表明Li~+会降低脑啡肽的氢氘交换率。理论计算发现,两种离子具有不同的最稳定结构:Li~+与脑啡肽肽上的4个羰基氧原子结合能量最低,而脑啡肽氨基端发生质子化后产生最稳定的[YGGFL+H]~+。基于此稳定结构,实验进一步从离子结构差异性和质子亲和势等方面对HDX实验结果进行了分析。     

15-二氘脱水穿心莲内酯的合成和氢-氘交换速率考察

以脱水穿心莲内酯为原料,氧化氘作为氘源,四氢呋喃为助溶剂,三乙胺催化反应,分离纯化得到反应产物,其结构经¹H NMR、 ¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI-TOF)确证,并考察了产物在不同pH值的氢氘交换速率。结果显示,产物表征鉴定为15-二氘脱水穿心莲内酯,15位H-D交换速率在pH 分别为6, 7和8时较慢,随pH值升高加快。     

国产氢型阳离子交换(磺酸型)HPLC色谱柱在利巴韦林注射液分析中的应用-I

采用国产的氢型强阳离子交换(磺化苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物)色谱柱测定了利巴韦林注射液的含量。色谱柱为国产的氢型强阳离子麦科菲色谱柱(MKF-CIS),流动相为水(稀硫酸调至pH=2.5±0.1),检测波长207nm,流速1.0mL/min,温度65℃。结果表明,MKF-CIS色谱柱可以较准确的测定利巴韦林注射剂含量,在12.5μg/mL~500μg/mL浓度范围内,其浓度与峰面积的线性相关性良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率99.8%,RSD=0.558%。由此,国产麦科菲MKF-CIS色谱柱可以简便、准确、重复性好地用于利巴韦林测定,代替传统的C18硅胶柱及进口的同类型色谱柱。     

国产氢型阳离子交换(磺酸型)HPLC色谱柱在利巴韦林注射液分析中的应用-Ⅰ

采用国产的氢型强阳离子交换(磺化苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物)色谱柱测定了利巴韦林注射液的含量.色谱柱为国产的氢型强阳离子麦科菲色谱柱(MKF-CIS),流动相为水(稀硫酸调至pH=2.5±0.1),检测波长207 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,温度65℃.结果表明,MKF-CIS色谱柱可以较准确的测定利巴韦林注射剂含量,在12.5 μg/mL～500 μg/mL浓度范围内,其浓度与峰面积的线性相关性良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率99.8%,RSD=0.558%.由此,国产麦科菲MKF-CIS色谱柱可以简便、准确、重复性好地用于利巴韦林测定,代替传统的C18硅胶柱及进口的同类型色谱柱.     

国产氢型阳离子交换（磺酸型）HPLC龟谱柱在利巴韦林注射液分析中的应用-Ⅰ

采用国产的氢型强阳离子交换（磺化苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物）色谱柱测定了利巴韦林注射液的含量。色谱柱为国产的氢型强阳离子麦科菲色谱柱（MKF-CIS），流动相为水（稀硫酸调至pH=2.5±0.1），检测波长207nm，流速1.0mL／min，温度65℃。结果表明，MKF-CIS色谱柱可以较准确的测定利巴韦林注射剂含量，在12.5μg/mL-500μg/mL浓度范围内，其浓度与峰面积的线性相关性良好（r=0.9999），平均回收率99.8％，RSD=0.558％。由此，国产麦科菲MKF-CIS色谱柱可以简便、准确、重复性好地用于利巴韦林测定，代替传统的C18硅胶柱及进口的同类型色谱柱。     

树脂法再生贮氢合金材料包覆液工艺中树脂吸附性能研究

本文研究并探讨了NK-ELN型离子交换树脂在再生贮氢合金材料包覆液过程中，温度、流速、溶液中离子浓度等条件对树脂交换容量和再生效率的影响，为树脂法再生贮氢合金材料包覆液工艺的制定，提供了一系列重要参数。     

反应条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃的影响

在固定床反应器中,以大豆油为模型原料,研究了反应温度、压力、氢油比和空速等条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃反应的影响,并分析了反应中间产物、气体产物(CO,CO₂)及烷烃终产物的变化趋势. 结果表明,高温、低压或低氢油比可抑制酯、羧酸和醛的氢解以及醇的生成,促进油脂脱氧选择性地向脱羧和脱羰方向进行;异构烷烃收率随温度升高或空速减小而先增加后下降,但反应压力和氢油比的影响不大. 另外,对油脂一步加氢过程可能的反应历程进行了讨论.     

