Two-dimensional field mapping of monolithic microwave integrated circuits using electrooptic sampling techniques

Since the invention of the electrooptic sampling technique about ten years ago, this contactless test technique based on ultra-short optical pulses has become more and more attractive to microwave engineers developing monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The electrooptic sampling technique was originally used for circuit internal measurements of very high-speed waveforms only at discrete test points. During the last five years, a new test technique, the two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping technique, has been developed and widely used. This test technique which measures the magnitude and phase of the microwave signal gives information not only of one discrete test point but also of a greater area within the circuit and therefore insight into the microwave field distribution. This two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping technique could be a powerful tool for studying fundamental properties of wave propagation in monolithic integrated microwave devices and circuits. The aim of this paper is to present the state-of-art of this new test technique and to show an example of its application.     

电磁超表面在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面由于其独特的电磁特性为调控电磁波提供了有力工具,合适地设计成编码、随机、相位不连续、完美吸收器等超表面,就能够控制电磁波的散射以及反射特性,实现雷达散射截面的缩减。本文综述了不同的电磁超表面利用漫反射或者吸收等特性实现在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用。分析表明,编码超表面由不同的数字单元组成,其反射相位差在很宽的频段范围内满足恒定的关系,设计特殊的单元序列使入射的电磁波产生非定向散射,更高bit编码超表面更容易灵活调控电磁波;随机超表面通过调节阵元的尺寸实现宽带移相从而将金属目标特征性强的反射峰打散成一个无规律、杂乱的波,产生漫反射;不连续超表面由于相位不连续可使电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射;吸收器通过合理设计结构尺寸实现吸收电磁波能量来减小反射。因此电磁超表面在雷达隐身、宽带通讯、成像等方面具有重要的应用前景。最后对电磁超表面在雷达散射截面缩减中应用的发展趋势进行了初步探讨,未来将向着宽带、柔性、大角度等方面发展。     

人工表面等离激元超材料

以微带为代表的传统微波传输线无法精细操控电磁模式,因此传统电子信息系统在空间耦合、动态响应和性能鲁棒性等方面存在瓶颈。人工表面等离激元(SSPP)超材料可打破上述瓶颈,是光学与信息领域的研究热点之一。人工表面等离激元超材料是一类模拟光频段表面等离激元特性的新型超材料,可在微波和太赫兹频段精细操控表面波,具有与平面电路相似的构型特性,可用于制备下一代集成电路的基础传输线。人工表面等离激元分为传输型和局域型两类。传输型人工表面等离激元超材料始于三维立体结构,后发展成超薄梳状金属条带构型。学者们构建了以其为基础的微波电路新体系,研制了人工表面等离激元滤波器、天线、放大器和倍频器等典型的无源和有源器件,并将其集成为可实现亚波长间距多通道信号非视距传输的无线通信系统。人工局域表面等离激元(SLSP)超材料也经历了从三维立体构型到超薄构型的发展历程,并通过螺旋构型、链式构型、高阶模式和杂化模式等为电磁波的亚波长尺度调控提供了更多自由度。系统讨论了人工表面等离激元超材料在微波电路中的相关理论和应用,包括人工表面等离激元超材料的基本概念、构型发展、无源/有源器件以及无线通信系统。     

时间反演脉冲电磁波在双负材料中传播特性研究

利用全时域电磁仿真技术, 对比研究了时间反演脉冲电磁波和脉冲电磁波透过Smith结构双负材料后的时域波形、脉宽压缩以及材料内部空间电场峰值强度分布等时域传播特性. 结果表明：时间反演脉冲电磁波在透过双负材料后, 在初始源激励处表现出良好的时间和空间聚焦特性. 更重要的是, 在双负材料内部, 观测到了电场峰值强度减弱、截面电场峰值强度趋向均衡分布等新型的物理现象. 这些物理现象对发展能够承受大功率新型的双负材料电子器件及其应用系统很有参考研究价值.     

高功率微波对PCB电路系统辐照效应的仿真分析

 以实验室自主研发的2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序用于分析高功率微波注入下半导体器件的毁伤机理,以此2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序为基础加以扩展,添加了电磁波辐照射下微带线的SPICE电路模型。扩展后的程序可以同时用于分析平面波入射下含半导体器件的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应和置于带孔缝屏蔽腔中的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应。应用此仿真程序分析了一个含有低噪声放大器的简单PCB电路,得到了该PCB电路在不同形式平面波入射下低噪声放大器的烧毁阈值,在该PCB电路置于屏蔽腔中时,低噪声放大器输入端口出现耦合干扰电压情况。     

Efficient tunable negative refraction photonic crystal achieved by an elliptic rod lattice with a nematic liquid crystal

Photonic crystals (PCs) have many potential applications because of their ability to control light-wave propagation. We have investigated the electromagnetic wave propagation inside an elliptic rod PC slab by means of finite-difference time-domain simulations. The band structure of the PC composed of elliptic rod in the square and triangular lattices is studied by solving Maxwell's equations using the plane wave expansion method. Numerical simulations show that the refractive angle can be tuned greatly by rotating the directors of elliptic rod in the PC slab. Furthermore, an optical switch based on elliptic rod PC structures with nematic liquid crystals was proposed. In the on/off switching system, the partial band gap can be controlled when the normalized operation frequency is 0.28. The modulation induced by liquid crystals created a sharp switching in the photonic devices. Such a mechanism of negative refraction PCs should open up a new application for designing components in photonic integrated circuits.     

Absorption and generation of electromagnetic waves by structural inhomogeneities of solid

The integrability conditions of the electromagnetic field equations in a continuum with defects and their wave solutions are found. The following dislocation effects on the electromagnetic wave propagation in a continuous medium are investigated: the change in the direction of the electromagnetic wave propagation in a continuous medium; the rotation of the polarization plane of electromagnetic field wave in a continuous medium; the excitation of longitudinal components of the electromagnetic wave in a continuous medium and the change in the electromagnetic wave intensity related to this phenomenon. The energy balance equation for the electromagnetic field in a continuum with a stationary distribution of dislocation is found and it is shown that an electromagnetic wave excites exciton modes localized at dislocations in the solid.     

Graded photonic crystals for graded index lens

A graded index lens made from graded 2D photonic crystal has been designed by the means of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The gradient of index has been obtained by varying the filling factor of a flat slab of photonic crystal in the direction perpendicular to that of the propagation of the electromagnetic field. This gradient has been designed in such a way that the flat slab focuses a plane wave. As only a few layers are necessary, graded photonic crystals show their ability to efficiently control the propagation of light and may apply to various photonic devices, from the microwave range to the optical domain.     

The field distributions and dispersion characteristics in chiroferrite central-loaded waveguide

The field distributions and dispersion characteristics of hybrid modes in circular chiro ferrite central-loaded waveguide are investigated numerically in this paper. Especially, the effects of constitutive parameters of chiro ferrite material on the propagation behaviour of hybrid modes are examined in detail, and some novel features are pointed out. The results show that, as reciprocal chiral and gyrotropic media, nonreciprocal chiroferrite materials have potential applications for the design of microwave, millimeter wave and integrated optical devices.     

Modeling of the electromagnetic wavefront sharpening in a nonlinear dielectric

The results of physical and numerical modeling of electromagnetic wavefront sharpening in a nonlinear dielectric are given. A technique of mathematical modeling of wave propagation is described in terms of a modified vector magnetic potential. It is shown how the level of the applied field strength and the degree of nonlinearity of the dielectric affect the electromagnetic wavefront sharpening.     

运用BLT方程研究高功率微波的电磁干扰

 目前高功率微波（HPM）对电子系统的干扰和破坏问题受到了广泛的关注,可运用BLT方程解决一些HPM产生的干扰问题。通过研究一个简单的HPM干扰模型,结合BLT方程的基本形式,对传统的BLT方程进行了扩展;接着对这个干扰模型的一个数值实例进行计算,并对干扰响应进行分析。分析结果表明,扩展后的BLT方程不仅可以计算传输线上的负载响应,也能够计算空间场的响应。     

Bragg Reflectors and Resonators in Microstrip Technology Based on Electromagnetic Crystal Structures

Recently, new promising two-dimensional (2-D) Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBG), or more properly Electromagnetic Crystal Structures, for microstrip lines have been proposed. In this paper, we analyze these structures in a manner like a Bragg reflector in optical wavelengths. Joining two of such Bragg like reflectors by means of a conventional microstrip transmission line allows one to design Bragg Resonators. The 2-D periodic pattern of the electromagnetic crystal structure is implemented with circles etched in the ground plane of the microstrip line by means of a numerical milling machine. Simulations have been performed by using HP ^TM Momentum and MDS software, and in accordance with the measurements give, for the Electromagnetic Crystal Structures, new promising potential applications both in microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits, and also in the experimentation of expensive short wavelength (including photonic) devices by using simpler and cheaper microwave down scaling.     

The reflection index of an unsteady magnetized plasma slab when the external magnetic field is normal to the plasma surface

In this paper the reflection index of an unsteady magnetized plasma slab irradiated by an electromagnetic wave is investigated. The direction of the external magnetic field is normal to the plasma surface. Here, it is assumed that the electromagnetic wave is normally incident on the gas slab. On the other hand, this gas slab is being ionized by another strong microwave field and the density of the unsteady plasma increases with time. The effects of the density growth rate, the thickness of the plasma slab and the external magnetic field on the reflection index are simulated.     

