阵列光栅压缩器的空域特性

 引入角度偏差、位移偏差作为拼接光栅系统的物理参数，定义了拼接光栅的孔径函数，利用傅里叶角谱理论研究了高斯脉冲入射拼接光栅压缩器后的远场分布特性。研究表明：出射脉冲仍然是高斯型脉冲，但包络中心发生偏移，偏移量由角度偏差量和光束口径决定;位移偏差引入的相位随着拼接光栅压缩器传递，其对远场焦斑的影响，取决于每片子光栅的非整数倍光栅常数的横向位移偏差和纵向位移偏差的综合作用。通过数值计算得到了各维偏差对阵列光栅压缩器空域特性的影响,计算表明:光栅面外角度偏差(俯仰左右)和条纹平行度偏差都必须控制在1 mrad以内，在此范围内，应将位移偏差控制在52 nm以内。     

拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响

用拼接小尺寸多层介质膜衍射介质膜衍射光栅的办法制作大口径的高破坏阈值光栅成为解决拍瓦激光系统输出能量的关键技术———光栅拼接技术。拼接的每个光栅都存在五维自由度的偏差,对激光脉冲的空间特性和时间特性产生影响。用夫琅禾费衍射的方法分析了拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响,建立了偏差和远场强度分布之间的函数关系并用数值方法进行模拟,得出角度偏差对光束远场分布的影响可以忽略,而位移偏差:光栅间拼缝和前后位移偏差是影响光束远场分布的关键因素。     

全息光栅拼接系统中的像差补偿法

全息光栅拼接参数需要用参考干涉条纹来检测。系统像差会造成干涉条纹扭曲,产生光栅拼接误差。为补偿像差造成的光栅拼接误差,对像差与干涉条纹扭曲量之间的理论关系进行了研究,利用计算机模拟了参考干涉条纹图像,并将光栅拼接误差预调制到参考干涉条纹图像中。为验证该方法的有效性,在曝光系统像差峰-峰值为0.72λ的情况下进行了光栅拼接实验,在光栅拼缝处像差造成-1级衍射波面最大突变量为0.36λ。利用预制参考干涉条纹图像作为拼接参考时,其最大突变量为0.097λ。实验结果表明,在曝光系统像差较大的情况下,干涉条纹预制法能够有效地控制光栅拼接误差。     

光栅周期不一致对莫尔条纹法测量扭转角的影响

为了提高用莫尔条纹法测量扭转角的测量精度,分析了光栅周期不一致对扭转角测量误差的影响。从基于莫尔条纹法测量扭转角的原理出发,论述了光栅周期不一致与测量精度的关系,讨论了引起两光栅周期不一致的两个因素,即光栅刻划误差以及两光栅栅面不平行。理论分析表明,前者是引起光栅周期不一致的主要原因。当两光栅等效周期比值β＜1.001时,在±15′的测量范围内,选择光栅周期为50 μm,莫尔条纹宽度为1 400~1 800 μm时,光栅周期不一致引起的测量误差可以控制在1.6″之内。     

拼接光栅缝隙对激光脉冲光强分布的影响

以拼接光栅作为色散元件的激光脉冲压缩器中,要求脉冲压缩光栅表面光强分布均匀、能量输出效率高。利用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射原理对脉冲压缩光栅表面光强和远场光强分布进行了研究。计算了拼接光栅缝隙宽度对光栅表面光强变化量和远场光强极大值的影响。在利特罗角附近入射时发现激光脉冲光强分布与拼接光栅缝隙宽度相关,得出了光栅拼接缝隙宽度应控制在0.5 mm以内。适当提高缝隙衍射效率能够改善光强分布均匀性和提高光能量输出,提出了对拼接缝隙采用两次重复曝光以提高其衍射效率的方法。     

拼接型光栅对压缩器中刻线密度差对输出脉冲的影响及补偿方案

拼接型光栅对压缩器中子光栅的刻线密度不一致会降低压缩器的品质,补偿刻线密度差的影响对于提高输出脉冲的性能具有十分重要的意义.基于光线追迹的方法建立了理论模型,数值分析了刻线密度差所导致的出射光角度偏移及输出脉冲展宽程度.提出同时用水平角偏误差和纵向错位误差来补偿光栅刻线密度差影响的方案,给出不同刻线密度差时的理论光栅偏转角度和对应的平移距离以及该方案的补偿范围.利用空谱干涉测量方法,验证了该方案在一定范围内可校正出射光的角度偏转,较好地补偿二、三阶色散误差,且实验与理论结果较为符合.本研究可为拼接光栅压缩器的设计与调整提供指导.     

