多脉冲电子束发射度测量

采用多孔板并结合电子束在石英片相互作用产生的契仑柯夫辐射,对以天鹅绒为阴极发射的强流多脉冲电子束发射度和亮度进行了实验研究和测量。实验观测到了有外加磁场条件下的电子束发生旋转现象。对于电子能量为600 kV左右的电子束,多孔板处的磁场小于2.7 mT时,电子束元的偏离已经小于2°。分别测量了天鹅绒阴极发射的强流四脉冲电子束和双脉冲电子束的积分亮度,分别为7.5×107A/(m.rad)2和4.14×108A/(m.rad)2。结果表明,双脉冲电子束的积分亮度明显优于四脉冲电子束的积分亮度,进而验证了阴极等离子体对多脉冲电子束亮度具有重要影响,降低了电子束的品质。     

低阻无箔渡越辐射振荡器的初步实验

为实现低阻无箔运行,进一步增加现有高功率微波源输出功率和脉宽,给出了一种基于渡越辐射的低阻无箔高功率微波源的初步实验结果。主要对比分析了在铜介质片阴极和天鹅绒阴极以及不锈钢收集极和石墨收集极条件下器件的运行状况,分析了影响器件正常工作的可能原因,得出了在现有条件下天鹅绒阴极和石墨收集极最有利于器件运行的结论。初步的实验结果表明:降低强流相对论电子束的能量密度、选择更加合理的电子束收集方式,是实现该器件正常运行的重要手段。     

强流同步双阴极二极管电子束模拟与诊断

 高同步性的多电子束能够驱动产生有利于实现相位控制的多束微波，是高功率微波功率合成的关键技术。对单台加速器驱动强流同步双阴极二极管进行了模拟，在二极管阻抗约10 W，输入电压442.6 kV条件下，获得了总功率大于20 GW、总束流为47.6 kA、同步时间差小于6 ns的双电子束。开展了轰击不锈钢目击靶实验和同步双电子束诊断实验，双阴极材料为不锈钢，单个阴极长30 mm，两阴极中心间距为100 mm，阴极发射面采用天鹅绒，单阴极半径为20 mm，在阴阳极最大电压为442.8 kV时，束流峰值总和为48.78 kA，双束流同步时间差保持在4~6 ns范围内，实验结果与模拟符合较好。     

天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲强流相对论电子束特性实验研究

在时间分辨的模式下, 实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲相对论强流电子束的束心运动、束包络和束的发射度. 在实验中, 电子束流强度和电子束心运动用电阻环进行测试, 而电子束和石英玻璃的相互作用产生的契仑科夫辐射用来给出电子束包络和发射度信息. 电子束和石英玻璃作用产生的契仑科夫辐射用1台8幅分幅相机记录. 实验结果表明, 天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论强流双脉冲电子束在束流大小、束心运动轨迹、束包络及束发射度等方面具有较好的一致性.     

天鹅绒阴极二极管的实验研究

 介绍了天鹅绒阴极二极管的结构及天鹅绒阴极的设计,给出了二极管参数的测量方法及结果。对三种不同材料的天鹅绒阴极进行了实验研究,获得了大面积均匀电子束,并对电子束的横向及径向均匀性进行了诊断。实验结果表明：二极管工作状态接近的条件下,3种材料的天鹅绒阴极所获得的大面积电子束均匀性相近,而与天鹅绒的材料基本无关。     

天鹅绒阴极产生的强流双脉冲电子束特性

 通过一台2 MeV直线感应型强流电子注入器建立的双脉冲功率源系统,实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论性猝发双脉冲强流电子束基本特性,给出了双脉冲电子束的积分发射度、亮度和双脉冲电子束时间分辨包络变化情况。研究结果表明：天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲的亮度达到108 A·(m·rad)^-2;实验得到的两个脉冲电子束包络半径不完全一致,这是由于天鹅绒阴极在发射电子束过程中产生的阴极等离子体对真空二极管的影响程度不同所导致的。     

