输电塔螺栓搭接滑移过程的数值模拟

螺孔直径一般都大于螺栓外径,因此当横向载荷超过一定数值时,螺栓连接件之间将发生相对滑动,这一过程就是螺栓滑移.在输电塔的结构分析中一般不考虑复杂的螺栓滑移,以致在煤矿采空区或冻胀区等可能导致输电塔塔基非均匀沉降的地区中,传统结构分析软件未能很好地判断出输电塔的运行状态,因此对螺栓滑移过程的准确分析是十分重要的.本研究通过有限元方法,建立输电塔角钢螺栓搭接结构的三维有限元模型,对已有的单螺栓滑移试验进行数值模拟,首次通过数值模拟成功还原已有试验的结果,并进行了搭接结构的滑移试验和模拟验证.通过数值模拟及与已有试验结果的对比,分析了影响滑移曲线的因素,并初步给出各模拟参数的取值范围.     

基于Iwan模型的接合面切向响应建模

针对工程中常见预紧力作用下的搭接接头,研究其在小幅切向位移激励时的切向位移响应问题,为此提出一种新的基于实际表面形貌和材料性能参数的滑移力密度分布函数.应用该分布函数得到搭接接头切向响应本构模型,并获得单位加载周期内的迟滞曲线和能量耗散值,通过与已出版的实验结果相对比,发现得到的模拟值与实验结果吻合,证明该模型的合理性.在此基础上利用该分布函数研究了接合面切向位移与切向力、切向接触刚度及能量耗散之间的关系,结果表明:建立的模型能很好地描述接合面间切向力与切向位移之间的关系,临界滑移力函数开始迅速上升,到达最大值后迅速收敛到零;切线力与切向位移之间表现出非线性特性,随着切向位移的增大,切向接触刚度表现出"软化"现象;初始切向刚度与法向载荷、粗糙度参数及塑性指数有关,对于确定的接触表面,法向力越大,初始切向刚度越大;初始切向刚度同样也随着塑性指数的增大而增大.     

基于Iwan模型的接合面切向响应建模

针对工程中常见预紧力作用下的搭接接头,研究其在小幅切向位移激励时的切向位移响应问题,为此提出一种新的基于实际表面形貌和材料性能参数的滑移力密度分布函数.应用该分布函数得到搭接接头切向响应本构模型,并获得单位加载周期内的迟滞曲线和能量耗散值, 通过与已出版的实验结果相对比,发现得到的模拟值与实验结果吻合, 证明该模型的合理性.在此基础上利用该分布函数研究了接合面切向位移与切向力、切向接触刚度及能量耗散之间的关系,结果表明: 建立的模型能很好地描述接合面间切向力与切向位移之间的关系,临界滑移力函数开始迅速上升, 到达最大值后迅速收敛到零;切线力与切向位移之间表现出非线性特性, 随着切向位移的增大,切向接触刚度表现出"软化"现象;初始切向刚度与法向载荷、粗糙度参数及塑性指数有关, 对于确定的接触表面,法向力越大, 初始切向刚度越大; 初始切向刚度同样也随着塑性指数的增大而增大.      

考虑界面滑移效应的组合裂纹梁弯曲解析解

将上部子梁的裂纹等效为线性扭转弹簧,考虑组合梁连接面的滑移位移,建立了以组合裂纹梁挠度和滑移位移为基本未知量的组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型．利用Laplace变换及其逆变换,给出了组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型的解析通解．在此基础上,研究了均布载荷作用下简支组合裂纹梁的弯曲变形问题,数值分析了连接面剪切刚度、裂纹深度、数目和位置等参数对组合裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响,结果表明：在裂纹处,组合裂纹梁挠度曲线存在尖点,而横截面转角曲线存在跳跃,且随着裂纹数目和深度的增加,挠度和横截面转角跳跃值增大;随着连接面剪切刚度的增加,挠度和横截面转角减小,并最终趋于定值．并且,随着组合梁跨高比的增加,连接面剪切刚度对梁挠度影响逐渐减弱．     