一种新的非球面零朗奇检测法

提出一种新的零朗奇检测法用于测量大口径非球面镜的面形。利用光线追迹和正弦条纹的相位信息设计补偿正弦光栅。使用透射液晶显示屏显示补偿正弦光栅并作为相移装置。一个离轴点光源发出的光被镜面反射后通过补偿正弦光栅,摄像机记录携带镜面偏差信息的相移条纹图。通过对相移条纹图的分析确定被测镜面的实际横向像差以及对应的理想横向像差,然后基于朗奇检测的几何原理得到被测镜面的偏差梯度,对其积分获得被测镜面的偏差,进而重建被测镜面的三维面形。与传统的零朗奇检测法相比,这种方法可以消除补偿光栅上每个条纹带边缘的锯齿形状,而且可以获得镜面上足够多的待测点信息。计算机模拟和初步实验验证了该方法的可行性。     

透射型光折变体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的特性

在Kogelnik耦合波理论的基础上,考虑光栅记录介质的色散效应的影响,研究了光折变体全息光栅对不同偏振状态的超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质,讨论了高斯型入射脉冲激光光束的谱宽与光栅的有效衍射谱宽之比不同时,衍射和透射光束的光谱宽度、时间宽度、波形和衍射效率的变化。结果表明,光栅的有效衍射谱宽受光栅参量及入射条件的影响,对衍射性质的影响很大,且在考虑光栅记录介质的色散效应时减小。当入射脉冲的偏振方向垂直于入射面时,光栅的有效衍射谱宽大于偏振方向平行于入射面的情形,衍射效率在入射脉冲宽度较大时小于偏振方向平行于入射面的情形;谱宽比较大时,衍射光束的时间分布曲线产生展宽和变形,且比偏振方向平行于入射面的情形展宽和变形得更加明显。     

拼接光栅压缩器中光栅拼缝对脉冲信噪比的影响

针对平行光栅对结构的压缩器和圆形入射光束,建立了光栅拼缝所引起的光谱剪切的数学模型,并模拟了该光谱剪切对压缩脉冲信噪比的影响.与双曲正割型脉冲相比,光栅拼缝对高斯型脉冲信噪比的影响较小.随着光栅拼缝宽度的减小与光束口径的增大,压缩脉冲信噪比得到提高.对于确定的拼接光栅压缩器和光束直径,当脉冲中心波长与光谱剪切中心波长(...     

利用激光感应瞬态光栅技术测量超短激光脉冲宽度

描述了利用激光感应瞬态光栅技术测量超短脉冲激光的脉冲宽度和相干时间的方法，来自同一光源的两束激光在非线性介质中相干形成积分光栅，测量光栅自衍射强度与两束光脉冲之间的延迟时间关系，利用相干光束的四阶相干函数关系，可以求出光源的脉冲宽度和相干时间。     

拼接光栅对压缩系统中的误差补偿

 根据失调拼接光栅对压缩系统模型，推导了拼接误差引起的角色散公式。针对光栅拼接中的转角误差和光栅常数误差，得到了误差间的相互补偿关系式，并对补偿方式进行了讨论。研究结果表明：绕光栅平面内垂直于刻线方向的转角在一定范围内可以补偿绕光栅厚度方向旋转造成的误差；绕光栅刻线方向的转角可以补偿光栅常数不同造成的误差；绕光栅平面内垂直于刻线方向或绕光栅厚度方向的转角在一定范围内也可以补偿由光栅常数不同造成的误差。前两种补偿方式的补偿效果较好。     

Coherent addition of gratings for chirped-pulse-amplified lasers based on near-field and far-field measurements

The development of phased-array grating compressor is a crucial issue for high-energy,ultra-short pulse petawatt-class lasers.Almost all systems have adopted a tiled-grating approach to meet the size requirements for the compression gratings.We present a computer-control test system utilizing near-field interference and far-field focusing capable of monitoring and fast correcting tiled errors of the grating compressor.In this system,the tilt/tip errors between the two gratings are determined by the Fourier transform (FT) of the individual interference fringe,and the piston errors are determined by the ratio of the two primary peaks formed in the far-field pattern as a function of the piston difference.Monochromatic grating phasing is achieved experimentally and pulse compression is demonstrated with a tiled grating system.     

Eliminating the longitudinal piston error between tiled gratings by angle tuning

In a tiled-grating system, it is difficult to make two tiled gratings strictly coplanar. We propose and demonstrate for the first time, as far as we know, a simple method by which the longitudinal piston error between two tiled gratings can be reduced below lambda/10, close to the influence of the environmental factors. The alignment precision of the method increases with the tiled-grating system's stability to environmental factors.     

