On‐chip silicon 8‐channel hybrid (de)multiplexer enabling simultaneous mode‐ and polarization‐division‐multiplexing

An 8‐channel hybrid (de)multiplexer to simultaneously achieve mode‐ and polarization‐division‐(de)multiplexing is proposed and demonstrated experimentally on a silicon‐on‐insulator platform to improve the link capacity of an on‐chip optical interconnect. The present hybrid (de)multiplexer has four channels for each polarization. A polarization beam splitter based on a three‐waveguide coupler is used to combine/separate the fundamental modes of TE‐ and TM‐polarizations (TE₀ and TM₀). Six asymmetric directional couplers are cascaded for (de)multiplexing the high‐order modes (TE₁, TE₂, TE₃, TM₁, TM₂, and TM₃). The experimental results show all eight channels have low loss and low crosstalk (<−10 dB) over a ∼ 30 nm wavelength range.     

Dual-core leaky optical waveguide as an integrated-optic polarizer

We present a design of a dual-core leaky waveguide that can be used as an integrated-optic polarizer. The proposed polarizer works on the principle of mode filtering. The structure is characterized by two cores, namely core-1 and core-2 and a high index layer in the upper-most region, such a structure supports leaky modes. The leakage losses of the modes have been calculated by using the transfer matrix method (TMM). Single polarization operation is ensured by high differential leakage loss between fundamental TE and TM modes. We show TE-pass operation with 0.5 dB/mm loss in TE₀ mode and 13 dB/mm loss in TM₀ mode, and TM-pass operation with 0.36 dB/mm loss in TM₀ mode and 7.45 dB/mm loss in TE₀ mode. Besides single-polarization operation, single-mode operation of the structure is ensured by high leakage loss of all the other higher-order modes.     

非对称型Kerr类介质膜漏波导中的非线性导波

本文研究了特定边界条件下非对称型Kerr类介质膜漏波导中TE₀光波的传播特性。计算结果表明,介质膜厚存在一临界值。临界值之上没有导波存在,临界值之下能同时存在强场TE₀模和弱场TE₀模,它们具有不同的传播波数。这两个模的膜内传播功率、场强峰值位置随膜厚和光场频率的变化各不相同,色散关系也有极大差别。在对称极限之下,弱场TE₀模的色散为零。 关键词：     

A partially reflecting metal cladding: its effect on the modes of dielectric optical waveguides

If the metal cladding of a dielectric optical waveguide is sufficiently thin to be only partially reflecting, then the waveguide modes differ from those of the conventional metal-clad waveguide. The TE modes are little affected by a variation in the metal thickness but the TM modes change considerably due to a coupling between the waveguide modes and the surface plasma waves supported by both the metal: dielectric interfaces and the metal film. It is the refractive index of the dielectric cladding which is remote from the guiding core that determines whether the lowest order TM mode is the TM₀ or TM₁ mode. This dielectric cladding also strongly influences the attenuation of the TM modes and, if the guide supports a TM₀ mode, then the attenuation of the TM modes far from cut-off are an order of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding modes when the guide cannot support a TM₀ mode. If the guide can support a TM₀ mode then its dimensions can be chosen such that it will support the TE_N and TM_N modes with equal phase velocities. A lossless approximation is used to develop an expression which will specify the required guide dimensions directly and parametric plots of these dimensions are discussed.     

双微波源共轴辐射馈线结构的设计

设计了一种将两个不同波段微波源输出微波馈向同一个馈源喇叭的双波段馈线结构。该结构不仅对两个微波源输出的TM01模进行了有效的模式转换,而且实现了两个波段的微波共用辐射天线。采用双弯曲圆波导模式转换器实现高频段微波源输出微波的模式转换和轴线的定量平移;采用中间模式为矩形波导TE10模的圆波导TM01模-同轴波导TE11模的模式转换器,实现低频段微波源输出微波的模式转换及与高频段微波源输出微波的共轴输出。数值仿真结果验证了设计思路的正确性。     

