升温速率对聚酰胺酸/聚丙烯腈基碳纤维结构的影响

采用聚酰胺酸/聚丙烯腈(PAA/PAN)为原材料制备共混前驱体,经热处理完成PAA的亚胺化和PAN的预氧化,再以一定的升温速率升温至1200℃,得到新型共混基碳纤维,采用SEM、Raman、XRD、EA等方法研究了不同的升温速率对PAA/PAN基碳纤维碳化结构的影响.结果表明,碳纤维表面沿纤维轴方向有少量的沟槽,这是湿法纺丝工艺造成的.1200℃的高温处理使碳元素富集,最终制得碳含量高于92%的碳纤维.随着碳化升温速率的增大,碳收率也在增大,最大碳收率达52.36%.碳纤维的石墨化程度和微晶尺寸随着碳化升温速率的提高均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当升温速率为8 K/min时,所得纤维的碳化结构最为理想,微晶堆叠厚度达到1.445 nm,g(A_G/A_D)值达到0.52,此条件下,纤维的碳元素含量也达到了94.13%,电阻率最小.     

聚四氟乙烯和石墨对聚醚酰亚胺摩擦学性能的影响

将聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和石墨两类减摩耐磨填料填充到聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)中,表征其摩擦性能,利用扫描电子显微镜分析了磨损表面的显微结构,并分析了磨损机制.研究结果表明,PTFE和石墨的填充明显改善了PEI的摩擦磨损性,摩擦系数降低到0.3以下(纯PEI的摩擦系数为0.41),磨损率降低了3个数量级.在PTFE体系中,PTFE质量分数为10%时,PEI基共混材料的摩擦系数最低为0.23;而在质量分数为15%的石墨体系中,PEI基共混材料摩擦系数最低为0.27.磨损率随着填料含量的增加而逐渐下降,在填料质量分数为20%之后,摩损率下降平缓.因此PTFE和石墨的填充对PEI的摩擦学性能起到了很好的改善作用,而且PTFE比石墨的改善效果更优益.共混物的机械性能测试结果表明,在填料质量分数为5%~15%时,共混物具有良好的机械性能.     

进口中间相沥青碳纤维超高温石墨化处理后的特性分析

对P25、P55及XN-90三种进口中间相沥青碳纤维3000℃石墨化处理前后的微观形貌、晶体尺寸、力学性能、导电导热性能及其抗氧化性能进行了表征.结果 表明,三种碳纤维微观结构差异较大,均呈现出较为明显的"指纹"特征.三种碳纤维中XN-90热处理温度最高,晶体尺寸最大,石墨化程度最高,抗氧化性能最好.经过3000℃石墨...     

氧化钛-氧化石墨插层结构及其光催化性能(英文)

采用氧化石墨(GO)和硫酸钛作为初始反应物,在低温下(80℃)制备了纳米级的氧化钛-氧化石墨插层(TiO2-GO)复合材料,研究了这一复合材料的紫外光催化性能.结果表明,在采用TiO2-GO插层复合材料对甲基橙溶液进行紫外光催化降解时,其降解效率η=1.17mg·min-1·g-1,明显优于德固赛P25氧化钛粉.通过对TiO2-GO插层复合材料进行X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)等测试,表征了产物的晶相结构、界面状况及其显微结构.结果表明:插层结构中的TiO2晶粒为锐钛矿和金红石的混合相,且锐钛矿相含量大于金红石相含量;氧化石墨层间的含氧基团如C襒O,基本被还原.对TiO2-GO插层复合材料的形成机理以及该材料具有优越光催化性能的原因进行了探讨.     

带状中间相沥青基石墨纤维结构对电化学性能的影响

通过中间相沥青熔融纺丝、预氧化、炭化及石墨化处理制得了带状中间相沥青基石墨纤维。研究了喷丝孔尺寸和纺丝速率对带状石墨纤维横截面碳层片取向和晶体结构的影响,对用作锂离子电池负极材料的带状石墨纤维的电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明：喷丝孔尺寸和纺丝速率对石墨纤维碳层片取向具有显著影响。采用低长宽比的喷丝孔在低纺丝速率下制备的石墨纤维其碳层片取向呈类辐射状,此石墨纤维负极材料的倍率性能较好,在0.1C和1C倍率下其放电比容量分别为336和300 mAh·g^-1,但其循环稳定性较差,在0.1C倍率下循环100次后容量保持率为89.1%;采用高长宽比的喷丝孔在低纺丝速率下制备的石墨纤维其碳层片呈波浪褶皱状且沿平行纤维主平面取向度高,此石墨纤维负极材料的倍率性能相对较差,但其循环稳定性较好,在0.1C倍率下循环100次后容量保持率为98.8%。随纺丝速率的增加,石墨纤维碳层片整体有序度降低,平行纤维主平面取向的碳层片含量减小,由此导致纤维负极材料的可逆比容量下降。     

聚酰亚胺基材料制备类石墨材料研究进展

聚酰亚胺(PI)因其独有的分子结构和高碳含量，是制备优质类石墨材料的前体。同时其热处理加工程序简单，PI制备类石墨材料也有望从实验室走向实际生产。本文就近年来国内外针对PI基制备类石墨材料的研究现状，以不同的材料形式为板块，综述了PI基制备类石墨材料的技术路径和研究进展，重点介绍了PI基制备类石墨膜、碳泡沫和碳纤维的研究进展。     

增大石墨相氮化碳层间距提升光催化制氢性能

石墨相氮化碳是一类非金属聚合物,其光催化特性,特别是在光催化水分解反应中的应用引起了广泛关注.目前,块体石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能主要受比表面积较大、光子利用率较低等因素的制约.前期大量研究主要采用异质元素掺杂、负载助催化剂、设计缺陷、构建异质结构等策略来进一步提升光催化性能.石墨相氮化碳具有二维层状的晶体结构,理论上其形貌和显微结构会对光催化性能有显著影响.因此,本文从调节材料本征结构这一角度,报道了一种调控石墨相氮化碳层间距的方法.将三聚氰胺和氯化铵混合后,通过微波快速加热,利用氯化铵分解过程中释放氨气这一特性,破坏石墨相氮化碳层间的范德华力,增大其层间距并成功获得了薄片状结构.同时,微波加热可以实现快速升温,有效避免了电炉加热煅烧时间较长导致前驱体挥发的问题.采用扫描电子显微镜、氮气等温吸脱附曲线、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、光催化制氢和电化学测试等表征手段,研究了不同氯化铵含量对石墨相氮化碳层间距的作用以及调控层间距对光催化活性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜观察,与三聚氰胺加热所得到的块状结构相比,适量的氯化铵(氯化铵质量比为11％)和三聚氰胺在微波快速加热处理后可以获得薄片状结构.氮气等温吸脱附曲线进一步证实了显微结构的变化,薄片状结构和块体结构相比BET比表面积提升了2.1倍.X射线衍射分析证实随着氯化铵含量的增加,(002)衍射峰位置左移,意味着层间距逐渐增大.红外光谱则没有明显的变化,说明氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧并不会改变石墨相氮化碳的化学结构.光催化制氢测试发现,添加适量的氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧可以明显提升光催化制氢性能.与块体材料(4.67μmol h?1)相比,层间距增大后光催化活性提升了约5倍(23.6μmol h?1).结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学莫特肖特基测试,我们发现层间距增大后可以显著提升石墨相氮化碳的可见光吸收性质,减小带宽,并获得更为合适的能级结构.且样品的导电性能得到改善,有利于电荷传输,光生电子空穴对的分离效率进一步提升.以上结果说明调控石墨相氮化碳的层间距是一种简单有效提升催化剂光催化性能的手段.     