抑制地面反射影响的高功率微波辐射场测量方法

在对空气-地面分层媒质中微波传播与反射理论分析的基础上,研究了地面反射对测点处不同垂直高度电场分布的影响,推导得到了电场分布随垂直高度变化曲线的振荡周期理论计算公式,针对高功率微波源总功率测量,提出了一种双天线阵列抑制地面反射影响的高功率微波辐射场测量方法,通过数值计算、低功率连续波实验、大功率短脉冲实验等进一步验证了理论公式的正确性,以及双天线阵列抑制地面反射影响方法的可行性。结果表明,与单接收天线相比,双天线阵列法可将地面反射影响由原有的4dB降低至0.6dB以下,从而有效减小了高功率微波辐射场的测量不确定度,为高功率微波源总功率准确测量奠定了基础。     

双向隐形传态方案及安全性分析

基于位函数的引入与介质参量无关,将各向异性目标内外的电场展为级数形式,得到了任意各向异性目标n阶散射场、目标内场的递推表达式,给出了介电常量张量的变换关系,在平面波任意入射的条件下,并给出了传播单位矢量与极化单位矢量的一般关系.以磁化冷等离子体为例,给出了一阶散射场的具体表达式,并对二阶散射场引起的误差进行了评估.在THz波段和光波段,对所得结果进行了部分仿真.结果表明:微分散射对电波频率和极化状态等因素的影响较为敏感,介电常量张量的非对角元素对散射的影响不大,当波长与目标尺寸一定时,仿真结果不仅适用于THz波段,对其它波段也成立.     

磁化冷等离子体球的太赫兹散射特性

基于位函数的引入与介质参量无关,将各向异性目标内外的电场展为级数形式,得到了任意各向异性目标n阶散射场、目标内场的递推表达式,给出了介电常量张量的变换关系,在平面波任意入射的条件下,并给出了传播单位矢量与极化单位矢量的一般关系.以磁化冷等离子体为例,给出了一阶散射场的具体表达式,并对二阶散射场引起的误差进行了评估.在THz波段和光波段,对所得结果进行了部分仿真.结果表明:微分散射对电波频率和极化状态等因素的影响较为敏感,介电常量张量的非对角元素对散射的影响不大,当波长与目标尺寸一定时,仿真结果不仅适用于THz波段,对其它波段也成立.     

Electrodynamics of Magnetoelectric Media and Magnetoelectric Fields

The relationship between magnetoelectricity and electromagnetism is a subject of a strong interest and numerous discussions in microwave and optical wave physics and material sciences. The definition of the energy and momentum of the electromagnetic (EM) field in a magnetoelectric (ME) medium is not a trivial problem. The question of whether electromagnetism and magnetoelectricity can coexist without an extension of Maxwell's theory arises when the effects of EM energy propagation are studied and the group velocity of the waves in an ME medium is considered. The energy balance equation reveals unusual topological structure of fields in ME materials. Together with certain constraints on the constitutive parameters of a medium, definite constraints on the local field structure should be imposed. Analyzing the EM phenomena inside an ME material, the question “what kind of the near fields arising from a sample of such a material can be measured?” should be answered. The visualization of the ME states requires an experimental technique that is based on an effective coupling to the violation of spatial as well as temporal inversion symmetry. To observe the ME energy in a subwavelength region, it is necessary to assume the existence of first-principle near fields—the ME fields. These are non-Maxwellian near fields with specific properties of violation of spatial and temporal inversion symmetry. A particular interest to the ME fields arises in studies of metamaterials with “artificial-atoms” ME elements.     

高功率微波作用下等离子体中的雪崩效应研究

研究高功率微波作用下等离子体中的雪崩效应,对于研究等离子体防护技术具有重要意义.通过采用等离子体流体近似方法,建立等离子体中的波动方程、电子漂移-扩散方程和重物质传递方程,表征电磁波在等离子体中的传播以及等离子体内部带电粒子的变化情况,分析研究了高功率微波作用下雪崩效应的产生过程和变化规律.研究表明,入射电磁波功率决定了雪崩效应的产生;初始电子密度能够影响雪崩效应产生的时间;入射电磁波的激励作用初始表现为集聚效应,当激励能量积累到一定阈值时,雪崩效应才会产生;在雪崩效应产生过程中,等离子体内部电子密度的变化非常迅速并且比较复杂.雪崩效应产生后,等离子体内截止频率会远超过入射波频率,电磁波不能在等离子体中传播,从而起到防护高功率微波的效果.     

Electromagnetic soliton propagation in an anisotropic Heisenberg helimagnet

We study the nonlinear spin dynamics of Heisenberg helimagnet under the effect of electromagnetic wave (EM) propagation. The basic dynamical equation of the spin evolution governed by Landau–Lifshitz equation resembles the director dynamics of the twist in a cholestric liquid crystal. With the use of reductive perturbation technique the perturbation is invoked for the spin magnetization and magnetic field components of the propagating electromagnetic wave. A steady-state solution is derived for the weakly nonlinear regime and for the next order, the components turn around s plane perpendicular to the propagation direction. It is found that as the electromagnetic wave propagates in the medium, both the magnetization and magnetic field modulate in the form of kink soliton modes by introducing amplitude fluctuation in the tail part of the same.