一个考虑沉积物孔径分布特征的水合物相平衡模型

天然气水合物的相平衡条件一直是水合物相关研究的重点和难点. 本文探讨了沉积物孔隙大小及其分布特征对水合物相平衡条件的影响机理, 提出了有效孔隙半径的概念, 并利用沉积物孔隙大小分布特征, 假设孔径分布呈正态分布, 建立了水合物饱和度和有效孔隙半径之间的定量关系; 与传统的van der Waals-Platteeuw相平衡模型相结合, 提出了一个考虑沉积物孔隙大小及其分布特征的相平衡模型. 相对于传统模型, 本模型所表达的相平衡条件不再是二维平面的p-T曲线, 而是温度、压力以及水合物饱和度之间的三维定量关系. 这一特征使得所建模型既能较为真实地反映水合物形成与分解机理, 又能有效地考虑孔隙大小分布对水合物相平衡条件的影响. 通过与实验数据对比, 证明了所建模型的预测结果优于其他模型. 本模型在温度和压力条件确定的情况下还可以预测沉积物中水合物的饱和度, 因此, 可用于地层中水合物储量计算.     

合成天然气水合物实验研究

天然气水合物(NGH)是天然气与水在低温高压条件下形成的笼形物,亦称可燃冰.在冻土带和海洋中已发现大量天然气水合物,是清洁燃料的后续天然资源,但开采技术尚不成熟.由于1m~3天然气水合物在常温下可释放约164m~3的天然气和0.8m~3的水,因此合成天然气水合物,可实现天然气的固态运输,更便于在天然气汽车上的储存.本文介绍天然气水合物的基本性质及其人工合成研究取得的进展.     

CO_2水合物在砂中生成和分解的核磁共振弛豫响应（英文）

水合物在沉积物中生成和分解的定量和表征对于含水合物沉积物的物理性质的研究有重要意义。基于核磁共振(NMR)技术研究了水合物在砂中的形成和分解行为,以一种简便的方式计量了孔隙空间中各组分的含量,包括气体、液态水和水合物,并确定了水合数。在水合物形成和分解过程中试样的弛豫行为并没有发生突变,此外,对于含或不含水合物的试样,平均对数T_2时间都与含水量成比例关系,直接的解释是液态水始终保持与颗粒表面的接触,弛豫主要发生在颗粒表面,表明水合物以孔隙填充或胶结的形式而不是颗粒涂层的方式存在。     

高频燃烧-红外分析仪测定海洋沉积物的总碳含量

应用高频红外分析仪测定海洋沉积物的总碳含量。于坩埚中预置纯铁屑0.2g,准确称取沉积物样品50.0 mg置于坩埚中,再加入纯铁屑0.2g,使其与样品充分混匀,再加入钨粒1.6g,使其均匀覆盖在样品上面。加入的铁屑与钨粒起了助熔剂的作用。以下按仪器工作条件进行通氧燃烧和测定。按所提出的分析条件测定了两种标准物质(GBW 07364和GBW 07366)中的总碳量,测定结果与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)分别为2.3%,1.8%。该方法的检出限(3s)为0.000 4%。应用此方法测定了18种海洋沉积物样品中的总碳量,并用元素分析仪对这些样品进行了校对试验,结果表明两方法的测定结果基本相符。     

天然气水合物抑制剂用高分子研究进展

海底天然气开采过程中,甲烷和水可以形成天然气水合物,阻塞油气管道。本文先简要介绍高分子化合物用于水合物抑制剂的发展过程,从抗冻抑制剂的结构与性能关系,探讨了高分子型的低剂量天然气水合物抑制剂的特性、作用机理和主要影响因素。近年来的研究发现在寒冷地区海洋鱼类和昆虫体内存在一些抗冻蛋白,不仅能够降低水的冰点,而且能抑制天然气水合物的形成,是绿色环保的天然抑制剂,模拟这些具有抗冻性能的蛋白质结构的高分子化合物为今后水合物抑制剂研究提供一个新的发展方向。本文还提出了今后值得开展研究和应用的若干问题。     

天然气水合物降压分解微观实验设计*

为了解决天然气水合物降压分解过程中孔隙尺度精细描述的难题,开展了天然气水合物微观可视模型实验设计。实验装置设计从具备可视功能、实时监测功能、数据处理功能和临界状态判断功能入手,开展了设备初始化调试、生成与分解模拟和产气效率分析等共3个层次实验内容。实验结果表明,学生不但能够定性描述水合物微观孔隙水合物生成与分解过程,而且实现了定量计算不同时刻水合物产气效率,这为学生对水合物微观生成与降压分解规律的理解奠定了基础。实验加深了学生对海洋油气工程专业知识的理解,提升了学生解决复杂工程问题的实践能力。     