平面二极管爆炸发射阴极特性实验研究

 在电压0.6~1.0 MV,脉冲重复频率为100 Hz条件下,实验研究了爆炸发射阴极的有效发射面积、平均发射电流密度、二极管阻抗、电子束能量损耗机制等特性。结果表明：阴极有效发射面积随时间呈方波变化,在脉冲开始后5 ns内有效发射面积基本达到稳定。在碳纤维、天鹅绒、石墨、不锈钢4种阴极材料中,碳纤维阴极有效发射面积最大且变化相对稳定,并且碳纤维阴极具有最大的平均发射电流密度。二极管阻抗随着阴阳极间隙的增加并非呈平方关系增加,而是呈线性增长,阻抗失配是降低电子束能量传输效率的主要机制。     

相对论返波管振荡器齿状阴极

研究了一种齿状阴极的电子束产生传输过程以及对相对论返波管振荡器产生高功率微波的影响。基于SINUS881加速器,利用束流轰击金属靶观测齿状阴极产生电子束在不同轴向位置上的角向分布,并开展了基于环形阴极和齿状阴极的X波段相对论返波管振荡器的实验研究。对不同齿数及尺寸对电子束流特性、器件输出微波功率和脉冲宽度的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明:当阴极的齿数增加到一定数量时,电子束的横向运动使得电子束在径向逐渐趋于分布均匀;与均匀环形阴极的打靶结果近似,此时,电子束对于相对论返波管振荡器产生微波的功率和脉宽影响不大。     

常见场致发射阴极材料的发射特性

利用三阴极加速器平台,对不锈钢、黄铜、铝、天鹅绒和石墨等几种常见场致发射材料的电流发射能力、相对启动延迟时间及其抖动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:在二极管电压近似恒定时,不锈钢阴极启动时间延迟抖动小于8 ns,天鹅绒阴极及石墨阴极启动时间延迟抖动小于4 ns;且材料在阴极频繁工作时启动时间加快;常见金属材料中不锈钢阴极的综合性能较好;非金属材料中,天鹅绒阴极的发射能力最强,且发射延迟时间最短,但考虑到天鹅绒材料严重的出气问题,非金属材料中以石墨阴极的性能为优。     

环形束超辐射自由电子激光实验

本文叙述了1987年10月我们用500keV.1kA环形电子束进行的喇曼型自由电子激光(FEL)实验。空芯石墨阴极发射的环形电子束外径4cm,在轴向磁场引导下通过内径5.2cm的不锈钢漂移管,束厚0.1cm。互作用区由空间周期长度λ_w=2cm的双螺旋线摇摆器组成,进出端均为绝热过渡。测量到10MW的32GHz微波辐射,效率为1.6％。输出功率与互作用区长度的关系表明辐射增长率为2dB/cm。用波导色散线和带通滤波器测量到辐射频率在27-38GHz间可调。     

Time Dependence of Anode Spot Formation Threshold Current in Vacuum Arcs

The variation of threshold current for the transition between the low current quiescent vacuum arc mode, and the high voltage noisy mode associated with anode spot formation, was measured as a function of peak current, current waveform frequency, and electrode separation on fixed diameter (25 mm) Cu and Ni electrodes. At current waveform frequencies of about 60 Hz on Cu electrodes, the threshold current depends mainly on electrode spacing, as has been observed by other investigators. However, at higher waveform frequencies, the threshold current becomes a strong function of peak current as well. At 347 Hz on 25 mm. diam. Cu electrodes separated by 10 mm, the threshold current rose from approximately 2 kA to 5.5 kA, as the peak current rose from 2 kA to 6 kA. At 543 Hz on 25 mm diam Ni electrodes separated by 9 mm, a saturation in threshold current at about 7.5 kA was observed for peak currents greater than 9 kA. Simultaneous anode temperature measurements indicated that the Ni anode surface temperature immediately prior to transition rose from about 1550° K to 2250° K with variations of peak current from 5 kA to 13 kA. Predictions of the variation of threshold current based on random transitions, and on cathode spot migration over the edge of the cathode, are compared with the experimental data.     