L-异亮氨酸型配体交换固定相对DL-氨基酸的拆分研究

用自制的新型L-异亮氨酸配体交换固定相在配体交换模式下对11种DL-氨基酸进行了拆分研究,详细考察了流动相中铜离子浓度、甲醇含量、流速及温度对拆分效果的影响,并探讨了可能的拆分机理。研究结果表明:流动相中高浓度的铜离子不利于DL-氨基酸的拆分;增加流动相中甲醇的含量,降低流动相流速以及提高色谱柱温度均可改善拆分效果。     

On the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pd overlayers on carbon-supported gold particles in hydrogen electrooxidation

Palladium-gold particles with varied composition were prepared by Pd electrochemical deposition on Au nanoparticles immobilized on model carbon support. Pd-Au/C catalysts were characterized ex situ by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ, by underpotential deposition of hydrogen and copper adatoms, and CO stripping. Hydrogen oxidation reaction on pristine and CO-poisoned Pd-Au/C particles was studied using rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique. It was found that the decrease of the effective Pd overlayer thickness below ca. two monolayers resulted in a two-fold increase of the exchange current density of the hydrogen oxidation reaction and in significant increase of CO tolerance.     

气溶胶粒子通过填充柱的保留时间分布测定

采用亚微米单分散聚苯乙烯球形硬气溶胶粒子和脉冲进样技术,测定了气溶胶粒子通过无规则石英砂填充柱的保留时间分布,从保留时间分布曲线得到了气溶胶粒子在填充柱中的平均保留时间和穿透率.研究了平均保留时间和穿透率与流体流速、填充柱的长度、填料粒度和气溶胶粒子大小之间的关系.研究发现,流速越大,保留时间分布曲线越尖锐,流速越小,保留时间分布曲线越平坦;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随着柱长的增加而降低,随流速、气溶胶粒子粒径和石英砂颗粒大小的减小而减小;平均保留时间随柱长增加而增大,随流速增大而减小,随气溶胶粒子粒径减小而减小,而与石英砂颗粒大小几乎无关.     

Pore network modelling: determination of the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusivity and its effect on column performance as the loading of the solute in the adsorbed phase varies with time

A three-dimensional pore network model for diffusion in porous adsorbent particles was employed in a dynamic adsorption model that simulates the adsorption of a solute in porous particles packed in a chromatographic column. The solution of the combined model yielded the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient of beta-galactosidase along the radius of porous ion-exchange particles and along the length of the column as the loading of the adsorbate molecules on the surface of the pores occurred, and, the dynamic adsorptive capacity of the chromatographic column as a function of the design and operational parameters of the chromatographic system. The pore size distribution of the porous adsorbent particles and the chemistry of the adsorption sites were unchanged in the simulations. It was found that for a given column length the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient were influenced by: (i) the superficial fluid velocity in the column, (ii) the diameter of the adsorbent particles and (iii) the pore connectivity of the porous structure of the adsorbent particles. The effect of the magnitude of the pore connectivity on the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient increased as the diameter of the adsorbent particles and the superficial fluid velocity in the column increased. The dynamic adsorptive capacity of the column increased as: (a) the particle diameter and the superficial fluid velocity in the column decreased, and (b) the column length and the pore connectivity increased. In preparative chromatography, it is desirable to obtain high throughputs within acceptable pressure gradients, and this may require the employment of larger diameter adsorbent particles. In such a case, longer column lengths satisfying acceptable pressure gradients with adsorbent particles having higher pore connectivity values could provide high dynamic adsorptive capacities. An alternative chromatographic system could be comprised of a long column packed with large particles which have fractal pores (fractal particles) that have high pore connectivities and which allow high intraparticle diffusional and convective flow mass transfer rates providing high throughputs and high dynamic adsorptive capacities. If large scale monoliths could be made to be reproducible and operationally stable, they could also offer an alternative mode of operation that could provide high throughputs and high dynamic adsorptive capacities.     

Molecular dynamics study of the response of nanostructured Al/Ni clad particles system under thermal loading

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the exothermic alloying reactions by imposing a thermal loading on a local area of nanostructured Al/Ni clad particles. The combustion parameters, such as particles size, density, and ignition temperature, are characterized. Reducing the size of Al/Ni clad particles makes the propagation velocity of reaction front increase but lowers both the adiabatic combustion temperature and pressure of the system. However, increasing either mass density or ignition temperature makes the propagation velocity of reaction front increase and raises the adiabatic temperature and pressure as well. We estimate the propagation velocity of the chemical reaction front to range from 35.70 to 44.06 m/s.     

