KClO_4/Zr在石英管内的燃烧发射光谱与燃烧产物分析

为了研究燃烧条件对KClO_4/Zr烟火剂燃烧过程中光辐射性能的影响,考察了KClO_4/Zr在开放环境和不同规格封闭石英管内的燃烧发射光谱和燃烧产物。借助光纤光谱仪、光电二极管和示波器测试了烟火剂燃烧过程中的光辐射能量分布和闪光时间-强度曲线,分析了所得发射光谱在(590±10),(750±10)和(808±10)nm三个主吸收波段内的光谱效率,借助SEM表征了不同燃烧条件下KClO_4/Zr燃烧产物的形貌。结果表明:在开放条件下燃烧时,KClO_4/Zr的燃烧发射光谱在可见光到近红外的宽波段内,最强辐射出现在730~820nm波段。在石英管内封闭燃烧时,随着石英管体积的减少,在石英管外检测到的燃烧发射光谱强度逐渐减弱,光谱能量分布也呈现不同的变化规律,而且对火焰发射光谱分布进行处理后,随着石英管体积的变化,得到(590±10),(750±10)和(808±10)nm波段的光谱效率也呈现不同的变化规律。但是,随着石英管体积的减少,KClO_4/Zr烟火剂的爆燃闪光辐射时间逐渐缩短,峰值辐射强度逐渐提高。增加石英管的直径,有利于在管外获得更高的有效光辐射能量,减少石英管的直径,则有利于提高烟火剂的峰值辐射强度。随着管直径的增大,KClO_4燃烧更加充分,产物粒径较小,呈规则的球状。而管长度的改变对反应并无太大影响。     

Analysis of directional radiative behavior and heating efficiency for a gas-fired radiant burner

For the purpose of energy conservation and uniform heating of object surface, a gas-fired porous radiant burner with a bundle of reflecting tubes is developed. A physical model is developed to simulate the directional radiative behavior of this heating device, in which the Monte Carlo method based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is used to compute the directional radiative behavior. The effects of relating parameters on the directional behavior of radiative heating and the heating efficiency are analyzed. With the increase of the length-to-radius ratio of tube, the radiation heating efficiency decreases, but the radiation energy incident on the object surface is more collimated. The radiation heating efficiency increases with the specular reflectivity. With the increase in length of tube segment with specular reflective surface, the radiation heating efficiency increases, but the extent of concentration and collimation of radiative energy decreases. For real design of the heating device, some trade-offs are needed to balance the radiation heating efficiency and the uniformity of radiative heating of object surface.     

太阳能吸热器玻璃窗辐射与导热计算

在太阳能塔式热发电空气吸热器工作过程中,吸热器玻璃窗受到聚焦太阳光、环境以及吸热面（体）的复合辐射。本文采用改进蒙特卡罗法、有限容积法,研究了太阳能空气吸热器石英玻璃窗半透明介质内部辐射与导热的耦合换热,研究了不同厚度半透明介质石英玻璃窗在工作面处于不同第三类边界条件下的稳态温度分布。研究表明石英玻璃的厚度和内侧空气温...     

管内高温介质层流入口段中的热辐射作用

数值研究了高温介质密度随温度变化时,管内层流入口段耦合换热中的热辐射作用。采用离散坐标法、控制容积法耦合求解辐射传递方程、能量方程及N-S方程。考察了中等大小光学厚度下,热辐射作用对介质内速度分布、温度分布以及换热的影响。结果表明,即使在不大的光学厚度下,热辐射作用对管内高温介质层流入口段耦合换热的速度场与换热强度都有明显影响。     

氙气中辐射激波的发光特性

本文模拟研究了氙气中X射线加热产生辐射激波的发光特性.辐射激波采用Zinn模型计算,并在模型中输入氙气的辐射不透明度和状态方程参数.研究发现,辐射激波伴随着丰富的光学演化过程,激波对外辐射强度表现出两个明显的亮度峰值和一个亮度极小值,辐射光谱也经常偏离黑体辐射光谱.对氙气不同位置光学特性的分析可知,激波和内部高温区的辐射吸收系数的动态演化导致了辐射激波的发光位置和辐射强度的变化.     