1 MV阳极杆箍缩二极管数值模型实验研究

阳极杆箍缩二极管（RPD）具有小焦斑、高亮度的特点,是闪光X光机领域的研究热点。基于Marx发生器和脉冲形成线技术路线产生1 MV高电压脉冲驱动RPD,开展了不同结构参数二极管实验研究。基于RPD物理过程的数值模型,分析了结构参数对箍缩物理过程的影响。研究表明在1 MV电压下,RPD阴极等离子体平均扩散速度、阳极等离子体平均扩散速度分别为2,0.6 cm/μs时,该模型可以较好地描述实验结果。在阳极杆直径一定的情况下,二极管数值模型表明减小阴极孔径可以使二极管更快进入强箍缩状态,但过小的阴极孔径会导致二极管间隙过早闭合。     

感应电压叠加器驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管型脉冲X射线源

 介绍了自行研制的用于闪光照相且基于感应电压叠加器和阳极杆箍缩二极管的X射线源的组成、结构和主要参数。输出电压3 MV的Marx发生器给阻抗7.8 Ω水介质脉冲形成线充电,产生脉宽约70 ns,电压约1 MV的高功率脉冲,经过峰化开关和预脉冲开关后分成3路馈入三级感应电压叠加器感应腔进行电压叠加,感应电压叠加器次级采用真空绝缘传输线,阻抗从40 Ω变成60 Ω,驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管,二极管阴极为石墨,阳极为直径1.2 mm的钨杆,石墨阴极产生的电子束在电流自磁场作用下发生箍缩,轰击阳极,产生小焦斑脉冲Ｘ射线。该装置在Marx充电电压为±35 kV时,二极管电压约2.0 MV,二极管电流约为50 kA,半高宽约80 ns;X射线半高宽约为40 ns,剂量约为28 mGy,焦斑约为0.95 mm。利用该X射线源拍摄到了炸药爆炸产生的层裂碎片不同飞行时间的图像。     

Photographic appearance of high-current vacuum arcs prior to and during anode spot formation

This article presents the results of research on the photographic appearance of a highcurrent vacuum arc between butt type copper electrodes a of 30–80 mm diameter and a fixed gap of 10 mm. Current pulses of up to 30 kA peak amplitude at an initial value of (di/dt)₀ from 1–10kA/ms and a duration of approximately 14 ms were applied. Arcs were photographed with a high-speed framing camera, mostly at 10⁴ frames/s. A detailed study of discharge modes in phase transition from a high-current diffuse arc to a constricted arc with an anode spot was conducted. Most of the measurements were obtained at a peak current slightly in excess of 10 kA for electrodes of 55 mm diameter. It was found that at peak current exceeding moderately the threshold value of the onset of anode spot formation, the arc is characterized by the following main features: the formation of an anode spot and an anode plasma jet occurs concurrently with a local concentration of cathode spots; the anode spot is, most often, formed on the electrode edge; the coexistence of very varied structures of spots on the cathode; the lack of considerable constriction of the cathode discharge; the pseudo-periodic shrinking and expansion of the area occupied by cathode spots; the existence of a relatively dark space separates the anode plasma jet from the plasma sheath near the cathode surface; the plasma space distribution in the interelectrode gap is non-uniform and non-stationary.This work was supported by State Committee for Scientific Research within the research project No. 3 P40101507.     

碳化硅纳米线的电子发射特性

 以聚碳硅烷为原料,通过1 200 ℃高温裂解工艺制备了碳化硅纳米线,并采用碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极材料,进行了电子发射实验。结果表明：与天鹅绒阴极材料相比,碳化硅纳米线具有更高的电子发射电流密度,在115 kV外加激励脉冲高压下,电子发射密度为23.7 kA/cm²,而天鹅绒材料为14.0 kA/cm²,并具有更好的电子发射品质及更长的使用寿命。因此碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极,具有很好的应用潜力。     