Adsorption energetics of CO on supported Pd nanoparticles as a function of particle size by single crystal microcalorimetry

The heat of adsorption and sticking probability of CO on well-defined Pd nanoparticles were measured as a function of particle size using single crystal adsorption microcalorimetry. Pd particles of different average sizes ranging from 120 to 4900 atoms per particle (or from 1.8 to 8 nm) and Pd(111) were used that were supported on a model in situ grown Fe(3)O(4)/Pt(111) oxide film. To precisely quantify the adsorption energies, the reflectivities of the investigated model surfaces were measured as a function of the thickness of the Fe(3)O(4) oxide layer and the amount of deposited Pd. A substantial decrease of the binding energy of CO was found with decreasing particle size. Initial heat of adsorption obtained on the virtually adsorbate-free surface was observed to be reduced by about 20-40 kJ mol(-1) on the smallest 1.8 nm sized Pd particles as compared to the larger Pd clusters and the extended Pd(111) single crystal surface. This effect is discussed in terms of the size-dependent properties of the Pd nanoparticles. The CO adsorption kinetics indicates a strong enhancement of the adsorbate flux onto the metal particles due to a capture zone effect, which involves trapping of adsorbates on the support and diffusion to metal clusters. The CO adsorption rate was found to be enhanced by a factor of ～8 for the smallest 1.8 nm sized particles and by ～1.4 for the particles of 7-8 nm size.     

In‐Situ Microfluidic Study of Biphasic Nanocrystal Ligand‐Exchange Reactions Using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor

Oscillatory flow reactors provide a surface energy‐driven approach for automatically screening reaction conditions and studying reaction mechanisms of biphasic nanocrystal ligand‐exchange reactions. Sulfide and cysteine ligand‐exchange reactions with as‐synthesized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are chosen as two model reactions. Different reaction variables including the new‐ligand‐to‐QD ratio, the size of the particles, and the original ligand type are examined systematically. Based on the in situ‐obtained UV/Vis absorption spectra during the reaction, we propose two different exchange pathways for the sulfide exchange reaction.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Dechlorination of o-Chlorophenol by Nanoscale Pd／Fe

IntroductionTherehasbeenagrowinginterestintheuseofzero valentironforthetreatmentofchlorinatedor ganiccompounds(COCs)inwaterandgroundwater .Thestudieshavebeenfocusedonsuchcompoundsascarbontetrachloride ,trichloroethene ,pesticidesandtherelatedcompounds[1— 7] .Whenironisincontactwithalessreductivemetalsuchaspalladiumwhosecomplexhasbeenusedtohydrogenatenitroben zene[8] ,themetalcouplecanformgalvaniccells .ThisledtothediscoveryofaPd/Febimetalliccomplexofwhichpalladiumservesasacatalystandironasa…     

Preparation of Nanosized Metallic Particles in Polyaniline

The preparation of nanosized gold and palladium particles in polyaniline has been carried out via the reduction of AuCl(3) or Pd(NO(3))(2) by polyaniline in either aqueous media or N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). When the reduction of AuCl(3) was carried out in NMP solutions of polyaniline, the Au particles were on the order of 20 nm. The reduction of AuCl(3) or Pd(NO(3))(2) by polyaniline in the powder form in aqueous media resulted in the accumulation of the elemental Au or Pd on the surface of the polyaniline particles. Subsequent dissolution of the polyaniline in NMP resulted in metal particles of about 50 to 200 nm being dispersed in the NMP solution of polyaniline. The rate of metal salt reduction and the size of the metal particles were found to be strongly dependent on the medium used, the initial ratio of metal ions to polyaniline, and the reaction time. The polyaniline-metal particle systems were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and laser light scattering were used to determine the size of the metal particles in polyaniline. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Aqueous-phase synthesis of PAA in PVDF membrane pores for nanoparticle synthesis and dichlorobiphenyl degradation

This paper deals with bimetallic (Fe/Pd) nanoparticle synthesis inside the membrane pores and application for catalytic dechlorination of toxic organic compounds form aqueous streams. Membranes have been used as platforms for nanoparticle synthesis in order to reduce the agglomeration, encountered in solution phase synthesis which leads to a dramatic loss of reactivity. The membrane support, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was modified by in situ polymerization of acrylic acid in aqueous phase. Subsequent steps included ion exchange with Fe²⁺, reduction to Fe⁰ with sodium borohydride and Pd deposition. Various techniques, such as STEM, EDX, FTIR and permeability measurements, were used for membrane characterization and showed that bimetallic (Fe/Pd) nanoparticles with an average size of 20–30 nm have been incorporated inside of the PAA-coated membrane pores. The Fe/Pd-modified membranes showed a high reactivity toward a model compound, 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl and a strong dependence of degradation on Pd (hydrogenation catalyst) content. The use of convective flow substantially reduces the degradation time: 43% conversion of dichlorobiphenyl to biphenyl can be achieved in less than 40 s residence time. Another important aspect is the ability to regenerate and reuse the Fe/Pd bimetallic systems by washing with a solution of sodium borohydride, because the iron becomes inactivated (corroded) as the dechlorination reaction proceeds.