激光照明狭缝高速摄影系统及其应用

为解决常规武器靶场全天候测量弹丸运动姿态问题,利用激光技术和双镜头狭缝相机,研制了一套改进型激光照明狭缝高速同步摄影系统。简述了系统的结构、技术指标与基本功能。阐明了常规弹丸速度测量原理,讨论了速度测量的数据处理方法,给出了动能子弹极限速度的定量数据,并对速度数据的不确定度进行了分析。结果表明:系统性能可靠,测试精度高,实现了常规靶场全天候测量。     

二维TODA质点的混沌运动

本文研究了Ｔｏｄａ质点的二维运动系统的动力特性，并通过数值技术获得了其相应的时间历程图，相位状态图，庞加莱映射图和功率谱等，结果显示，Ｔｏｄａ质点的二维动力系统在参数空间中存在着混沌运动。     

飞机模型高速撞击钢筋混凝土载荷特性实验研究

为得到大型商用飞机撞击的冲击载荷特性及其计算方法,基于火箭橇加载试验平台,搭建了飞机模型撞击钢筋混凝土运动靶体测试系统,开展了两种不同尺寸飞机模型的撞击试验,利用高速摄影技术获得了飞机模型撞靶前的姿态、着速及飞机模型撞靶的破坏过程。采用加速度测试系统和激光干涉测速系统,分别得到撞击过程中运动靶体的加速度和速度历史,据此得到靶体受到的冲击载荷-时间曲线,二者吻合,验证了测试系统的可靠性。通过飞机模型上安装的机载存储过载测试系统,获得了撞击过程中飞机模型的负加速度-时间曲线,由此确定了修正的Riera理论模型中的静载荷项,并进一步计算得到靶体受到的冲击载荷-时间曲线,与通过测试靶体的加速度或速度得到的结果一致,验证了使用修正的Riera理论模型计算飞机模型冲击载荷的合理性及计算方法的正确性,同时确定了适合于本试验中飞机模型的修正系数α。     

平面加载下球壳飞片的运动

本文叙述了利用脉冲X射线摄影方法,观测半球壳飞片在平面爆轰波作用下的变形及运动规律,并将二维数值模拟结果同实验结果进行比较,两者的符合性较好。     

搅拌槽流场的实验研究

利用二维激光多普勒测速仪在内径为２５０ｍｍ的搅拌槽内对ＤＴ叶轮和ＰＴ叶轮进行了流场测试，获得了不同几何参数的叶轮在不同工况下的二维时均速度场和湍流强度、雷诺应力、剪切速率分布。为进一步研究搅拌器的流动特性，开发新型搅拌叶轮提供了可靠的实验依据。     

爆轰波对碰驱动下金属圆管膨胀变形特性研究

采用高速分幅摄影和激光速度干涉仪（velocity interferometer system for any reflector, VISAR）联合测试技术,对HR-2钢管在爆轰波对碰驱动下的膨胀变形特性进行了研究。实验得到了圆管膨胀变形的过程图像以及圆管特定部位径向膨胀的位移-时间曲线和速度-时间曲线。采用LSDYNA-3D程序对HR-2钢管的膨胀变形过程进行了数值模拟,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

具有热源项的驻点流动和传热问题的近似解析解

研究持续拉伸变形表面上二维平面和轴对称驻点流的动量和热量传输问题。利用同伦分析方法获得速度分布和温度分布的级数解,讨论了级数的敛散性。通过图形分析主流速度与拉伸速度的比率参数,普朗特参数,热源参数和流动类型指标对速度边界层和温度边界层的影响。结果表明,这些参数对二维平面驻点流动和传热有较大的影响。     

一种扑翼运动的模型实验及流场测量方法

俯旋、下拍、仰旋、上挥是一般昆虫运动的四个典型运动过程 ,本文通过研制三维和二维扑翼流场模拟装置以及相应的运动控制系统 ,实现了对昆虫扑翼飞行的上述过程的模拟。在测量方面 ,流场信息主要是通过自研制的 2D -DPIV(二维粒子速度成像仪 )来获得。该系统装备了高分辨率的高速CCD摄像机能够较为精细地动态量化流场 ,3维和 2维流场的动态流动显示以及量化测量都是通过它来实现。初步实验结果表明 ,模拟装置能成功地刻画昆虫翼的典型运动特征 ,2D -DPIV系统也能捕捉和反映强非定常特性的流场。本文还显示了实验中发现的一些有趣的现象 ,这些现象将作为我们进一步研究的重点     