A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs

This paper discusses are modes at the anode, experimental results pertinent to anode phenomena, and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena. A vacuum are can exhibit five anode discharge modes: (1) a low current mode in which the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode; (2) a second low current mode that can occur if the electrode material is readily sputtered (a flux of sputtered atoms will be emitted by the anode); (3) a footpoint mode, characterized by the appearance of one or more small luminous spots on the anode (footpoints are generally much cooler than the true anode spots present in the last two modes); (4) an anode spot mode in which one large or several small anode spots are present (such spots are very luminous, have a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material, and are a copious source of vapor and ions); and (5) an intense are mode where an anode spot is present, but accompanied by severe cathode erosion. The are voltage is relatively low and quiet in the two low current modes and the intense are mode. It is usually high and noisy in the footpoint mode, and it can be either in the anode spot mode. Anode erosion is low, indeed negative, in the two low current modes, and it is low to moderate in the footpoint mode. Severe anode erosion occurs in both the anode spot and intense are modes. The dominant mechanism controlling the formation of an anode spot appears to depend upon the electrode geometry, the electrode material, and the current waveform of the particular vacuum are being considered. In specific experimental conditions, either magnetic constriction in the gap plasma, or gross anode melting, or local anode evaporation can trigger the transition. However, the most probable explanation of anode spot formation is a combination theory, which considers magnetic constriction in the plasma together with the fluxes of material from the anode and cathode as well as the thermal, electrical, and geometric effects of the anode in analyzing the behavior of the anode and the nearby plasma.     

Observation of tungsten particles in vacuum arcs by laser inducedfluorescence

We have clarified the relation between the decay of tungsten ion density in the vicinity of current zero and vacuum arc mode in high current period by using a laser induced fluorescence method in tungsten vacuum arcs of 60 Hz sinusoidal current with the peak value of 3.3, 6.7, and 9.8 kA. In the case of 6.7 kA, the arc mode was the anode spot mode. Because of the generation of the anode spot, the tungsten ion density near the anode was higher than near the cathode and the density near the anode was about ten times as high as the case of 3.3 kA which was the diffuse mode. In the case of 9.8 kA, which was the intense arc mode, the density near the anode was not significantly different from the case of 6.7 kA. The density near the cathode was higher than near the anode and tungsten ions were observed till about 30 μs after current zero while they disappeared at current zero in the other cases     

Feasibility study on high current ion beam extraction from anode spot plasma for large area ion implantation

In this paper, we have investigated the feasibility of the high current beam extraction from anode spot plasma as an ion source for large area ion implantation. Experiments have been carried out with the ambient plasma produced by inductive coupling with radio-frequency (RF) power of 200 W at the frequency of 13.56 MHz. Anode spot plasmas are generated near the extraction hole of 2 mm in diameter at the center of a bias electrode whose area exposed to the ambient plasma can be changed. It is found that the maximum ion beam current is extracted at the optimum operating pressure at which the area of bias electrode exposed to ambient plasma is fully covered with the anode spot plasma whose size is dominantly determined by the operating pressure for given gas species. It is also observed that the extracted ion beam current increases nonlinearly with the bias power due to the changes in size and shape of the anode spot plasma. With the well-established anode spot plasma operating at the optimum gas pressure, we have successfully extracted high current ion beam of 6.4 mA (204 mA/cm²) at the bias power of 22 W (∼10% of RF power), which is 43 times larger than that extracted from the plasma without anode spot. Based on the experimental results, criteria for electrode design and operating pressure for ion beam extraction from larger extraction aperture are suggested. In addition, the stability of anode spot plasma in the presence of ion beam extraction through an extraction hole is discussed in terms of the particle balance model.     

Vacuum Arc Anode Phenomena

This paper briefly reviews anode phenomena in vacuum arcs, specially experimental work. It discusses, in succession, arc modes at the anode, anode temperature measurements, anode ions, transitions of the arc into various modes (principally the anode spot mode), and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena. The two most common anode modes in a vacuum arc are a low current mode where the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode, and a high current mode with a fully developed anode spot. Characteristically this anode spot has a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material and is a copious source of vapor and energetic ions. However, other anode modes can exist. A low current vacuum arc with electrodes of readily sputterable material may emit a flux of sputtered atoms from the anode. Usually this sputtered flux will have little effect upon the vacuum arc, but in certain circumstances it could be significant. A vacuum arc doesn't always transfer directly from a low current mode to the anode spot mode. In appropriate experimental conditions, formation of an anode spot may be preceded by the formation of an anode footpoint. This footpoint is luminous, but much cooler than a true anode spot. Finally, (again in appropriate circumstances) several small anode spots may form instead of one large anode spot. With sufficient increase in arc current or arcing time these will usually combine to form a single large active spot.     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。