Numerical tests of a new molecule-dependent momentum transport equation

It is shown that a new incompressible fluid equation is obtained by inclusion of a new dimensionless coupling parameter in the momentum transport equation derived in [L. Jirkovsky, L. Bo-ot, Momentum transport equation for the fluids using projection-perturbation formalism and onset of turbulence, Physica A 352 (2005) 241-251] from the Boltzmann kinetic equation where the Boltzmann collision integral includes inelastic interactions of quantum origin among the particles of the fluid. Numerical results from the equation for the plane and circular Poiseuille flows are consistent with the observations. The numerical tests also manifest a difference in the onset of turbulence between the flat plates and the circular pipe flow systems. Although all obtained velocity profiles are flattened at the center-a feature of turbulence-the results demonstrate greater stability of the velocity profiles in the circular pipe flow.     

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension and its application to the channel flow

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension is developed by deriving the equations of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate with the additional term of fibers.In order to close the above equations,the equation of probability distribution function for mean fiber orientation is also derived.The theoretical model is applied to the turbulent channel flow and the corresponding equations are solved numerically.The numerical results are verified by comparisons with the experimental ones.The effects of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and fiber aspect-ratio on the velocity profile,turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate are analyzed.Based on the numerical data,the expression for the velocity profile in the turbulent fiber suspension channel flow,which includes the effect of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and aspect-ratio,is proposed.     

湍流理论的近代发展

这篇论文的内容是关於不可压缩流体的湍流理论近代发展的综合性介绍舆分析。我们首先评述了根据Reynolds的平均运动方程所建立的混合长度理论。其次,分析关於均匀各向同性湍流的主要理论工作。第三,讨论了运用Reynolds的平均运动方程和根据速度涨落方程求得的速度关联函数的动力学方程来处理具有Reynolds剪应力的普通湍流运动问题。同时说明这个方法虽然能够给出比混合长度理论舆实验较为接近的理论结果并能提出速度涨落平方平均值的理论分布,但是由於在求出的速度关联的动力学方程中出现高次元的速度关联,它继续地导致不封闭的微分方程组因而遇到不易克服的困难。因此,从以上湍流理论发展的回顾和最近关於均匀各向同性湍流在后期衰变运动的涡性结构工作,我们在最后提出了对今后湍流理论研究工作的新看法:湍流运动的基本组成部分是流体粘性作用所引起的涡旋运动;这个涡旋运动的动力学根据是用平均的方法后Navier-Stokes方程所导出的Reyonlds的平均运动方程典带度涨落方程。我们并着重说明Reynolds认识到湍流运动可分作平均运动与涨落运动的重要性。今后的理论工作则在於求这两组动力学方程的涡旋运动解,而这种类型的解并须满足像Колмогоров在高Reynolds数运动的局部各向同性湍流理论中所提出的统计条件,方能使解满足惟一性并可舆实验结果相比较。     

Stochastic least-action principle for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation

We formulate a stochastic least-action principle for solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation, which formally reduces to Hamilton’s principle for the incompressible Euler solutions in the case of zero viscosity. We use this principle to give a new derivation of a stochastic Kelvin Theorem for the Navier-Stokes equation, recently established by Constantin and Iyer, which shows that this stochastic conservation law arises from particle-relabelling symmetry of the action. We discuss issues of irreversibility, energy dissipation, and the inviscid limit of Navier-Stokes solutions in the framework of the stochastic variational principle. In particular, we discuss the connection of the stochastic Kelvin Theorem with our previous “martingale hypothesis” for fluid circulations in turbulent solutions of the incompressible Euler equations.     

Curvature Effect on Compressible Turbulent Flow over a Wavy Wall

A fully developed compressible turbulent flow in a channel with a lower wavy wall and a upper plane wall is studied using large eddy simulation. We mainly attempt to deal with the curvature effect on compressible turbulent flow over the wavy wall. Some typical quantities including the mean turbulence statistics, dilatation and baroclinic terms in the enstrophy equation, turbulent kinetic energy budgets and the near-wall turbulent structures are analysed. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the effects of curvature and compressibility on wall-bounded compressible turbulent flow.     