The optical properties of planar waveguides in LiB3O5 crystals formed by Cu implantation

A planar optical waveguide has been formed in a LiB₃O₅ crystal using 6.0 MeV Cu⁺-ions with a dose of 1 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm² at room temperature. Possible propagating modes were measured at a wavelength of 633 nm using the prism-coupling method. The refractive index profiles of the waveguide were reconstructed by an effective refractive index method and the beam propagation method was used to investigate the properties of the propagation modes in the formed waveguide. The results suggest that the fundamental TE₀ and TM₀ modes may be well-confined and propagate a longer distance inside the waveguide. The implantation process was also simulated using the transport of ions in matter code (TRIM), which indicates that the nuclear energy deposition may be the main factor for the refractive index change.     

Mode theory of three-layer cylindrical waveguides and its application to aurum(Au)/polystyrene(PS)-coated terahertz hollow waveguides

In this paper, we present a generic mode theory for the three-layer cylindrical waveguides consisting of three arbitrary material mediums. Based on derived eigenvalue equations of the TE, TM, and hybrid modes, the mode conditions of metal/dielectric-coated terahertz hollow waveguides are extracted. In addition, we quantitatively describe both the effective refractive indexes and the loss characteristics of the aurum/polystyrene-coated terahertz hollow waveguides operating at the TE₀₁, TM₀₁, and HE₁₁ modes. It is indicated that the loss coefficient of the TE₀₁ mode can be much lower than that of the TM₀₁, and HE₁₁ modes, and, especially, can tend to that of the terahertz wave in air. So the TE₀₁ mode is very significant for the hollow waveguides in term of low loss propagating of the terahertz wave. We expect these results to enable a variety of new long-distance THz applications in sensing, detecting and communicating.     

对称单负介质包层平面波导的模式特征

系统研究了负μ材料(MNG)作为包层的对称三层平板波导的传输特性. 研究发现,这种波导既支持快波的传播,又支持TE₀,TE₁模式的慢波传输. 其模式特性不同于左手介质波导和传统介质波导,导模存在的模折射率范围要比它们的大. MNG波导的TE₀快波模缺失,且TE_m模(m>1)的传播常数大于TM_m模的传播常数. TE_m模具有双模特征,且与波导的结构参数密切相关,导致波导中的净能流出现负值. 关键词： 单负介质 平板波导 快波与慢波 传播常数     

Influence of two-dimensional bragg diffraction on the competition of the waveguide TE<Subscript>0</Subscript> and TM<Subscript>0</Subscript> modes during formation of spontaneous gratings in AgCl-Ag thin films

An intricate space-time instability of patterns of small-angle scattering and diffraction of a laser beam on the structures appearing in AgCl-Ag films under exposure to the same beam is investigated. The instability is related to the formation of spontaneous gratings in the film resulting from the interference of the incident beam with the waveguide modes scattered in the film. The existence of a two-dimensional Bragg diffraction on the TE₀ and TM₀ modes with subsequent formation of secondary spontaneous gratings is revealed and is theoretically substantiated. It is established that the difference in the indicatrices of the radiation scattered into the TE₀ and TM₀ modes for the s-and p-polarizations manifests itself in different kinds of diffraction and small-angle scattering patterns at the output of illuminated samples.     

X波段过模弯曲圆波导TM01-HE11模式变换器研究

在波束波导和反射面天线的馈源应用中, 为了产生低副瓣且方向图等化的高斯波束, 需要将高功率微波转换为准高斯模HE₁₁模辐射. 本文利用弯曲圆波导可同时从TM₀₁模产生TE₁₁模和TM₁₁模的原理, 提出了采用双弯曲过模圆波导结构直接将TM₀₁转换为HE₁₁的模式变换器, 避免了常规微波领域中首先将TM₀₁转换为TE₁₁再用波纹式或半径渐变式TE₁₁-HE₁₁转换器转换为准高斯波束功率容量不足或尺寸过长的不足. 基于模式耦合理论和Taguchi优化算法对模式变换器的弯曲半径、相移直端长度及引入位置进行了优化, 使输出的TE₁₁和TM₁₁成一定比率, 以组成HE₁₁模式, 并对设计的模式变换器进行了全电磁波仿真分析, 结果表明输出波束的标量高斯含量在9.05–9.8 GHz范围内均高于99%, 理论功率容量可达4.5 GW. 关键词： 高功率微波 模式耦合理论 Taguchi优化算法 模式变换器     

A nonlinear dynamic effect of formation of photo-induced periodic structures in waveguiding As<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Ag thin films

A nonlinear effect of spatiotemporal transformations of a focused linearly polarized Gaussian beam of a He-Ne laser obliquely incident (S and P polarizations) upon an As₂S₃-Ag film containing a small amount of chlorine and deposited onto a glass substrate is found and interpreted. The effect consists in the appearance, in the process of exposure, of beams diffracted and anisotropically scattered by periodic structures arising due to excitation of the waveguide TE₀ and TM₀ modes in the film. The diffraction measurements of the effective refractive indices for the TE₀ and TM₀ modes make it possible to calculate the refractive index and the thickness of the film from dispersion equations. Along with slow evolution of the diffraction and scattering patterns, we have found a persistent optical turbulence in the fringes of scattering from the structures related to excitation of the TE₀ modes. It is suggested that the turbulence is an indication of existence of reversible processes in the mechanism of photosensitivity.     

X波段高功率微波TE11模圆极化器

 基于圆波导TE₁₁模的模式简并特性和微波在椭圆波导中传输两个正交TE11模式相速不同的性质,研制了一种带有椭圆波导结构的圆波导TE₁₁模圆极化器。该圆极化器通过圆波导到椭圆波导的过渡段,将输入的线极化TE₁₁模式分成两个等幅、正交的TE₁₁模,然后调整椭圆波导长度,使得两个正交的TE₁₁模式的相位差为90°,实现了TE₁₁模式微波线极化到圆极化的转换。利用时域有限差分软件优化设计了该圆极化器,并按照优化的结构尺寸加工了一套实验装置进行了实验测试,测试结果表明：在工作频率9～10 GHz范围内,该圆极化器轴比小于1 dB,驻波比小于1.1,且功率容量大于1.6 GW。     

Compact HE11 to surface wave converters for high power waveguide dummy loads

The HE₁₁ mode in corrugated circular waveguide can be converted to the EH₁₁ mode (surface wave) by a short, smooth-waveguide phase shift section followed by a short corrugation depth taper. Low-power measurements at 110 GHz in 1.25 in. aluminum waveguide demonstrated approximately 99% conversion with the proper phase shift length. As expected, the conversion efficiency versus length of the phase shifter varied periodically with the period of the TE₁₁ to TM₁₁ beat wavelength. Since the EH₁₁ surface wave is highly attenuated, this type of converter can be used effectively in a compact high-power dummy load.     

高功率微波在等离子体填充波导中的谐波产生

采用等离子体流体理论，研究了高功率微波在等离子体填充波导中的谐波产生，导出了非线性波动方程. 对二次谐波产生进行了数值计算与分析. 理论分析和数值计算表明，高功率微波将在等离子体填充波导中激发起谐波，TE_0n模式与TM_0n模式的基波都将激发起TM类型的谐波. 关键词： 高功率微波 谐波产生 等离子体填充波导     

Reduced depth polarizer for integrated optics

Taking advantage of the different cut-off thickness of the two fundamental modes in an optical waveguide, a polarizing structure has been realized. It consists of a narrow stripe (∼100 μm) of reduced diffusion depth in an ion-exchanged waveguide. The TE₀-mode passes the polarizer with negligible losses, whereas the TM₀-mode is forced to couple out into the substrate. The extinction ratio is better than −16 dB.     

