Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration path in turbid media

A new method of Monte Carlo simulation is developed to simulate the photon migration path in a scattering medium after an ultrashort-pulse laser beam comes into the medium.The most probable trajectory of photons at an instant can be obtained with this method.How the photon migration paths are affected by the optical parameters of the scattering medium is analyzed.It is also concluded that the absorption coefficient has no effect on the most probable trajectory of photons.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的散射介质中后向光散射模型及分析应用

构建了内光源模型探讨散射介质中的光散射现象,利用蒙特卡罗方法研究了逃逸出组织的后向散射光子数随光子在组织内部发生的散射次数的分布关系,探讨了光源照明方式、辐射强度、接收方式、调制等参数的变化对后向散射的影响,结果表明后向散射光子的数量随散射次数的分布并非简单的单调递增或递减,而是一条先增大后减小出现峰值的曲线. 峰值位置、峰值大小及曲线形状与光源、探测方式、组织光学特性参数等有关. 关键词： 医用光学与生物技术 散射介质 后向散射 蒙特卡罗模拟     

Spatially distributed two-photon excitation fluorescence in scattering media: Experiments and time-resolved Monte Carlo simulations

We report on measurements and Monte Carlo analysis of the spatial distribution of light in two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy operating through scattering media. The axial profile of TPEF produced by a high numerical aperture microscope objective focusing through a tissue-like optical phantom at depths more than five photon mean-scattering lengths is studied. The measured profile is quantitatively interpreted with time-resolved Monte Carlo simulations that take into account the spatio-temporal distribution of the photons within the turbid medium under a femtosecond excitation regime. It is shown that considering only the ballistic photons leads to an under-estimation of the actual out-of-focus distribution of the fluorescence, whereas it is over-estimated when the ballistic and scattered photons are treated alike. Comparison of the in-focus signal to the overall out-of-focus background clearly pointed out that the signal-to-background ratio of TPEF microscopy images benefits from a shortening of the excitation pulses. Moreover, in homogeneously labeled specimen, the background is shown to overcome the signal at imaging depths of about five to six photon mean-scattering paths.     

Monte Carlo simulation of photon densities inside the dermis in LLLT (low level laser therapy)

In this work, the photon distribution of He:Ne laser within dermis tissue is studied. The dermis as a highly scattering media was irradiated by a low power laser. The photon densities as well as the corresponding isothermal contours were obtained by two different numerical methods, i.e., Lambert-Beer and Welch. The results were compared to that of Monte Carlo subsequently.     

Condensed history Monte Carlo methods for photon transport problems

We study methods for accelerating Monte Carlo simulations that retain most of the accuracy of conventional Monte Carlo algorithms. These methods - called Condensed History (CH) methods - have been very successfully used to model the transport of ionizing radiation in turbid systems. Our primary objective is to determine whether or not such methods might apply equally well to the transport of photons in biological tissue. In an attempt to unify the derivations, we invoke results obtained first by Lewis, Goudsmit and Saunderson and later improved by Larsen and Tolar. We outline how two of the most promising of the CH models - one based on satisfying certain similarity relations and the second making use of a scattering phase function that permits only discrete directional changes - can be developed using these approaches. The main idea is to exploit the connection between the space-angle moments of the radiance and the angular moments of the scattering phase function. We compare the results obtained when the two CH models studied are used to simulate an idealized tissue transport problem. The numerical results support our findings based on the theoretical derivations and suggest that CH models should play a useful role in modeling light-tissue interactions.     

蒙特卡罗模拟光通过大气后的时间分布

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了光通过光学特性参数不同的大气后透射光时间分布.分析了大气的散射系数、吸收系数、不对称因子及折射率对透射光时间分布的影响.结果表明:透射光时间分布曲线存在两个峰,分别对应子弹光与漫射光.各光学参数界定了子弹光、蛇形光、漫射光的大小和时间范围,并从统计模拟的角度解释了折射率大的大气中难以成像的因为.     

逆Compton散射的MonteCarlo模拟

研究模拟均匀、各向同性介质内的逆康普顿散射过程的Monte Carlo方法,分析电子速度分布乘抽样法和光子散射方向分布乘抽样法的抽样效率,完善电子速度分布的直接抽样法、光子散射能量分布的乘加抽样法.通过对这四种抽样方法抽样费用的分析和比较,得出各种方法的最适条件,该方法可以模拟更高能的辐射.     