增大石墨相氮化碳层间距提升光催化制氢性能

石墨相氮化碳是一类非金属聚合物,其光催化特性,特别是在光催化水分解反应中的应用引起了广泛关注.目前,块体石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能主要受比表面积较大、光子利用率较低等因素的制约.前期大量研究主要采用异质元素掺杂、负载助催化剂、设计缺陷、构建异质结构等策略来进一步提升光催化性能.石墨相氮化碳具有二维层状的晶体结构,理论上其形貌和显微结构会对光催化性能有显著影响.因此,本文从调节材料本征结构这一角度,报道了一种调控石墨相氮化碳层间距的方法.将三聚氰胺和氯化铵混合后,通过微波快速加热,利用氯化铵分解过程中释放氨气这一特性,破坏石墨相氮化碳层间的范德华力,增大其层间距并成功获得了薄片状结构.同时,微波加热可以实现快速升温,有效避免了电炉加热煅烧时间较长导致前驱体挥发的问题.采用扫描电子显微镜、氮气等温吸脱附曲线、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、光催化制氢和电化学测试等表征手段,研究了不同氯化铵含量对石墨相氮化碳层间距的作用以及调控层间距对光催化活性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜观察,与三聚氰胺加热所得到的块状结构相比,适量的氯化铵(氯化铵质量比为11％)和三聚氰胺在微波快速加热处理后可以获得薄片状结构.氮气等温吸脱附曲线进一步证实了显微结构的变化,薄片状结构和块体结构相比BET比表面积提升了2.1倍.X射线衍射分析证实随着氯化铵含量的增加,(002)衍射峰位置左移,意味着层间距逐渐增大.红外光谱则没有明显的变化,说明氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧并不会改变石墨相氮化碳的化学结构.光催化制氢测试发现,添加适量的氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧可以明显提升光催化制氢性能.与块体材料(4.67μmol h?1)相比,层间距增大后光催化活性提升了约5倍(23.6μmol h?1).结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学莫特肖特基测试,我们发现层间距增大后可以显著提升石墨相氮化碳的可见光吸收性质,减小带宽,并获得更为合适的能级结构.且样品的导电性能得到改善,有利于电荷传输,光生电子空穴对的分离效率进一步提升.以上结果说明调控石墨相氮化碳的层间距是一种简单有效提升催化剂光催化性能的手段.     

聚丙烯/石墨纳米复合材料的导电性能研究

磨盘碾磨固相剪切复合技术(S3C)是制备聚合物 石墨导电复合材料的有效途径,所得聚丙烯 膨胀石墨复合材料具有纳米插层复合结构,石墨纳米片层的相互搭接可形成导电网络,具有纳米间隙的石墨插层结构可形成隧道电流,从而大幅度降低复合体系的导电逾渗阈值,在低填充量实现聚合物复合材料高电导性,与熔体共混相比,导电逾渗阈值由4 .3vol%降低到0 . 5 5vol% ,在石墨含量为4 .0 1vol%时,电导率提高10个数量级.     

增大层间距对天然石墨可逆储锂性能的影响研究

利用石墨嵌入化合物(GIC)制备技术处理天然石墨, 然后在其表面包覆一层软炭前驱体, 并在惰性气氛下热处理. 所得样品不但层间距保持了拉大的状态, 而且还在天然石墨内部预留了膨胀空间. 成功地找到了在保持天然石墨粒度和碳六角平面直径不显著改变情况下, 提高石墨层间距, 预留膨胀空间的石墨改性方法. 分析表明, 石墨嵌入化合物表面含有的大量含氧官能团, 在软炭前驱体包覆石墨嵌入化合物的过程中, 含氧官能团与沥青之间的反应和石墨嵌入化合物分解产生气体的溢出阻碍了层间距和预留空间的恢复. 将这种材料用于锂离子电池负极材料, 石墨的可逆储锂容量变化不大, 但是倍率放电性能和循环性能得到明显改善. 这主要是因为加大层间距和预留膨胀空间, 拓宽了锂离子扩散通道, 降低了石墨嵌锂膨胀引起的包覆层破裂.     