Analysis of dispersion characteristics for a circular dielectric waveguide with periodic metallic strips by using the method of lines

The dispersion characteristics of circular dielectric waveguide with periodic metallic strips are analyzed by the method of lines. The filter property of the metallic strip loaded structure is carefully investigated for both TE and TM modes. The brillioum diagrams for both TE₀₁ and TM₀₁ modes are given. A comparison is made between the results obtained by Galerkin's method and those calculated with the method of lines, and very good agreement has been found; the accuracy of the present method is thus justified. On the basis of the analysis, some useful guidelines for the design of the bandreject filters are suggested.     

基于二维结构薄膜的偏振选择相位光栅的研究

利用二维结构薄膜构建了具有偏振选择特性的新型相位光栅,借助严格耦合波分析(RCWA)方法计算了光栅各级衍射强度随入射光波长及入射角的变化,发现在垂直入射情况下,波长600—640 nm范围内,相位光栅对横向电学(TE)模主要产生0级衍射,而对横向磁学(TM)模产生±1级衍射,在波长633nm处,0级衍射光的偏振消光比为109.8,±1级衍射光的偏振消光比为334.6.利用时域有限差分方法对这种相位光栅的偏振分束现象进行了模拟,偏振分离角在玻璃基板内可以达到10°左右,最后模拟了入射角为23°时光栅对不同偏     

Acoustooptic and electrooptic guided wave conversion to leaky waves in an anisotropic optical waveguide

The possibility of effective acoustooptic and electrooptic guided wave conversion to leaky waves in an optical waveguide is shown experimentally. Conversion efficiency was 2.3% in an acoustic power of 24 mW for a TM₁?TE₁ process.     

Mode selective directional couplers for overmoded waveguide systems

Two types of directional couplers for transverse electric (TE) modes are described: short and multihole couplers, respectively. They selectively pick one mode out of a mode mixture in an overmoded circular waveguide system. Unwanted modes are either statistically kept at low level or are suppressed by destructive interference in the coupling waveguide. Mode selectivity and directivity in multihole couplers oscillate up and down with an increasing number of holes, finally reaching a minimum of approximately 20 dB, unless there are competing modes with rational fractions of the beat wavelength. A multihole coupler for the TE₀₂ mode (28 GHz, 63.4 mm waveguide diameter, 41 holes) and a length of 1.6 m shows a calculated directivity of 68 dB and suppresses the unwanted modes TE₀₁ with 34 dB (24 dB), TE₂₂ with 37 dB (45 dB), and further modes TE_m (<5, m<6) with 17 dB to 34 dB in forward direction (figures in parentheses are for unwanted modes propagating in backward direction).A short directional coupler for the TE₀₁ mode (28 GHz, 63.4 mm waveguide diameter) with 16 holes and a length of 230 mm shows a directivity of 55 to 100 dB between 27.9 and 28.1 GHz, suppressing the TE₀₂ mode with 35 to 80 dB, the TE₀₃ mode with 30 to 65 dB, and the TE₂₂ mode with 30 to 70 dB.     

Guided modes in slab waveguides with a left handed material cover or substrate

We study guided modes propagating along a dielectric slab waveguide with a left handed material (LHM) cover or substrate. The dispersion relation is derived by using normalized waveguide parameters. An analytical method is then proposed to calculate the universal dispersion curves. Different from a slab waveguide with a LHM core, we find that guidance properties are strongly dependent on dielectric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ of the substrate and cover layers. For oscillating guided modes, fundamental zero order mode is not always absence, sometimes it exists in a restricted range of normalized propagation constant. First order mode behaves as other higher order modes and exists up to infinite high frequency. Higher order modes have no double degeneracy in the case of LHM cover layer. For surface guided modes, the existence and the type of the mode solutions with respect to different parameters are classified systematically and discussed in detail. Unlike a slab waveguide with a LHM core where the dispersion curve of TE₁ surface mode continues with that of oscillating TE₁ mode, the dispersion curve of TE₁ surface mode continues with that of oscillating TE₀ mode. It seems that the two different kinds of modes compensate each other to form one whole mode. Both TE and TM guided modes are discussed.