Understanding the sub-critical transition to turbulence in wall flows

In contrast with free shear flows presenting velocity profiles with inflection points which cascade to turbulence in a relatively mild way, wall bounded flows are deprived of (inertial) instability modes at low Reynolds numbers and become turbulent in a much wilder way, most often marked by the coexistence of laminar and turbulent domains at intermediate Reynolds numbers, well below the range where (viscous) instabilities can show up. There can even be no unstable mode at all, as for plane Couette flow (pCf) or for Poiseuille pipe flow (Ppf) that are currently the subject of intense research. Though the mechanisms involved in the transition to turbulence in wall flows are now better understood, statistical properties of the transition itself are yet unsatisfactorily assessed. A widely accepted interpretation rests on non-trivial solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in the form of unstable travelling waves and on transient chaotic states associated to chaotic repellors. Whether these concepts typical of the theory of temporal chaos are really appropriate is yet unclear owing to the fact that, strictly speaking, they apply when confinement in physical space is effective while the physical systems considered are rather extended in at least one space direction, so that spatiotemporal behaviour cannot be ruled out in the transitional regime. The case of pCf will be examined in this perspective through numerical simulations of a model with reduced cross-stream (y) dependence, focusing on the in-plane (x, z) space dependence of a few velocity amplitudes. In the large aspect-ratio limit, the transition to turbulence takes place via spatiotemporal intermittency and we shall attempt to make a connection with the theory of first-order (thermodynamic) phase transitions, as suggested long ago by Pomeau.      

On primitive variable behaviour near shocks in ensemble-averaged methods

Models for averaged shock corrugation effects and the impact of turbulent entropy or acoustic modes on the energy equation are presented, for application in Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes(RANS) simulations of shock-turbulence interactions. Unlike previous work that has focused the modification of turbulent statistics by the shock, the proposed models are introduced to capture the effects of the turbulence on the profiles of primitive variables - mean density, velocity, and pressure. By producing accurate profiles for the primitive variables, it is shown that the proposed models improve numerical convergence behaviour with mesh refinement about a shock, and introduce the physical effects of shock asphericity in a converging shock geometry. These effects are achieved by local closures to turbulent statistics in the averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and can be applied in conjunction with existing Reynolds stress closures that have been constructed for broader applications beyond shock-turbulence interactions.     

A computational study of the effect of windscreen shape and flow resistivity on turbulent wind noise reduction

In this paper, numerical simulations are used to study the turbulent wind noise reduction effect of microphone windscreens with varying shapes and flow resistivities. Typical windscreen shapes consisting of circular, elliptical, and rectangular cylinders are investigated. A turbulent environment is generated by placing a solid circular cylinder upstream of the microphone. An immersed-boundary method with a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme is implemented to enhance the simulation accuracy for high-Reynolds number flow around the solid cylinder as well as at the interface between the open air and the porous material comprising the windscreen. The Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow are solved in the open air. For the flow inside the porous material, a modified form of the Zwikker-Kosten equation is solved. The results show that, on average, the circular and horizontal ellipse windscreens have similar overall wind noise reduction performance, while the horizontal ellipse windscreen with medium flow resistivity provides the most effective wind noise reduction among all the considered cases. The vertical ellipse windscreen with high flow resistivity, in particular, increases the wind noise because of increased self-generation of turbulence.     

Use of Lagrangian statistics for the analysis of the scale separation hypothesis in turbulent channel flow

Turbulence models often involve Reynolds averaging, with a closure providing the Reynolds stress tensor as function of mean velocity gradients, through a turbulence constitutive equation. The main limitation of this linear closure is that it rests on an analogy with kinetic theory. For this analogy to be valid there has to be a scale separation between the mean velocity variations and the turbulent Lagrangian free path whose mean value is the turbulent mixing length. The aim of this work is to better understand this hypothesis from a microscopic point of view. Therefore, fluid elements are tracked in a turbulent channel flow. The flow is resolved by direct numerical simulation (DNS). Statistics on particle trajectories ending on a certain distance y₀ from the wall are computed, leading to estimations of the turbulent mixing length scale and the Knudsen number. Comparing the computed values to the Knudsen number in the case of scale separation, we may know in which region of the flow and to what extent the turbulence constitutive equation is not verified. Finally, a new non-local formulation for predicting the Reynolds stress is proposed.     

On the convection of a passive scalar by a turbulent Gaussian velocity field

Through the use of the Novikov-Furutsu formula for Gaussian processes an equation is obtained for the diffusion of the ensemble average of a passive scalar in an incompressible turbulent velocity field in terms of the two-point, two-time correlator of this field. The equation is valid for turbulence which is not necessarily homogeneous or stationary and thus generalizes previous work.     

非结构网格上的B-B单方程模型湍流计算

研究如何在非结构网格上进行Navier Stokes(N-S)方程湍流计算.采用格心有限体积方法离散N-S方程.为了适应非结构网格,计算所用的湍流模型特别选用Baldwin Barth(B-B)单方程模型.此模型由一个单一的具有源项的对流扩散方程组成.为了能在非结构网格上求解B B单方程模型,提出一显式有限体积格式,并直接对带源项的格式进行稳定性分析,得到了相应的时间步长限制条件.最后以平板、RAE 2822翼型、多段翼型绕流等数值算例验证了计算方法的有效性.     