静止水中单个近壁大气泡运动特性的实验研究

气泡运动不稳定性直接关系到气液两相传递作用。本文利用高速摄影技术结合阴影法对静止水中大雷诺数(～O(10~3))气泡在竖直壁面附近的上升运动进行实验研究,通过改变气泡与壁面初始间距,考察气泡轨迹、变形、旋转、速度及加速度等运动特征的变化规律。结果发现气泡呈二维"之"字形周期性振荡上升;与运动轨迹相对应,气泡形变、旋转角度、速度及加速度均呈周期性变化。气泡与壁面初始间距小于1.03倍气泡等效直径时,气泡与壁面发生碰撞,气泡迎面碰壁后形状发生突变,加速度达到峰值,气泡旋转背向弹开;当气泡-壁面初始间距大于1.03倍气泡等效直径时,气泡与壁面不碰撞,壁面作用减弱,气泡形状变化缓慢且不发生滚动换向,呈摆动上升,气泡逐渐远离壁面。随着气泡-壁面初始间距的增大,气泡横向摆动幅度逐渐减小,纵向跨度增大,气泡形状变化幅度逐渐减小,气泡速度和加速度变化幅度略有降低。壁面作用导致高雷诺数气泡大变形,动能与变形能周期性转化,对强化气液传热传质具有重要作用。     

不同冲击速度下泡沫铝变形和应力的不均匀性

利用常规Hopkinson杆实验装置和改进的Hopkinson杆实验装置对泡沫铝试件进行冲击压缩实验,同时用高速摄影装置对实验过程进行全程跟踪拍摄。通过改变冲击速度,观测到了3种不同的变形模式。将得到的高速摄影图像用数字图像相关方法进行分析,讨论了3种模式下全场应变不同的发展过程,并依此讨论应力的不均匀性,为研究不同冲击速度下变形不均匀对泡沫铝动态力学行为的影响提供了新的方法。     

High strain rate response of rubber membranes

This paper investigates the propagation of axisymmetric waves of finite deformation in polyisoprene rubber membranes subjected to high speed impact. High speed photography is used to monitor the motion and to determine the evolution of stretch and particle velocity in membranes at impact speeds of up to 160 m/s, producing a maximum stretch >8. A constitutive model is developed through a semi-inverse method correlating experimental results with simulations. The potential for formation of wrinkles is also addressed.     

全场测速技术进展

速度场测量技术的研究在流体力学和空气动力学中具有极高的学术意义和实用价值．文中归纳介绍了近十多年来人们积极探索的各种全场测速新技术,特别是激光诱导荧光高速流场测试技术、二维粒子跟踪和粒子图象测试技术以及三维测速的最新进展      

一种低附带弹药金属颗粒定向加载技术

为了实现低附带弹药金属颗粒定向可控加载,研制了采用爆轰方式驱动低附带弹药金属颗粒的发射装置,并进行了不同尺寸钨球颗粒与不同装药比的发射实验。运用高速摄影与高速红外摄影捕捉爆轰驱动过程中颗粒抛撒分布和速度,并采用CT断层扫描和三维图像重建再现了颗粒在肥皂靶中的三维空间分布。实验结果揭示了爆轰驱动下颗粒加速、减速和散落3个阶段的特征。钨球颗粒速度均值范围为689.84~889.14 m/s,最大侵彻深度为65.23~167.35 mm,颗粒加载上靶率在30%以上。发射装置中金属颗粒/装药质量比可调,能重复使用。采用肥皂靶、高速摄影、高速红外相结合的测试方法有效可行,CT图像重建用于终点弹道参数判读能提高结果分析精度。以上结果可为研究低附带弹药对生物目标的毁伤效应、致伤机理和生物损伤判定与救治提供有效可行的技术与方法。     

A numerical continuous model for the hydrodynamics of fluid particle systems

In order to understand the hydrodynamic interactions that can appear in a fluid particle motion, an original method based on the equations governing the motion of two immiscible fluids has been developed. These momentum equations are solved for both the fluid and solid phases. The solid phase is assumed to be a fluid phase with physical properties, such as its behaviour can be assimilated to that of pseudo‐rigid particles. The only unknowns are the velocity and the pressure defined in both phases. The unsteady two‐dimensional momentum equations are solved by using a staggered finite volume formulation and a projection method. The transport of each particle is solved by using a second‐order explicit scheme. The physical model and the numerical method are presented, and the method is validated through experimental measurements and numerical results concerning the flow around a circular cylinder. Good agreement is observed in most cases. The method is then applied to study the trajectory of one settling particle initially off‐centred between two parallel walls and the corresponding wake effects. Different particle trajectories related to particulate Reynolds numbers are presented and commented. A two‐body interaction problem is investigated too. This method allows the simulation of the transport of particles in a dilute suspension in reasonable time. One of the important features of this method is the computational cost that scales linearly with the number of particles. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for automatic particle tracking in a three-dimensional flow field

A technique has been developed whereby the three-dimensional motion of tracers in a fluid flow is automatically analysed. Simultaneous orthogonal views of the tracer-seeded flow were recorded by a single high speed cine camera through a split field mirror system, and subsequently converted to machine readable form by a video digitizer. Digital enhancement was used to separate the tracers from the contrasting background. Algorithms were developed to match the projections of individual tracers in the two views, obtain the three-dimensional coordinates, follow the tracers from frame to frame and compute the velocity vectors along the particle trajectories. Eulerian information was derived from the pooled velocity data points by interpolation on a regular spatial grid. Tests of the method on particle trajectories obtained in a small water tunnel have shown that the tracking is reliable even for rapidly changing and closely spaced paths.     

On the ascent and descent times of a projectile in a resistant medium

The motion of a projectile in a uniform gravitational field loses its symmetry when a resisting force is present, essentially because Newton's law loses its reversibility. Allowing the magnitude of the resistance to depend arbitrarily on speed, the motion is governed by two coupled first-order non-linear differential equations. Though intractable to solve explicitly, these equations can be made to yield much qualitative information about the trajectory. The present paper focuses on the ascent and descent times of the projectile, providing a proof that the ascent and descent times are bounded, above and below respectively, by the corresponding (equal) times of a projectile reaching the same height without resistance. Additionally, the difference is shown to increase with the velocity of projection. Direct corollaries are two well known observed features of the motion: The time of ascent is always less than the time of descent, and the difference increases with the velocity of projection. For the bounds themselves, the resistance is only assumed to be positive, but to show that the difference increases with the velocity of projection requires the additional assumption that the resistance increases at least linearly with speed.     

一种激波驱动的新型固粒冲蚀试验系统

针对目前大部分固体颗粒冲蚀试验系统存在反弹颗粒干扰、颗粒质量计算误差大等问题,采用激波驱动气固两相流的方式,并结合动态压力传感器、高速摄影仪对激波及颗粒测速的方法,设计了1种新型冲蚀磨损试验系统,具有结构简单、操作方便、颗粒质量计算准确等优点.该装置最大激波马赫数可达2.3,能将颗粒加速到200 m/s以上,适用不同颗粒、材料及表面处理试件进行15～90°冲击角下的磨损特性试验.通过SiO2颗粒对低碳钢的冲蚀试验,证实了该装置测得数据与经典试验数据规律一致.因此,本试验系统有望作为1种新的冲蚀磨损试验方法,应用于耐固粒冲蚀的优化设计和寿命预测等领域.     

Air entrapment during a high-speed liquid jet entry in a deep water surface

The fluid dynamic phenomena of a high speed liquid jet impact on a deep water surface have been studied using Imacon high-speed photography. Both framing and streak techniques are applied to investigate the initial impact stage and penetration velocity. The cavitation caused by air entrapment between two colliding liquid surfaces has been found. The bubble collapse experiences different stages in relation to the contact area, liquid shock wave, release wave and fluid convection.     

A three dimensional approach to model steel wire ropes used in high energy absorber apparatus

The modeling method and dynamical characteristics of steel wire ropes has been researched for several decades. In the past, steel wire ropes were usually modeled as a two dimensional system, which was only suitable for the planar motion. Also, no kink-wave propagation was considered when steel wire ropes were used in relatively low speed engineering application areas. By contrast, a three dimensional approach to model steel wire ropes used in high energy absorber apparatus is presented in this paper. Three dimensional contacts between steel wire ropes and other objects and kink-wave propagation in steel wire ropes are taken into consideration when applying the new approach to model steel wire ropes. Compared to the two dimensional model of steel wire ropes, the proposed model regards steel wire ropes as a multi-body system consisting of identical cylindrical elements with 6 degrees of freedom connected by space constraints. Impact forces generated by three dimensional contacts between steel wire ropes and other objects are calculated and theories of elastic wave propagation are applied to analyze the kink-wave propagation when steel wire ropes are loaded with a sudden perpendicular impact by a high speed moving object. In addition, mathematical model of steel wire ropes is established and numerical simulation of the three dimensional model of steel wire ropes is implemented. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental data available, the model of steel wire ropes proposed in this paper is demonstrated to be valid and correct. Therefore, the proposed modeling method can be treated as a new approach in the research field of modeling steel wire ropes. The dynamical characteristics of the steel wire ropes based on this new modeling approach are addressed simultaneously and plots of the dynamics of steel wire ropes cannot only be regarded as a basis for the further comparative studies, but also can provide some significant and interesting results.     

Particle separation from a four-particle-system

The paper deals with the effects of particle separation from a plane four-particle system. First, the process of particle separation, which is done with certain velocity, has been studied. Then, the motion of the remainder three-particle system with initial conditions which correspond to the velocity and angular velocity after particle separation has been investigated. Further, the attraction and resistance forces between particles have been considered and the influence of the damping force and the friction force have been analyzed as well. Thus, the final position of the particles and the geometrical configuration directly dependent on the certain velocity of the separated particle is obtained.