Split-aperture laser pulse compressor design tolerant to alignment and line-density differences

We introduce a four-pass laser pulse compressor design based on two grating apertures with two gratings per aperture that is tolerant to some alignment errors and, importantly, to grating-to-grating period variations. Each half-beam samples each grating in a diamond-shaped compressor that is symmetric about a central bisecting plane. For any given grating, the two half-beams impinge on opposite sides of its surface normal. It is shown that the two split beams have no pointing difference from paired gratings with different periods. Furthermore, no phase shift between half-beams is incurred as long as the planes containing a grating line and the surface normal for each grating of the pair are parallel. For grating pairs satisfying this condition, gratings surfaces need not be on the same plane, as changes in the gap between the two can compensate to bring the beams back in phase.     

Method of making mosaic gratings by using a two-color heterodyne interferometer containing a reference grating

We propose and demonstrate a two-color heterodyne interferometric method for making a perfect mosaic of two planar gratings that can substitute for a single and larger grating without introducing wavefront aberration at any wavelength. The lateral and longitudinal phase errors are separated and eliminated by use of two wavelengths in the interferometry. The accuracy of the phase difference measurement is improved by this heterodyne scheme. The method ensures that the lateral gap between the two subaperture gratings is an integer multiple of the grating period. For a pair of 0.72 microm period gratings we experimentally achieved a lateral alignment error of less than 1% of the grating period.     

1700 线/mm镀金光栅的拼接理论和实验研究

提出了一个能够实时地监控拼接光栅状态的方案；理论上论证了氦氖光不能用来实时监控1740线衍射光栅的光栅拼接实验；提出了一种选择监控光波长的方法，使得拼接光栅的各种误差对于主光束和监控光的影响是一致的，并且通过实验进行了验证. 关键词： 拼接光栅 刻线密度误差 实时监控 光栅对压缩池     

Optical terminal analysis of a multigrating tiled compressor in a PW-class CPA-laser

In the highest-power chirped-pulse amplification lasers, the pulse must be stretched in time, amplified, compressed in a grating compressor and subsequently focused by off-axis parabola to obtain a high peak power. In the optical terminal, the temporal and spatial effects of mismatched multigrating tiled compressor on the far-field pulse are critical factors to be analysed. In this paper, a k-space raytracing model is proposed for the temporal and spatial analyses of possible errors in a four-grating single-pass tiled compressor. The results show that the last grating affects mainly the partial focal spot, while the middle two gratings affect the temporal waveform, and the partial focal spot needs much higher error control than that in the temporal domain in a picosecond pulse compression.     

Matched wavelength and incident angle for the diagnostic beam to achieve coherent grating tiling

Design and operation of a practical, accurate alignment diagnostic system is important for the grating tiling technology, which is supposed to be applied in a chirped-pulse amplification system to increase the output power. A diagnostic method is proposed and demonstrated for grating tiling. Provided that the wavelength and incident angle of the diagnostic beam are properly set, the far-field of the main laser beam and that of the diagnostic beam can vary in the same way with the tiling errors between the sub-aperture gratings. Therefore, rotational and translational errors can be controlled and compensated according to the far-field of the diagnostic beam. The real-time monitoring and alignment can be achieved without disturbing the main beam.     

Demonstration of coherent addition of multiple gratings for high-energy chirped-pulse-amplified lasers

Petawatt solid-state lasers require meter-sized gratings to reach multiple-kilojoule energy levels without laser-induced damage. As an alternative to large single gratings, we demonstrate that smaller, coherently added (tiled) gratings can be used for subpicosecond-pulse compression. A Fourier-transform-limited, 650-fs chirped-pulse-amplified laser pulse is maintained by replacing a single compression grating with a tiled-grating assembly. Grating tiling provides a means to scale the energy and irradiance of short-pulse lasers.     

Compression grating alignment by far-field monitoring

Slight non-parallelism of the gratings in the compressor of a chirped-pulse amplification laser system produces angular chirp which results in a significant reduction of the focused intensity due to elongation of the pulse duration and enlargement of the focal spot. The effect of three-dimensional relative misalignment angles between two gratings on the far-field pattern of the pulses propagating through them is investigated by ray tracing. The far-field pattern provides two-dimensional information of the uncompensated angular dispersion directly. A simple and intuitive alignment procedure to achieve parallelism of the compression gratings by far-field monitoring is demonstrated experimentally, while the alignment precision is found to be the same as the methods proposed previously.