Magnetohydrodynamic plane Couette flow of an elasto-viscous fluid

Summary Using the Laplace transform, an analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation is obtained for a two-dimensional incompressible elasto-viscous fluid past between two infinite parallel walls. It is assumed that the lower wall is moving with velocity which is a function of any given free stream velocity. As an application of the solution, two cases for the stream velocity are studied.     

不可压湍流的控制方程

使用侧偏统计平均方法理性推导了不可压湍流的封闭方程组．侧偏统计平均提供了湍流脉动量的一阶统计信息，在引入加权漂移速度对称性及正交各向异性后，使用动量传输链概念模化封闭了整个方程组．方程组不含任何经验系数，不使用壁面函数，保留了ＮＳ方程的均化的非线性特性．其级数形式的能量方程与非线性现象多尺度层次现象相对应，具备了描述湍流统计平均流动及拟序结构流动的双重功能．用平面射流，圆射流，层流－湍流转捩及后向台阶流等算例初步验证了方程对真实湍流的适定性．     

Intermittent distribution of inertial particles in turbulent flows

We consider inertial particles suspended in an incompressible turbulent flow. Because of particles' inertia their flow is compressible, which leads to fluctuations of concentration significant for heavy particles. We show that the statistics of these fluctuations is independent of details of the velocity statistics, which allows us to predict that the particles cluster on the viscous scale of turbulence and describe the probability distribution of concentration fluctuations. We discuss the possible role of the clustering in the physics of atmospheric aerosols, in particular, in cloud formation.     

Functional integrals in the statistical theory of turbulence and the burgers model equation

The functional integrals appearing in master equations for turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid and for the Burgers model equation are treated. A possible way is described to define the integration properly and related problems are discussed. For the simple example of the Burgers model equation of turbulence some results are presented.     

Rotation effect on near-wall turbulence statistics and flow structures

Turbulent flow in an axially rotating pipe, involving complicated physical mecha- nism of turbulence, is a typical problem for the study of rotating turbulent flow. The pipe rotation induces two effects on the flow. One is the stabilizing effect due to the centrifu- gal and Coriolis forces, which accounts for the relaminarization of the turbulence[1—3] and the reduction of the friction coefficient at the pipe wall. The behavior is also related to the wall streaks inclining to the azimuthal di…     

Modélisation de la décharge luminescente dans un écoulement de gaz en régime turbulent

In this paper we propose a model of a glow discharge in a turbulent flow. The electron density is calculated using a conservation equation. We assume that the gas glow acts on the electron density and the Shwartz model is used to model the change of diffusivity due to turbulence. In order to show the effects of the turbulence on the electron density, we use a 1D model of a stable electric discharge in to a turbulent flow. The model shows that the increase in turbulent diffusivity at high Reynolds numbers tends to flatten the electron density profiles. Theoretical results are in good agreement with the reported measures. Next, the model was applied to a 2D argon axisymmetric turbulent compressible steady flow. This study shows that when plasma oscillations and turbulence fluctuations of the neutral gas are correlated the temperature profile flattens. Finally, we study electronic distribution into a 3D plasma column in a dissymmetrical flow.     

Surrogate Navier-Stokes-Burgers model for simulation of inhomogeneous turbulence by large-scale eddies

A model of parallel noninteracting cascades in the spectral space is suggested in terms of which the turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid subject to arbitrary large-scale velocity gradients is described. The linear parts of model equations for two polarization components of the velocity are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, and their nonlinear parts correspond to the 1D Burgers model. Using the model suggested, explicit expressions for subgrid Reynolds stresses without empiric parameters are obtained.     

On mean flow universality of turbulent wall flows. II. Asymptotic flow analysis

Understanding of the structure of turbulent flows at extreme Reynolds numbers (Re) is relevant because of several reasons: almost all turbulence theories are only valid in the high Re limit, and most turbulent flows of practical relevance are characterized by very high Re. Specific questions about wall-bounded turbulent flows at extreme Re concern the asymptotic laws of the mean velocity and turbulence statistics, their universality, the convergence of statistics towards their asymptotic profiles, and the overall physical flow organization. In extension of recent studies focusing on the mean flow at moderate and relatively high Re, the latter questions are addressed with respect to three canonical wall-bounded flows (channel flow, pipe flow, and the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer). Main results reported here are the asymptotic logarithmic law for the mean velocity and corresponding scale-separation laws for bulk flow properties, the Reynolds shear stress, the turbulence production and turbulent viscosity. A scaling analysis indicates that the establishment of a self-similar turbulence state is the condition for the development of a strict logarithmic velocity profile. The resulting overall physical flow structure at extreme Re is discussed.