半透明介质中辐射传递方程的反演计算及数值模拟

本文介绍了一侧为半透明、另一侧为非透明界面时一维半透明介质的辐射强度计算式。采用辐射与导热复合换热模型计算半透明介质内温度场。利用已知的温度场求半透明介质的辐射强度一正问题计算。将此辐射强度代入辐射反问题计算模型，引入测量误差，采用Ｃｈａｈｉｎｅ方法及演半透明介质内温度场一反问题计算。数值模拟表明，本文所采用的辐射反演法具有较高的精度及稳定性。     

Bremsstrahlung of the free electrons arising in an irradiated specimen

A model of the bremsstrahlung produced by photoelectrons, Auger electrons, and Compton electrons arising in an irradiated specimen is proposed. Calculations have shown that the contribution of the Compton electron bremsstrahlung shows up for monochromatic primary radiation of high-energy photons. For the primary radiation of x-ray tubes, only the bremsstrahlung spectrum of photoelectrons and Auger electrons is significant. The factors affecting the proportions between these components are considered. The bremsstrahlung spectral distribution of the mentioned electrons shows considerable deviations from that predicted by the Kramers theory that are due to the large depth of their occurrence and to the ambiguity of their energy. The region of the spectrum has been determined where the intensity of the electron bremsstrahlung is greater than the intensity of the x-ray tube polychromatic primary radiation scattered by the irradiated object.     

Temperature prediction for CO2 laser heating of moving glass rods

This paper presents a heat transfer model to calculate the temperature field in moving glass rods heated by a CO₂ laser. Conduction and radiation heat transfer in radial and axial directions are taken into account in the current model. The Rosseland diffusion approximation is incorporated to analyze the radiation heat transfer in the glass rod. A two-band model is used to simulate the spectral property of the glass. Results of the simulation show that glass rods of sufficiently large optical thickness should be treated as a semitransparent medium for radiative transfer, and it is reasonably accurate to assume it to be opaque to CO₂ laser irradiation. It has been shown that the resulting temperature profile is strongly dependent on the laser parameters, i.e., the size of laser beam and the power of the laser. The diameter and speed of the moving glass rod are also important in determining the temperature field although the convective heat transfer coefficient between the glass rod and the environment has little effect.     

Application of quartz glass tubes as the track detectors for chemical identification of short-lived isotopes of elements 104, 105 and 106

The quartz glass open chromatographic columns with thermal gradient, which usually were used for the investigation of chemical properties of short-lived Z104 nuclides, were first used as the track detectors of spontaneously fissioning isotopes of elements 104, 105 and 106. The recoil nuclei of these elements were captured by the flow of gaseous chlorides then go to the quartz tube with reducing thermal gradient 400°C-100°C. The quartz tube was etched in 40% HF. The tracks due to spontaneous fission of isotopes ²⁵⁹104, ²⁶²105 and ²⁶³106 which were etched at the internal wall of quartz tubes were counted under optical microscope.     

Thermal shield effect with uniaxial crystals

A model describing radiative transfers inside uniaxial anisotropic media is presented. The transport equations for each electromagnetic mode supported by these media are derived in the limit of geometrical optics and an analytical solution is obtained from a ray tracing method. The temperature field inside such a medium illuminated on both sides by a blackbody radiation is calculated and compared to the temperature field of an isotropic medium submitted to the same conditions. We show that the temperature field in the anisotropic medium is drastically smaller than its counterpart, even for weak anisotropy.     

Transient heat transfer in a spherical protective material, submitted to flux and mixed boundary conditions: an investigation on zirconia

An analytic solution is presented for describing combined radiation and conduction heat transfer in a spherical fiber thermal protection exposed to combined radiative and convective heating. The solution includes the equation of radiative transfer within the material, coupled to a transient energy equation that contains both radiative and convective terms. At elevated temperatures radiative transfer becomes important, and if several hot surfaces view each other, the radiation exchange process must be considered carefully. Some thermal protections are partially transparent to thermal radiation. Hence, an exchange process is complicated by radiation penetrating into and coming out of material. The radiation leaving an area depends on the temperature distribution inside that area and that is unknown and is affected by the exchange process to other areas. The analysis has allowed for unlimited spectral detail but assumes that the various material properties do not vary significantly with temperature. Transient temperature distributions are obtained for the boundary conditions of external radiation and convection. The present analysis includes the influence of reflectivity, surface radiative properties and spectral properties on the temperature distributions.     

石英玻璃低能质子辐照损伤动力学研究

地面模拟研究了JGS3光学石英玻璃在真空、热沉和能量低于200keV的低能质子辐照下表面光学性能变化的基本规律．并建立了辐照损伤色心演化的动力学唯象模型。试验结果表明．大通量低能质子辐照对石英玻璃表层具有明显的表面损伤效应。随着辐照吸收剂量的增加,光密度变化先以线性规律迅速增加．加进一步增加时逐渐呈现饱和趋势;采用较高能量辐照作用后光密度变化出现饱和趋势的拐点提前,且饱和数值降低。根据对试验结果的分析,建立了低能质子辐照下石英玻璃色心演化的动力学模型．并给出了光密度变化的表达式。采用模型结果进行数学模拟,模拟曲线与试验结果曲线相似。因此所建立的动力学模型可以用来定量描述低能质子辐照下石英玻璃光学性能随辐照吸收剂量的变化规律。     