用蒙特卡罗光子追迹方法分析闪光灯的结构设计

闪光灯反光罩结构设计的目标是使得所拍摄视场内的光能量分布尽量均衡。不同于基于几何光学理论的闪光灯计算和设计方法,采用了蒙特卡罗光子追迹法来分析闪光灯的结构设计。通过对照相机闪光灯几何结构的分析,引入余弦随机变量等方法,建立了闪光灯系统中光源、反光罩、菲涅耳透镜等部件的数学模型。先用蒙特卡罗光子追迹法模拟了单光子在闪光灯中飞行的各种可能状态,再通过产生大量光子仿真真实的情况。并对一个具体的闪光灯结构进行了计算,计算得到了光强和光子方向矢量在水平、垂直两个方向的投影角之间的分布曲线图。仿真结果符合设计要求并与实测曲线很接近,从而验证了蒙特卡罗光子追迹法在闪光灯结构设计中的可行性。     

Retrieval of chromophore concentration in a tissue phantom by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

This study describes a method for analysis of back reflectance spectroscopic data to estimate the concentration of endogenous or exogenous chromophores of tissue, noninvasively and in real time. In the study, tissue phantoms were prepared using intralipid and two chromophores, indocyanine green and methylene blue. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients ranges of tissue phantoms were kept in the range of biological tissues. Spectroscopic measurements on the tissue phantoms were carried out using a miniature spectrometer, an optical fiber probe, a halogen tungsten light source and a laptop. Monte Carlo simulations of the experiments were run, and an average optical path lengths of the detected photons were obtained for different absorption and scattering coefficients. The average optical path lengths of the photons were used to estimate concentrations of the chromophores in the tissue phantoms. Scattering and absorption coefficients were estimated with an average error of 4.7 and 5.4%, respectively. The developed method has the potential to be used in diagnosis of pathologic tissues based on the variation of biochemical composition of tissues and in photodynamic therapy to estimate the concentration of photosensitizers.     

Physical characteristics of X-ray scattering in fat and blood

A Monte Carlo simulation program is constructed in order to trace the histories of photon interactions inside fat and blood under tissue-characterization conditions (energies from 7 to 60 keV and samples from 0.5 to 20 cm). The effect of incident photon energy on the number of coherent and incoherent interactions up to the 3rd order scattering is studied for three different sample sizes. The ratio of scattering to total interactions (including photoelectric absorption) is also studied for fat and blood under the same scattering conditions. Results show considerable differences in the scattering properties of fat and blood over a wide range of energies. This may explain the experimental differences reported by Evans et al. and Kosanetzky et al. The percentage of photons making three incoherent interactions recorded a maximum of 10% which implies the need to correct for multiple scattering in incoherent scattering measurements intended for tissue characterization.     

大空间生物组织透射的Monte Carlo模拟方法的加速

乳腺等类型生物组织的透射Monte Carlo模拟(简称MC模拟)耗时很长,这主要是由于被模拟的组织较厚和Monte Carlo模拟自身统计特性引起的所需光子数量多造成的。针对光源与接收面在同一直线上,采用光纤接收透射光的模型进行分析,通过考虑生物组织自身的光学特性,进行了边界约束和有效后向散射次数的限制来缩短仿真时间,经过多次实验验证,以两次散射所到位置为分界,并充分利用组织光学参数计算约束边界,计算相对比较简单,同时考虑到入射与出射的实际情况进行微扩,从而得到的约束边界。对光学参数相同但厚度不同的组织进行仿真,分析进入同一位置光纤的光子数所发生后向散射次数,发现后向散射次数随着组织厚度与散射系数的增大而增大,随着吸收系数与各向异性因子的增大而减小,通过限定后向散射次数来节省时间。仿真结果表明,在传统计算机上,该方法能够显著缩短MC模拟的运算时间50%左右,尤其适用于较厚且边界较为复杂的高散射物质的MC模拟。该提速方法主要应用于光源与接收面处于同一直线,且生物组织较厚,散射系数较大的情况,能够有效节约仿真所需时间,有利于分析组织透射成像。     

基于MCVM研究真实前臂结构对光传输的影响

复杂生物组织中光传输的精确模拟一直是组织光学的研究热点.利用新近发布的光在体素化三维结构组织中传输的蒙特-卡罗模拟软件(MCVM),采用目前国际上分辨率最高的人体结构数据集,模拟光在人体前臂组织中的传输,得到了组织中光吸收量的分布信息和空间分布特征,探讨了前臂组织的三维解剖结构对光传输和分布的影响.结果显示,三维解剖结...     

蒙特卡罗法计算无序激光器的阈值

提出了计算无序激光器阈值增益的模型,提出了已知平均自由程和散射强度分布得到分布函数及相应的随机变量的方法.对各向同性的光散射,导出了各分布函数,并在每次散射中得到相应的随机变量.运用蒙特卡罗法模拟光子在无序介质中的随机行走,得到了无序激光器的阈值.讨论了阈值增益与光子平均自由程、增益区半径、增益区深度、非增益区光吸收系数的关系,提出了降低阈值的方法.理论结果与实验数据是符合的. 关键词： 激光物理 阈值 蒙特卡罗 散射     

Influence of single scattering and multiple scattering on backscattered Mueller matrix in turbid media

Monte Carlo algorithm and Stokes-Mueller formalism are used to simulate the propagation behavior of polarized light in turbid media. The influence of single scattering and multiple scattering on backscattered Mueller matrix in turbid media is discussed. Single and double scattering photons form the major part of backscattered polarization patterns, while multiple scattering photons present more likely as background. Further quantitative analyses show that single scattering approximation and double scattering approximation are quite accurate when discussing the polarization patterns near the incident point.     

用蒙特卡罗“测量”离散程序中的参数

为了快速、精确地计算高能X射线照相中的散射光子分布,提出了将该过程中的粒子输运问题近似为一个有效的纯光子输运问题。针对该纯光子输运方程提出了一种适合于计算机计算的逐级迭代求解公式,并将该公式进行了离散化,然后编写成了计算机离散程序。用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP模拟得到了该程序所需要的参数和分布函数。最后用MCNP对该程序进行了检验。对于薄客体离散程序的计算结果与MCNP符合较好,但对于厚客体二者有较大偏离。目前可以把该程序应用于一些定性的计算分析。     

混浊介质多光子激发荧光显微成像的蒙特卡罗模拟

将蒙特卡罗方法与几何光线追踪技术相结合用于研究样品混浊特性对多光子激发蒌光显微成像的影响。推导了模拟多层样品显微成像的数学模型,给出了用程序框图表示的基本仿真系统骨架,对传统蒙特卡罗方法的改进有效地增强了对聚焦光束的模拟能力,初步的模拟结果说明了混浊介质散射特性对显微成像的显著影响。     

全光汤姆逊散射X光源数值模拟

 使用蒙特卡罗数值模拟程序研究了不同电子束和激光强度下,尾场电子束与超短脉冲激光发生汤姆逊散射获得的X光子能谱、角分布等,初步探索了180°散射下高质量X射线光源所需要的电子束与激光强度。数值模拟结果显示,为了尽量提高光子产额并抑制非线性效应,激光归一化强度应为1的量级。为了获得方向性和单色性好、亮度高的X射线脉冲,需要较高的电子能量和较小的电子能散,电子束脉冲尽量短,且发散角尽量小。     

Components of detector response function: Monte Carlo simulations and experiment

Components of the response function of an HPGe detector for 32 keV incident photons (Ba Kα x‐rays) were studied using a Monte Carlo program. Physical mechanisms and the role of incident photons, detector x‐rays, photoelectrons and Compton recoil and Auger electrons for each component were investigated. The position, intensity and shape of the components, particularly of the photoelectrons, were studied in detail. Two distinct components for photoelectron escape were identified by considering the fate of photoelectrons, Ge x‐rays and Auger electrons produced in the same interaction. In contrast to the often‐cited shelflike structure, it was found that both components have a slope. The contribution of recoil electrons to the spectrum for single, double and multiple Compton scattering followed by photoelectric absorption of the scattered photon was investigated. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations are presented along with the measured Ba x‐ray spectrum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of coherent properties of photons in scattering medium for optical coherence tomography

Monte Carlo model of optical coherence tomography is developed for simulation of photon transport in half infinite homogenous media. The procedure is accelerated by scaling the baseline data from standard Monte Carlo calculation in turbid media with arbitrary optical parameters. Gaussian beam is modeled by hyperboloid of one sheet for actual condition to obtain distribution of photons on sample surface. Depth dependence coherent signal and photons distribution are calculated in this way, which is important to reconstruction of optical parameters by inverse Monte Carlo. Numerical results have verified this method in turbid medium of different optical parameters with acceptable relative errors.     

热辐射输运问题的隐式蒙特卡罗方法求解

热辐射与物质相互作用及辐射光子在物质中的传输是惯性约束聚变研究中的重要课题. 介绍了基于隐式蒙特卡罗方法的辐射输运方程,在该方程的积分-微分形式基础上,推导了利于蒙特卡罗方法模拟的等价的积分输运方程;基于积分方程设计数值模拟流程,编写三维蒙特卡罗数值模拟程序;针对热辐射输运典型问题及benchmark问题开展了数值实验,计算结果验证了方法的适应性及程序的正确性. 关键词： 热辐射 惯性约束聚变 输运方程 隐式蒙特卡罗