基于能量守恒理论的带肋钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移本构关系研究

针对钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移的劈裂破坏模式,将整个破坏过程分为未开裂的弹性阶段和带裂缝阶段。弹性阶段采用弹性厚壁圆筒模型,带裂缝阶段采用考虑混凝土软化特性的厚壁圆筒模型。基于这两种模型,研究了粘结滑移劈裂破坏过程的能量变化规律,推导出了两种模型的能量计算公式。利用能量守恒定律建立了钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移本构关系的微分方程,并通过数值积分方法得到了粘结滑移本构模型。该本构模型能够体现混凝土与钢筋材料参数和几何参数的影响,对不同形状的粘结滑移关系曲线具有较好的适应性。最后,将得到的本构关系与文献的试验结果进行对比,并分析了各参数的变化规律。     

全长锚固锚杆锚固单元力学性能实验研究

锚固单元的传力特性是影响全长锚固锚杆支护能力的重要因素。由于锚固单元界面构成复杂,本文主要考虑锚杆与粘结材料及其界面的力学特性,开展锚固单元界面剪切力学实验研究。实验结果表明,砂浆强度直接影响界面的峰值强度和剪切刚度;采用相同强度砂浆,界面的峰值强度、剪切刚度和残余剪切强度都与法向应力成正比;在相同法向应力作用下,剪切速率增加引起峰值剪切强度增大,但对残余剪切强度影响较小。依据实验剪切应力–位移曲线将锚固单元与岩石间界面的解耦过程分为“峰前–软化–滑移”三阶段,非连续变形分析方法数值模拟结果表明,加载初期的损伤主要受粘结材料抗拉强度的影响,临近峰值阶段与粘结材料张剪混合破裂相关;软化阶段和滑移阶段主要受粘结材料剪切特性和颗粒形状的影响;引入实验所获得的三线滑移模型曲线到全长锚固锚杆模型,模拟拔出数值实验结果表明较快拔出速率将影响锚杆变形能力。     

基于代理模型的箭体连接结构极值响应分析与优化

螺栓法兰连接结构在航空航天等工程领域中广泛应用,其力学性能在不同工况和装配情况下十分复杂。由于拉压刚度差异,含连接结构的箭体动力学响应呈现明显的非线性特征。因此,考虑不同连接参数及工况下的连接非线性动力学响应,对结构优化设计有着重要意义。本文针对以双线性弹簧表征螺栓法兰连接非线性的箭体等效动力学模型,基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络和响应面法分别建立其连接面处的极值响应代理模型,对比发现RBF神经网络模型在较高精度上可以实现对动响应极值的预测及分析;同时分析了不同载荷参数及刚度变化对连接结构动响应极值的影响;最后,利用RBF神经网络代理模型,开展了连接面加速度极值响应与螺栓弹簧力最小化为目标的连接结构参数优化。     

钢－混凝土组合梁非线性有限元分析

提出了部分剪力连接钢-混凝土组合梁非线性有限元分析的简化模型，该模型同时考虑了钢、混凝土材料的非线性本构关系和剪力连接件的滑移非线性对组合梁刚度和强度的影响，推导了考虑滑移的剪力连接件单元刚度矩阵。利用该模型计算了连续组合梁的极限荷载、挠度、应力以及滑移，与已有的理论计算结果和实验结果吻合，证明本方法分析钢-混凝土组合梁非线性的可靠性和实用性。     

层合板预紧螺栓搭接孔边应力分析

针对复合材料层合板预紧螺栓单板搭接和双板搭接结构,分别建立了全尺寸三维有限元模型,应用非线性接触算法模拟螺栓连接,采用Prets179预紧力单元施加螺栓预紧力.通过分析两种搭接形式在不同预紧力下的孔边应力分布,得到了预紧力与孔边拉应力以及预紧力与孔边层间应力的关系曲线.分析表明:随着螺栓预紧力增加,层合板孔边拉应力水平不断降低;双板搭接的孔边应力明显低于单板搭接的孔边应力.     