石墨氧化过程的XRD/XPS研究

石墨用强氧化剂如硝酸、高氯酸、氯酸钾或高锰酸钾等处理后,在石墨层间形成一种没有化学计量的层间化合物,通常叫做氧化石墨,又称石墨酸犤1犦。氧化石墨的研究历史可追溯到1855年犤2犦,期间,有关氧化石墨的制备及表征的报导获得了广泛的重视。就目前的研究现状而言,普遍认为化学法制备的氧化石墨中存在羟基、环氧官能团和双键结构犤3犦,这一结果已经得到广泛的证实,如FTIR犤4犦结果表明氧化石墨中含有C-OH、-OH、C=O等基团,13CNMR犤5犦也检测到与醚或羟基相联的碳原子,并发现sp2杂化的碳原子,元素分析的结果表明犤6犦,氧化石墨中的C/…     

Wettability and surface free energy of electrolytically oxidized graphite fibers

Wettability of electrolytically oxidized graphite fibers has been investigated by contact angle measurements employing the Wilhelmy method. The atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon, O/C, in the surface layer of the graphite fiber increased with increasing electric specific charge. Contact angle hysteresis was not observed for the untreated graphite fiber (O/C=0.01). The contact angles decreased with increasing O/C, especially for the receding angle, and approached constant for O/C>0.2. The nondispersive and dispersive surface free energies of the oxidized graphite fibers were calculated from the experimentally determined contact angles. The nondispersive surface free energy increased by the oxidation, whereas the dispersive one decreased. From the results of surface analysis, it was found that the changes in the nondispersive and dispersive surface free energies were caused by the increase in O/C ratio and the decrease in surface crystallinity, respectively.     

高频燃烧–红外吸收法测定石墨及其制品中的硫含量

建立高频燃烧–红外吸收法测定石墨及其制品中的硫含量。结合高频红外碳硫分析仪器特点,试验确定了方法的实验条件:试样粉碎至2.5 mm以下颗粒状,所有试样均为干燥状态,称样量控制在0.200 0~0.300 0 g之间,助熔剂为纯铁和钨粒,助熔剂添加顺序为纯铁+样品+钨粒。采用该方法对石墨标准样品进行测定,测定结果与标准值相符合,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.86%~1.96%(n=10)。该法可用于石墨及其制品中硫含量的测定。     

Thermal conductivity of exfoliated graphite nanocomposites

Since the late 1990’s, research has been reported where intercalated, expanded, and/or exfoliated graphite nanoflakes could also be used as reinforcements in polymer systems. The key point to utilizing graphite as a platelet nanoreinforcement is in the ability to exfoliate graphite using Graphite Intercalated Compounds (GICs). Natural graphite is still abundant and its cost is quite low compared to the other nano–size carbon materials, the cost of producing graphite nanoplatelets is expected to be ~$5/lb. This is significantly less expensive than single wall nanotubes (SWNT) (>$45000/lb) or vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) ($40–50/lb), yet the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of crystalline graphite flakes are comparable to those of SWNT and VGCF. The use of exfoliated graphite flakes (xGnP) opens up many new applications where electromagnetic shielding, high thermal conductivity, gas barrier resistance or low flammability are required. A special thermal treatment was developed to exfoliate graphite flakes for the production of nylon and high density polypropylene nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the degree of exfoliation of the graphite platelets and the morphology of the nanocomposites. The thermal conductivity of these composites was investigated by three different methods, namely, by DSC, modified hot wire, and halogen flash lamp methods. The addition of small amounts of exfoliated graphite flakes showed a marked improvement in thermal and electrical conductivity of the composites.     

Deposition of densely packed gold film on an alkane derivative monolayer modified graphite surface

The growth of thin metal films is an important step in the fabrication of electronic and magnetic devices. In this work, an atomically flat graphite surface was used as a model system to understand the details of gold film growth mechanisms and kinetics. Ordered assembling monolayers of 1‐octadecanethiol and stearic acid are used to modify the surface and uniform, densely packed ultrathin gold film with the thickness less than 5 nm are formed on these monolayer‐modified graphite surfaces in a large area. The amount of gold needed to be deposited in order to form a continuous gold film is significantly reduced as compared to that needed on a bare graphite surface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石墨及石墨/双马来酰亚胺减摩树脂复合材料的XRD研究

利用X射线衍射对鳞片石墨、可膨胀石墨、膨胀石墨和纳米石墨薄片以及石墨 /双马来酰亚胺、纳米石墨薄片 /双马来酰亚胺减摩复合材料进行了研究,探讨它们之间在结构上的关系以及以复合材料中双马来酰亚胺预聚体对石墨层间距的影响.实验结果表明:可膨胀石墨中插层剂的插入除了增大石墨层间距外,还减小相邻插层剂未插入的石墨层间距;膨胀石墨的结构除了保留强度很弱的石墨特征峰外,还有大量强度极其微弱、层间距大小不一的峰;超声波对膨胀石墨的结构有整合、均匀化作用;双马来酰亚胺预聚体不能插入鳞片石墨层间,而能插入纳米石墨薄片的层间.     

Gas sensing using edge-plane pyrolytic-graphite electrodes: electrochemical reduction of chlorine

The voltammetric responses of chlorine in aqueous acid solutions have been explored using different carbon-based electrodes. Edge-plane pyrolytic graphite has more electrochemical reversibility than glassy carbon, basal-plane pyrolytic graphite, or boron-doped diamond electrodes. A significant reduction in the overpotential is observed on the edge-plane pyrolytic-graphite electrode in contrast with the other carbon-based electrode substrates. These results suggest that edge-plane pyrolytic graphite can be optimally used as the working electrodes in Clark-cell devices for low-potential amperometric gas sensing of Cl₂.     

Contrasting pKa of protonated bis(3-aminopropyl)-terminated polyethylene glycol "Jeffamine" and the associated thermodynamic parameters in solution and covalently attached to graphite surfaces

The pKa value of protonated Jeffamine (bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated polyethylene glycol) in solution and attached as a monolayer to graphite surfaces has been determined using potentiometric titration. The protonated Jeffamine was found to have a pKa value of 9.7 in solution at 25 degrees C, whereas this value decreases to 7.1 when it is attached to a graphite surface. Potentiometric titrations from 25 to 40 degrees C allowed us to determine the surface pKa of the protonated Jeffamine at each temperature studied and hence to determine the enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy changes associated with the deprotonation of the amino-terminated surface bound Jeffamine groups. It was found that the enthalpic contribution is negligibly small and the evaluation of these thermodynamic parameters controlling the shift in surface pKa value indicates that this process is controlled by entropic contribution arising from the ordering/disordering of solvent molecules at the carbon-water interface. This suggests that the long chain Jeffamine molecules are oriented on the carbon surface rather than existing in the bulk solution.     

基于从头计算法的三维碳同素异形体结构设计

由于独特的成键特性,在不同温度和压强下,碳具有丰富的结构特性。除了实验上已发现各种同素异形体,理论计算也预言了丰富的新结构。在本文中,我们对第一性原理计算预言的三维碳同素异形体做了综述,特别地,我们着重关注了泡沫状的碳结构。碳泡沫主要由石墨片断以各种碳键连接而成,具体多孔结构及较大的表面积。另外,针对由低维碳结构,如碳富勒烯、纳米芽、纳米管及石墨烯等组成的三维碳超结构以及其他三维碳晶体我们也做了概述。这些新型碳结构有的由混杂的sp-sp²碳或者纯sp²碳组成(H-6, bct-4, C-20, K₄等),有的质量密度比金刚石还大(C₈, hP3, tl12, tp12等),有的可以由石墨在室温高压下转化而成(M碳, bct-4碳, W碳, Z碳等)。在这些预言的碳同素异形体中,有些在将来可能在实验室合成。     

Structure of solid monolayers and multilayers of n -hexane on graphite

We present all-atom molecular dynamics simulations ofn-hexane on the basal plane of graphite at monolayer and multilayer coverages. In keeping with experimental data, we find the presence of ordered adsorbed layers both at single monolayer coverage and when the adsorbed layer coexists with excess liquid adsorbate. Using a simulation method that does not impose any particular periodicity on the adsorbed layer, we quantitatively compare our results to the results of neutron diffraction experiments and find a structural transition from a uniaxially incommensurate lattice to a fully commensurate structure on increasing the coverage from a monolayer to a multilayer. The zig-zag backbone planes of all the alkane molecules lie parallel to the graphite surface at the multilayer coverage, while a few molecules are observed to attain the perpendicular orientation at monolayer coverage. Dedicated to Professor C N R Rao on his 70th birthday