衍射分析用的X射线管谱线纯度的定量测定

本文提出了衍射分析用的X射线管谱线纯度的定量测定方法。在国产衍射仪上用石英单晶作分光晶体进行展谱测定。实验测得的各种波长X射线的强度应还原为X射线管窗口处的出射强度。对影响强度的各种因素作了详细的理论分析,给出了对应于不同靶、不同杂质元素的强度还原换算因子表。X射线管阳极靶元素主特征谱线强度用铜或铝吸收箔进行衰减,以避免计数损失造成的误差。用这一方法,对许多X射线管进行了测定。 关键词：     

Photo-physical and lasing characterisation of a polyparaphenylenevinylene (PPV) neat film

The wave-guided travelling-wave laser action (amplified spontaneous emission) of a neat film of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) on a quartz glass substrate prepared by a sulfinyl precursor technique is studied. The samples are transversally pumped with picosecond excitation pulses (wavelength 347.15 nm, duration 35 ps). Lasing occurs at 550 nm. The optical constants of the neat films are determined by transmittance measurements exploiting the multiple beam interference in the transparency region. A fluorescence spectroscopic characterisation is carried out determining the fluorescence quantum distribution, fluorescence quantum yield, degree of fluorescence polarisation, and fluorescence lifetime. The emitting chromophore size (emitting singlet exciton extension) is determined by the ratio of exciton radiative lifetime to repeat-unit based radiative lifetime. The obtained size of about two repeat units is discussed in a disordered solid-state polymer model.     

Recombination processes in structures with GaN/ALN quantum dots

Mechanisms of the generation and the radiative and nonradiative recombination of carriers in structures with GaN quantum dots in the AlN matrix are studied experimentally and theoretically. Absorption, stationary and nonstationary photoluminescence of quantum dots at different temperatures are investigated. It is found that the photoluminescence intensity considerably decreases with the temperature while the photoluminescence kinetics weakly depends on the temperature. The photoluminescence kinetics is shown to be determined by radiative recombination inside quantum dots. A mechanism of nonradiative recombination is proposed, according to which the main reason for the thermal quenching of photoluminescence is nonradiative recombination of charge carriers, generated by optical transitions between quantum dots and wetting layer states.     

组合曲线回归法计算螺旋扁管管内对流传热系数

针对螺旋扁管壁面温度难于准确测试的特点,提出采用线性曲线回归与非线性曲线回归相结合的方法进行管内传热系数计算.进行了光管与螺旋扁管管内对流传热实验,并用该方法计算管内对流传热系数.光管传热系数计算值与经典公式的大偏差小于6%.螺旋扁管管内传热系数的计算值略大于通过测量壁温获得的传热系数值,分析了二者存在差异的原因.组合...     

Role of fluctuational electrodynamics in near-field radiative heat transfer

The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of fluctuational electrodynamics in the context of a generalized radiative heat transfer problem. Near-field effects, including the interference phenomenon and radiation tunneling, are important for applications to nanostructures. The classical theory of radiative transfer cannot be readily applied as the feature size approaches the dominant wavelength of radiative emission. At all length scales, however, propagation of radiative energy is properly represented by the electromagnetic wave approach, which requires the solution of the Maxwell equations. Fluctuational electrodynamics provides a model for thermal emission when solving a near-field radiation heat transfer problem, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides the bridge between the strength of the fluctuations of the charges inside a body and its local temperature. This paper provides a complete and systematic derivation of the near-field radiative heat flux starting from the Maxwell equations. An illustrative example of near-field versus far-field radiation heat transfer is presented, and the length scale for transition from near- to far-field regime is discussed; the results show that this length scale can be as large as three times than predicted from Wien's law.     

管内耦合换热的辐射热流特征及抽样模式比较

通过数值模拟,研究了圆管层流入口段辐射与对流祸合换热中的辐射热流分布特征,提出并比较了采用蒙特卡罗法计算辐射换热的两种抽样模式。结果表明,在圆管入口段的耦合换热中,同一截面的径向辐射热流密度与轴向辐射热流密度数量级相当,世分布形态差别很大。用蒙特卡罗方法计算辐射换热时,采取等权能束的抽样模式,可消除因抽样能束的能量不同而造成的计算误差、降低计算量、提高计算精度。     

Anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution

The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method (MCRT) based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is extended to study the anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution. The dimensionless apparent spectral radiative intensity of particle emission is calculated by the radiation distribution factor. The effects of the related parameters on the dimensionless apparent spectral radiative intensity are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the anisotropy of particle emission increases with the spherically asymmetry of particle temperature, and the refractive index and the particle optical thickness strongly affect the anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution.