基于改进LBM的气液自发渗吸过程中动态润湿效应模拟

微通道内气液自发渗吸是广泛发生在自然界及诸多工业领域的物理现象,而动态接触角是影响整个渗吸过程的关键因素.针对该问题,本文使用改进的伪势多相流格子玻尔兹曼方法 (LBM),直接捕捉微通道内气液自发渗吸过程中的实时接触角,并分析接触角的动态变化特性及其对渗吸长度的影响.首先,本文在原始的伪势多相流LBM的基础上耦合Peng-Robinson (PR)状态方程,改进流体-流体作用力以及流-固作用力格式,并采用精确差分方法将外力添加至LBM框架中.然后,通过校准模型的热力学一致性,模拟测试界面张力,静态平衡接触角等界面现象验证了模型的准确性.最后,基于建立的模拟方法,在水平方向上模拟微通道内气液自发渗吸过程.结果表明:渗吸过程中的接触角呈现动态变化特征,在渗吸初期,因受到惯性力的影响存在较大波动;随着渗吸距离的增大,其逐渐减小并趋近于静态平衡接触角.渗吸过程中的接触角与微通道尺寸及静态接触角有关,随着微通道宽度增大,实时的动态接触角与静态接触角相差大;随着静态接触角增大,实时的动态接触角与静态接触角的相差增大.此外,忽略动态接触角的Lucas-Washburn (LW)方程所预测的弯液面位置...     

湿润性对孔隙介质两相渗流驱替效率的影响

孔隙介质中多相渗流的驱替效率对二氧化碳封存效率和石油采收率具有决定性影响, 是实际工程调控中的一个关键指标. 湿润性是影响多相渗流驱替模式及其效率的一个重要因素. 本文通过微流体模型-显微镜-高速相机可视化实验平台, 对基于真实砂岩孔隙结构的微流体模型进行湿润性修饰, 开展了5种流量和2种湿润性的两相驱替可视化实验, 研究了湿润性对砂岩孔隙结构中两相渗流驱替模式及其效率的重要影响. 实验结果表明: 随着流速的增大, 两相渗流驱替模式由毛细指流向稳定流发生转变; 在低流速条件下, 由于毛细力的主导效应, 亲水性介质中指进的宽度和被驱替流体团簇的数目均小于疏水性介质, 而被驱替流体团簇的最大半径、平均半径和方差均大于疏水性介质. 实验结果还证实了亲水性介质中由于单支优势通道和"绕流"现象的发生, 驱替效率显著小于疏水性介质. 最后, 通过考虑接触角效应对毛细管数进行修正, 建立了考虑湿润性影响的驱替效率和毛细管数之间的统一关系式, 为不同湿润性条件下驱替效率的预测提供了一种潜在方法.      

纳米阵列中气体驱替液体的流动特征

纳米尺度下气体驱动液体流动特征在纳流控芯片及页岩气开发中具有广泛的应用前景. 利用管径规格为292.8 nm,206.2 nm,89.2 nm,67.0 nm,26.1 nm的氧化铝膜为纳米阵列,进行气驱水实验和单相气体流动实验,分析纳米尺度下气驱水流动特征. 实验表明,纳米阵列中气驱水时气体流量随驱动压力变化经历三个阶段:第一阶段流量缓慢增大,且比单相气体流量降低约一个数量级;第二阶段纳米阵列中的水被大量驱替出,流量迅速增大;第三阶段纳米阵列中的水全部被驱替出,流动特征与单相气体流动保持一致. 分析表明,气驱水第一阶段存在气液界面毛细管力的“钉扎”作用及固液界面相互作用力的影响,是产生非线性流动的主要原因;而一旦“钉扎”作用破坏,气体进入管道推动界面运动,气柱与液柱之间的毛细曲面曲率变化,毛细管力减小,气体流量急剧增大,其中毛细管力随驱替压力增大急剧变化,是造成第二阶段气体流量突变的主要原因.      

基于孔与裂隙网络模型的平行微裂隙对驱油的影响规律研究

认识双重多孔介质中油水两相微观渗流机制是回答形成什么类型的裂隙网络可提高油藏采收率的关键. 微裂隙的分布可以提高多孔介质的绝对渗透率,但对于基质孔隙中的流体介质,微裂隙的存在会引起多孔介质中局部流体压力和流场的变化,导致局部流动以微裂隙流动为主,甚至出现窜流现象,降低驱油效率. 本文基于孔与裂隙双重网络模型,在网络进口设定两条平行等长且具有一定间隔的微裂隙,分析微裂隙的相对间隔(微裂隙之间距离/喉道长度)和微裂隙相对长度(微裂隙长度/喉道长度)对于微观渗流特征的影响. 结果表明:随微裂隙相对长度的增加,出现驱油效率逐渐降低,相对渗透率曲线中的油水共渗区水饱和度和等渗点增加,油水两相的共渗范围减小等现象;随着微裂隙之间相对间隔增大,周围越来越多的基质孔穴间的压力差减小,在毛管压力的限制下,驱替相绕过这些区域,而导致水窜现象.      

轴向冲击载荷下开孔薄壁方管吸能特性的研究

利用有限元软件ABAQUS对开孔薄壁方管在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形规律与吸能特性进行了数值仿真分析,并根据数值模拟结果进行了多目标优化。在薄壁方管的每个侧面上开六个长方形孔,通过改变长方形孔的长度和宽度来研究开孔薄壁方管的耐撞性。结果表明:在研究的范围内,除开孔尺寸为20mm×5mm的薄壁方管外,其余开孔薄壁方管的破坏模式为外延式破坏模式,其变形过程为动态渐进屈曲;当开孔长度增大时,开孔薄壁方管初始峰值力减小;当开孔长度和宽度同时增大时,开孔薄壁方管平均载荷均减小;开孔面积越大,管吸收的能量和比吸能越小;开孔长度不变时,随着宽度的增大压缩力效率降低,当宽度不变时,随着长度的增大压缩力效率增大。基于开孔方管的数值模拟结果构造了响应面模型并对其进行了多目标优化,给出了Pareto前沿图,可根据各目标的偏好确定方管的开孔尺寸。     

气体速度对液膜在预膜板表面流动形态影响的LBM模拟

为了探究气流剪切作用对航空燃油在气动雾化喷嘴预膜板上流动形态的影响,首先对基于相场理论的两相流格子Boltzmann模型进行修正,并通过经典算例验证了修正后模型的准确性和可靠性.随后利用该模型模拟了同向气流驱动下液膜在水平预膜板表面上的流动,分析了气流速度对液膜流动形态的影响规律.研究表明,该模型可准确追踪具有大密度比的气液相界面的形态变化;气液剪切速度差会诱发两相界面出现Kelvin-Helm-holtz不稳定性现象,因而当气体速度升高时,气液剪切速度差增大,不仅液膜流动速度随之增高,且在铺展阶段液膜会产生较高振幅的波浪面并加快铺展过程,自由表面波动增强.     

基于孔与裂隙网络模型的平行微裂隙对驱油的影响规律研究

认识双重多孔介质中油水两相微观渗流机制是回答形成什么类型的裂隙网络可提高油藏采收率的关键.微裂隙的分布可以提高多孔介质的绝对渗透率,但对于基质孔隙中的流体介质,微裂隙的存在会引起多孔介质中局部流体压力和流场的变化,导致局部流动以微裂隙流动为主,甚至出现窜流现象,降低驱油效率.本文基于孔与裂隙双重网络模型,在网络进口设定两条平行等长且具有一定间隔的微裂隙,分析微裂隙的相对间隔(微裂隙之间距离/喉道长度)和微裂隙相对长度(微裂隙长度/喉道长度)对于微观渗流特征的影响.结果表明:随微裂隙相对长度的增加,出现驱油效率逐渐降低,相对渗透率曲线中的油水共渗区水饱和度和等渗点增加,油水两相的共渗范围减小等现象;随着微裂隙之间相对间隔增大,周围越来越多的基质孔穴间的压力差减小,在毛管压力的限制下,驱替相绕过这些区域,而导致水窜现象.     