复合材料-金属毛化接头的失效预测模型

针对复合材料与金属连接的一种新型连接形式－毛化接头,建立了其在拉伸载荷作用下的失效模式与破坏载荷的宏－细观预测模型。首先根据毛刺的分布选择合适的代表体积元,建立毛刺层单胞模型,施加周期性边界条件,通过有限元分析得到毛刺层的平均刚度参数。其次,基于累积损伤理论预测毛刺层的单胞强度,分析毛刺层的失效机理。最后,将毛刺层的等效材料参数赋予接头整体模型,预测接头的抗拉强度及失效模式。预测结果与试验值吻合良好。分析结果表明,毛化接头的承载能力和失效模式与毛刺的密度高度、搭接面积等因素密切相关,通过参数设计可获得较高的承载能力。     

The influence of adhesive constitutive parameters in cohesive zone finite element models of adhesively bonded joints

The influence of adhesive parameters on the outcome of cohesive zone finite element simulations is reported. The simulations are of adhesively bonded joint configurations that are used to characterize joint performance (including the double cantilever beam, the end notch flexure, and the single lap joint). The coupon level experiments are often used individually to determine a single parameter in an adhesive constitutive model (such as a cohesive strength or toughness). In this study, the influence of strength, toughness, and other parameters are considered simultaneously in examining their effect on the finite element (FE) output for each test. In specifying input parameters, the assumed shape of the cohesive traction law is also considered. It is shown that the double cantilever beam model output is dependent primarily on one parameter, whereas the end notch flexure and single lap joint models are dependent on multiple adhesive parameters. By extension, these dependencies require consideration when mapping the results of physical experiments into a set of adhesive model inputs. It is also shown that the shape of the traction law appears insignificant to the outcome of the models. Sensitivities to input parameters are illuminated through kriging analysis of the finite element results; the parameter values are chosen via Latin hypercube sampling. Surrogate models are created and are used to quantify the sensitivities. A mapping technique is described for evaluating the output of physical tests.     

土遗址楠竹锚固界面传力过程研究

竹木锚固技术近年来被广泛应用于土遗址文物加固保护中,但其锚固界面传力机理尚不明确,严重制约着锚固技术的科学化、规模化应用.相关研究成果已经证实了合理的锚固界面粘结-滑移模型对锚固系统性能预测的重要性,本文在此基础上以楠竹-改性泥浆-夯土锚固系统为例,基于考虑完全脱粘现象的三线型粘结-滑移模型开展了锚固界面传力全过程研究.首先将锚固界面传力全过程分为6个连续阶段,分别对各阶段对应的界面应力、应变分布与演化过程进行理论解析,推导了锚杆轴向变形、界面滑移量、界面剪应力、界面剪应变等参数的封闭解,同时给出了极限锚固力与有效锚固长度的计算方法.在此基础上,通过识别载荷-位移曲线特征点对粘结-滑移模型参数进行了标定.最后采用两个土遗址原位拉拔试验对理论解析模型的合理性进行了对比验证,同时着重分析了锚固长度与锚杆轴向刚度两个因素对锚固性能的影响规律.本文提出的解析模型对存在完全脱粘现象的锚固界面传力过程分析具有广泛适用性,能够为土遗址锚固工程设计提供参考与指导.      

On flaw size and distribution in lap joints

By using adhesive as the bonding substance between metals or polymeric materials, simple structural joints can be made to bear relatively high loads. Applications have increasingly been made in substituting adhesive joints for conventional mechanical fastenings, especially in the aircraft and aerospace industries where weight is a predominant factor. In order to design a most effective adhesive-bonded joint, an understanding of the stress distribution along the joint is as important as the physical properties of the bonding agent. One of the most common and widely used adhesive joints is the single lap joint.Recent investigations using various analytical models have revealed that the cause of failure in an idealized ‘defect free’ lap joint is primarily due to the localized effect of high stress concentration at the lap ends. With the presence of flaw like defects in the adhesive layer, the load transfer from adherend to adhesive is expected to be different from the idealized joint. In addition, localized stress concentrations induced by irregular adhesive defects that may be found in practical engineering applications can further reduce fracture strength of such an imperfect joint.This paper is intended to describe an investigation into the effect of internal adhesive flaw size and distribution on the fracture behaviour of adhesive-bonded lap joints. The finite element method is used to gain a quantitative understanding of the localized shear stress distributions due to the presence of the internal flaws along the bonding layer. It is observed that the reduction in the fracture strength is relatively small when a flaw is located in the central portion of the bonding length. However, a flaw located near the lap ends of the adhesive joint can cause marked reduction in the fracture strength, due to its interaction with the high stress concentration at the lap ends.     

Constitutive model for plastic deformation of nanocrystalline materials with shear band

A phase mixture model was used to study the plastic deformation behaviors in hardening stage of nanocrystalline materials. The material was considered as a composite of grain interior phase and grain boundary (GB) phase. The constitutive equations of the two phases were determined in term of their main deformation mechanisms. In softening stage, a shear band deformation mechanism was presented and the corresponding constitutive relation was established. Numerical simulations have shown that the predications fit well with experimental data. The investigation using the finite-element method (FEM) provided a direct insight into quantifying shear localization effect in nanocrystalline materials.     

高锁螺栓连接件动态拉伸响应与失效机理

飞机坠撞过程中结构的变形模式和吸能对乘员保护具有重要意义，而连接结构的载荷传递和失效形式是影响飞机结构变形的重要因素之一。为了获取航空高锁螺栓连接件在坠撞载荷下的动态响应和失效机理，基于抗剪型平头高锁螺栓设计了2种材料（2024-T3和7050-T7451）的单钉单搭接连接件，利用高速液压伺服材料试验机进行4种速度（0.01、0.10、1.00和3.00 m/s）下的拉伸测试，得到连接件的动态响应、极限载荷、能量吸收和失效模式随速度的变化规律，并分析了连接件的失效机理。结果表明，连接件的失效模式受母材和高锁螺栓/螺母材料强度影响较大，而受加载速度影响较小；当速度从0.01 m/s增加到3.00 m/s时，2024-T3连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了2.17%和34.43%，7050-T7451连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了5.53%和6.58%。     

Combined numerical simulation and nanoindentation for determining mechanical properties of single crystal copper at mesoscale

Constitutive laws are critical in the investigation of mechanical behavior of single crystal or polycrystalline materials in applications spanning from microscale to macroscale. In this investigation, a combined FEM simulation and experimental nanoindentation approach was taken to determine the mechanical behavior of single crystal copper incorporating the mesoplastic constitutive model. This model was implemented in a user-defined subroutine in 3D ABAQUS/Explicit code. Nanoindentation was modeled using the multiscale modeling technique involving mesoplasticity and elasticity, i.e., mesoplastic constitutive model was used near the local nanoindentation region (where the dislocations are generated) while elastic constitutive model was used in rest of the region in the workmaterial. The meso-mechanical behavior of the crystalline structure and the effect of the mesoplastic parameters on the nanoindentation load-displacement relationships were investigated in the FEM analysis. Nanoindentation tests were conducted on single crystal copper to determine load-displacement relationships. Appropriate mesoplastic parameters were determined by fitting the simulated load-displacement curves to the experimental data. The mesoplastic model, with appropriate parameters, was then used to determine the stress-strain relationship of a single crystal copper at meso-scale. The effect of indenter radius (3.4-) on material hardness under nanoindentation was simulated and found to match the experimental data for several indenter radii (3.4, 10 and ). A comparison of the topographies of nanoindentation impressions in the experiments with FEM results showed a reasonably good agreement.     

胶层吸湿对单搭接接头影响的数值模拟

在建立胶桔剂吸涅本构模型的基础上,用弹塑性有限元法研究了聚丙烯酸酯胶层吸涅程度对单搭接接头上胶层中应力分布的影响.结果表明:随着胶层吸湿程度增加,单搭接接头上胶瘤处的峰值应力显著降低.对水分从搭接区两侧渗入胶层的总宽度变化时胶层中的应力分布作了研究,发现随渗入总宽度的增加,胶层中的等效应力Seqv峰值下降.因水分渗入后引起胶层溶胀,在胶瘤过渡到中间胶层的拐角处会产生严重变形,可能导致该处发生脱粘.     

An empirical statistical constitutive relationship for rock joint shearing considering scale effect

The scale effect of rock joint shearing is of great significance in rock engineering. Most existing shear constitutive models could describe the pre- and post-peak deformation of rock joints, but only in one particular scale, that is, those existing models will fail to depict the rock joint shearing in different length scales. Therefore, this study aims to establish a constitutive relationship for rock joints with considering the scale effect. Based on the assumption of a random statistical distribution of rock material strength and statistical mesoscopic damage theory, damage variables are defined as the ratio of the number of damaged elements to the total number in the shear process. Together with the nonlinear relationship between the microelement failure and the joint scale, an empirical statistical constitutive relationship for joint is established. And then, the determination method of constitutive relationship parameters and the variation laws with the scale are discussed. Results show that the predicted results of the proposed empirical relationship not only agree well with the experimental results but also fully describe nonlinear deformation, pre-peak softening, post-peak softening, residual stage, and other mechanical properties of the shear deformation of joint with different dimensions, thereby demonstrating the rationality of the constitutive relationship. The physical meaning of the constitutive relationship parameters is clear, and the expressions of the constitutive relationship parameters can be deduced from the experimental results. In addition, the influence of scale effect on the shear deformation of rock joints can be quantified using parameters, which help accurately describe the action form of scale effect.     

周期激励下单搭接接头强度与振动特性研究

主要研究汽车轻量化粘接结构在周期性振动载荷激励下强度与振动属性的改变。首先,利用实验手段,研究了振动载荷对单搭接接头疲劳特性的影响,分析了疲劳后接头的强度及模态频率的变化;其次,通过仿真分析方法,建立了基于经典双线性内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model)的单搭接接头静态及动态仿真模型,对胶接接头的模态频率、振型及加载开裂过程中胶层单元失效扩展进行模拟,与此同时,探讨了疲劳载荷对胶层内聚力模型的弱化效应。最后,利用SEM电镜分析手段,从微观上分析了粘接接头疲劳损伤及断裂机理。     

土遗址楠竹锚固界面力学行为与传力机理研究

楠竹锚固技术是处理纵向裂隙引起的大型土遗址稳定问题的重要手段,但此类锚固系统传力机理尚不明确,成为制约其科学化、规模化应用的瓶颈。通过现场拉拔试验研究锚固界面力学行为,将识别出的完全脱粘现象通过摩擦段后的零剪应力段进行表征,建立适用于此类锚固界面的修正三线型粘结-滑移模型。在此基础上,提出基于ANSYS中非线性弹簧单元的锚固界面力学行为数值模拟方法,系统研究锚固系统传力机理。最后,通过与试验结果的对比验证了该模拟方法的可靠性。结果表明：锚杆/浆体界面的滑移失效是锚固系统破坏的主要原因,此类界面微段的受力过程可分为弹性、软化、摩擦和完全脱粘四个阶段,随荷载增加锚固界面高应力区逐渐由加载端向锚固端转移,界面进入完全脱粘阶段后剪应力趋近于零,极限锚固力和有效锚固长度均存在临界值;第一锚固界面传递至第二锚固界面的剪应力非常有限,遗址土体应力处于较低水平。研究结果能够为基于“安全第一,最小干预”原则的土遗址文物锚固优化设计提供参考。