一种模拟气液两相流的格子波尔兹曼改进模型

基于格子波尔兹曼自由能模型,提出了一种模拟黏性流场中大密度比气液两相流的改进模型. 为了提高模型的精度,在原始模型的基础上计入了邻近点间粒子数密度的传递速率控制,考虑了碰撞项的差分松弛;为了避免两相间大密度比造成的数值不稳定问题,分别采用六点和九点差分格式求解?和?2. 同时,与传统格子波尔兹曼方法不同,实现了由单步碰撞操作到两步操作的转化. 通过对无重力场中气泡的模拟及与已有模型的计算结果的对比分析,表明该模型具有更高的数值精度. 成功模拟了重力作用下,单个上浮气泡的形变和尾涡形成过程,以及水平和竖直方向上两个气泡的相互作用过程,并验证了其质量守恒和体积不可压缩性.      

基于SPH法的返回舱入水载荷模拟分析

返回舱水上着落前期面临较大砰击,为研究过程中受到的砰击载荷,基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)气-液两相流算法,首先通过模拟平板和楔形体两种算例模型的入水过程,并与相关文献的试验结果进行对比,验证算法的有效性。在此基础上,对返回舱的入水过程进行模拟。结果显示,两种算例模型的计算结果与相关文献试验结果吻合良好。返回舱入水速度和倾角对砰击有较大影响并且过程中存在二次砰击现象。砰击载荷随入水速度增大而增加。第一次砰击载荷峰值随倾角增大而减小,第二次砰击载荷峰值随倾角增大先增后减。结果表明,SPH气-液两相流算法能够较好地模拟返回舱入水过程。     

液罐车罐体内液体横向晃动研究

为研究液体晃动对液罐车行驶稳定性的影响,针对罐体内液体的横向晃动问题,运用势流理论建立了液体晃动的控制方程,并采用Galerkin方法进行了求解;根据等效原则建立了罐体内液体晃动的弹簧-质量-阻尼等效力学模型,通过与试验数据的比较,验证了文中的求解过程及建立等效模型方法的正确性。运用建立的等效模型,通过具体算例分析了液体晃动特征频率和等效模型参数随充液比的变化关系、车辆的侧向加速度和充液比对罐体的横向作用力和力矩的影响。结果表明：在液体晃动中,第一阶晃动质量起主导作用,在精度要求不高的情况下,可以考虑只建立一阶等效系统;液体晃动第一阶特征频率随充液比的增加而增加,第二、第三阶特征频率随充液比的增加先减小再增加;罐车转向运动时,充液比在λ为0.8~1.0时液体晃动最剧烈,并且液体对罐体的作用力和力矩均随侧向加速度的增加而增加。     

LBM Simulation of Viscous Fingering Phenomenon in Immiscible Displacement of Two Fluids in Porous Media

This article presents the lattice Boltzmann simulation of viscous fingering phenomenon in immiscible displacement of two fluids in porous media. Such phenomenon generally takes place when a less viscous fluid is used to displace a more viscous fluid, and it can be found in many industrial fields. Dimensionless quantities, such as capillary number, Bond number and viscosity ratio between displaced fluid and displacing fluid are introduced to illustrate the effects of capillary force, viscous force, and gravity on the fluid behaviour. The surface wettability, which has an impact on the finger pattern, is also considered in the simulation. The numerical procedure is validated against the experiment about viscous fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell. The displacement efficiency is investigated using the parameter, areal sweep efficiency. The present simulation shows an additional evidence to demonstrate that the lattice Boltzmann method is a useful method for simulating some multiphase flow problems in porous media.     

A Non-isothermal Pore Network Drying Model with Gravity Effect

The concept of immiscible displacement as an invasion percolation (IP) process driven by heat and mass transfer is used in a pore network model for convective drying of capillary porous media. The coupling between heat and mass transfer occurs at the liquid–gas interface through temperature-dependent equilibrium vapor pressure and surface tension as well as the phase change enthalpy (in evaporation and condensation). The interfacial effects due to capillary forces and gravity are combined in an invasion potential; viscous forces are neglected. Simulation results show stabilized invasion patterns and finite drying front width by the influence of gravity.     

A linear stability analysis for immiscible displacements

A linear stability analysis has been performed for an immiscible displacement of a nonwetting phase by a wetting phase in a semi-infinite system of finite width and thickness. It is found that instabilities become a more severe problem as the capillary number based upon the characteristic thickness of the system increases. A displacement can always be stabilized, if the capillary number is sufficiently small. As the aspect ratio (ratio of thickness to width) decreases for a fixed capillary number, the potential for unstable behavior increases. All of this means that a displacement in the laboratory is likely to be more stable than a similar displacement in the field. Since the solution to the base state assumes the analytical solution of Yortsos and Fokas (1983), the effect of the mobility ratio could not be examined.     

Pore-Scale Simulations of Gas Displacing Liquid in a Homogeneous Pore Network Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

A lattice Boltzmann high-density-ratio model, which uses diffuse interface theory to describe the interfacial dynamics and was proposed originally by Lee and Liu (J Comput Phys 229:8045–8063, 2010), is extended to simulate immiscible multiphase flows in porous media. A wetting boundary treatment is proposed for concave and convex corners. The capability and accuracy of this model is first validated by simulations of equilibrium contact angle, injection of a non-wetting gas into two parallel capillary tubes, and dynamic capillary intrusion. The model is then used to simulate gas displacement of liquid in a homogenous two-dimensional pore network consisting of uniformly spaced square obstructions. The influence of capillary number (Ca), viscosity ratio ( $M$ M ), surface wettability, and Bond number (Bo) is studied systematically. In the drainage displacement, we have identified three different regimes, namely stable displacement, capillary fingering, and viscous fingering, all of which are strongly dependent upon the capillary number, viscosity ratio, and Bond number. Gas saturation generally increases with an increase in capillary number at breakthrough, whereas a slight decrease occurs when Ca is increased from $8.66\times 10^{-4}$ 8.66 × 10 - 4 to $4.33\times 10^{-3}$ 4.33 × 10 - 3 , which is associated with the viscous instability at high Ca. Increasing the viscosity ratio can enhance stability during displacement, leading to an increase in gas saturation. In the two-dimensional phase diagram, our results show that the viscous fingering regime occupies a zone markedly different from those obtained in previous numerical and experimental studies. When the surface wettability is taken into account, the residual liquid blob decreases in size with the affinity of the displacing gas to the solid surface. Increasing Bo can increase the gas saturation, and stable displacement is observed for $Bo>1$ B o > 1 because the applied gravity has a stabilizing influence on the drainage process.     

A Multi-Scale Approach to Model Two-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media

The immiscible displacement of a wetting fluid by a non-wetting one in heterogeneous porous media is modeled using a multi-scale network-type analysis: (1) The pressure-controlled immiscible displacement of water by oil in pore-and-throat networks (1st length scale ~ 1?mm) is simulated as a capillary-driven process. (2) The pressure-controlled immiscible displacement in uncorrelated cubic lattices (2nd length scale ~ 1?cm) is simulated as a site percolation process governed by capillary and gravity forces. At this scale, each node represents a network of the previous scale. (3) The rate-controlled immiscible displacement of water by oil in cubic networks (3rd length scale ~ 10?cm), where each node represents a lattice of the previous scale, is simulated by accounting for capillary, gravity, and viscous forces. The multi-scale approach along with the information concerning the pore structure properties of the porous medium can be employed to determine the transient responses of the pressure drop and axial distribution of water saturation, and estimate the effective (up-scaled) relative permeability functions. The method is demonstrated with application to data of highly heterogeneous soils.     

Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations of droplet formation in a cross-junction microchannel

An immiscible liquid–liquid multiphase flow in a cross-junction microchannel was numerically studied by the lattice Boltzmann method. An improved, immiscible lattice BGK model was proposed by introducing interfacial tension force based on the continuum surface force (CSF) method. The recoloring step was replaced by the anti-diffusion scheme in the mixed region to reduce the side-effect and control the thickness of the interface. The present method was tested by the simulations on a static bubble and the simulations of Taylor deformation. Laplace’s law, spurious velocities, the thickness of interface, the pressure distribution and the small deformation theory were examined. It proves that our model is more advantageous for the simulation of immiscible fluids over the original immiscible lattice BGK model. The simulations of droplet formation in a cross-junction microchannel were performed and compared with the experiments. The numerical results show good agreements with the experimental ones for the evolution of droplet and the droplet size at various inlet velocities. Besides, a dimensionless analysis was carried out. The resulting droplet sizes depend on the Capillary number to a great extent under current conditions.     

Electromagnetic Sounding of Oil and Gas Formations

A mathematical model is proposed that describes electrical conductivity variation in the near-well zone during drilling formations containing three immiscible phases: oil, gas, and a small amount of native salt water. It is assumed that borehole drilling is performed using a clay–water solution, the mass-exchange process between the moving mud filtrate and immovable native water is infinitely fast, and displacement of the gas phase occurs by piston flow. The redistribution of the immiscible phases is described by the conventional Buckley–Leverett equations. The electromagnetic response of the medium is interpreted using the earlier proposed method of probabilistic convolutions.     

Enhancing Immiscible Fluid Displacement in Porous Media by Capillary Pressure Discontinuities

Fluid displacement in porous media plays an important role in many industrial applications, including biological filtration, carbon capture and storage, enhanced oil recovery, and fluid transport in fuel cells. The displacement front is unstable, which evolves from smooth into ramified patterns, when the mobility (ratio of permeability to viscosity) of the displacing fluid is larger than that of the displaced one; this phenomenon is called viscous fingering. Viscous fingering increases the residual saturation of the displaced fluid, considerably impairing the efficacy of fluid displacement. It is of practical importance to develop suitable methods to improve fluid displacement. This paper presents an experimental study on applying the discontinuity of capillary pressure to improve immiscible fluid displacement in drainage for which the displacing fluid (air) wets the porous media less preferentially than does the displaced fluid (silicone oil). The concept involves using a heterogeneous packing system, where the upstream region features large pores and small capillary pressure, and the downstream region features small pores and large capillary pressure. The increase in capillary pressure prevents fingering from directly crossing the media interface, thus enhancing the displacement. The experimental apparatus was a linear cell comprising porous media between two parallel plates, and glass beads of 0.6 and 0.125 mm diameter were packed to compose the heterogeneous porous media. The time history of the finger flow was recorded using a video camera. Pressure drops over the model from the inlet to the outlet were measured to compare viscous pressure drops with capillary pressures. The results show that the fluid displacement was increased by the capillary discontinuities. The optimal displacement was determined through linear regression by adjusting the relative length of the large- and small-pore region. The results may assist in the understanding of fingering flow across the boundaries of different grain-sized bands for the gas and oil reservoir management, such as setting the relative location of the injection and production wells. The findings may also serve as a reference for industrial applications such as placing the grain bands in an adequate series to improve the displacement efficacy in biological filtration.     

多孔介质中稳定泡沫的流动计算及实验研究

将多孔介质简化为一簇变截面毛管束,根据多孔介质的颗粒直径、颗粒排列方式、孔喉尺度比及束缚水饱和度,计算出变截面毛细管的喉道半径和孔隙半径. 在考虑多孔介质喉道和孔隙中单个气泡的受力和变形基础上,利用动量守恒定理,推导出单个孔隙单元内液相的压力分布和孔隙单元两端的压差计算公式,最终得到多孔介质的压力分布计算公式. 利用长U型填砂管对稳定泡沫的流动特性进行了实验研究. 研究结果表明:稳定泡沫流动时多孔介质中的压力分布呈线性下降,影响泡沫在多孔介质中流动特性的因素包括:多孔介质的孔喉结构、泡沫流体的流量和干度、气液界面张力、气泡尺寸,其中孔喉结构和泡沫干度是影响泡沫封堵能力的主要因素.关键词: 稳定泡沫;多孔介质;变截面毛管;流动;表观粘度;压力分布;实验研究