多孔甲烷水合物样品导热系数的测定和模拟

天然气水合物是由水分子和气体分子在一定温压条件下形成的一种类冰状笼形化合物．天然气水合物主要存在于海底和大陆的永久冻土区和青藏高原等多年冻土区,是一种潜在的替代能源．在考虑对天然气水合物资源进行开采和考察地球温压变化对含水合物层的影响时,有必要掌握水合物的热物性和含水合物层的有效导热系数,但目前报道的水合物导热系数数据不一、差异很大．水合物是一种非化学计量的化合物,因此很难获得一个不含自由气、自由水的零孔隙率完美样品．利用多孔介质的理论模型对多孔水合物的导热系数进行预测是获得水合物本征导热系数的有效途径之一．我们在一个自行设计的实验台上使用HotDisk系统独特的单面测试技术,并利用瞬态平面热源法测定了含甲烷气的多孔甲烷水合物的有效导热系数,获得该样品的导热系数和温度以及所加压力的关系．为了研究含甲烷气的多孔甲烷水合物的有效导热系数与孔隙率的关系,我们利用自相似的Sierpinski地毯分形模型,先假设多孔介质体系由多孔介质和流体两部分组成,而多孔介质颗粒则由随机分布不相接触的颗粒和带有接触热阻的自相似分布颗粒组成,再通过一维热流假设和采用等价电阻网络（即通过电一热阻模拟分析得到系统的热导率）分别模拟了干砂（含空气）和多孔甲烷水合物样品（含自由甲烷气）导热系数与样品孔隙度的关系,推测了无孔隙水合物样品的导热系数．实验和模拟结果均显示样品的有效导热系数随着孔隙度的增大而降低,样品的有效导热系数在30％的孔隙度时降低了25％．通过分析实验结果和模拟结果发现,无孔隙甲烷水合物样品的导热系数约为0．7Wm^-1K^-1．     

天然气水合物研究进展

本文介绍了天然气水合物研究的历史和现状, 天然气水合物的结构, 它在冻土地带和海洋底部地表层的形成过程, 它对石油天然气工业的影响以及抑制生成天然气水合物的方法。介绍了天然气水合物作为潜在能源的巨大优势以及它对地球气候变化--温室效应的潜在危险性。     

基于石墨消解法测定海洋沉积物中7种重金属的含量

鉴于目前常用的海洋沉积物中重金属测定的消解方法存在工作效率低、操作复杂、交叉污染、人员危险性高等问题,通过比对和参考现行规范、标准和文献资料中海洋沉积物重金属的不同消解方法,提出了全自动石墨消解海洋沉积物的方法,并以原子荧光光谱法测定汞和砷的含量,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铜、铅、锌、镉、铬的含量。以6 mL盐酸、2 mL硝酸和8 mL水为消解酸,于100℃消解0.2 g样品1.5 h;消解结束后,冷却至室温,用水定容至50 mL,按照原子荧光光度计的工作条件测定汞和砷的含量。以5 mL盐酸、5mL硝酸为消解酸,先于120℃消解0.2 g样品1 h;然后加入2 mL硝酸、5 mL氢氟酸和2 mL高氯酸,于180℃继续消解4 h;消解结束后,冷却至室温,用水定容至50 mL,按照电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的工作条件测定铜、铅、锌、镉、铬的含量。结果表明：汞、砷标准曲线的线性范围分别在1.00μg·L^-1以内和10.0μg·L^-1以内,铜、铅、锌、镉、铬标准曲线的线性范围在100μg·L^-1以内,汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、镉、铬的检...     

海洋沉积物中不同结合态无机碳的测定

作为全球碳的重要源与汇的海洋沉积物,在碳循环中起着重要的作用。探讨沉积物中无机碳的行为对深入了解海洋碳循环具有重要意义。本研究根据沉积物中无机碳在不同溶剂中的溶解能力不同,利用顺序浸提法,将沉积物中的无机碳分为：NaCl相(Ⅰ)、氨水相(Ⅱ)、氢氧化钠相（Ⅲ）、盐酸羟胺相（Ⅳ）和盐酸相(Ⅴ)。通过大量实验确定了不同相的最佳浸取条件。在Ⅰ～Ⅲ相,分别将浸取剂和样品加入塑料离心管中,将离心管密封后放在震荡器上震荡2h,然后离心分离,并用水洗涤残渣,将洗涤液并入浸取液,最后用容量法测定其中的无机碳;在Ⅳ,Ⅴ相,将第Ⅲ步残渣转移到锥形瓶中,加入浸取剂后用高纯N2将所产生的CO2吹出,并用饱和Ba(OH)2溶液吸收,最后用容量法测定无机碳。该方法具有较好的精密度。     

Speciation of butyltin compounds in marine sediments with headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A method for the determination of organotin compounds (monobutyl = MBT, dibutyl = DBT, and tributyltin = TBT) in marine sediments by headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) has been developed. The analytical procedure involved 1) extraction of TBT, DBT and MBT from sediments with HCl and methanol mixture, 2) in situ derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate and 3) headspace SPME extraction using a fiber coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane). The derivatized organotin compounds were desorbed into the splitless injector and simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The analytical method was optimized with respect to derivatization reaction and extraction conditions. The detection limits obtained for MBT, DBT and TBT ranged from 730 to 969 pg/g as Sn dry weight. Linear calibration curves were obtained for all analytes in the range of 30-1000 ng/L as Sn. Analysis of a standard reference sediment (CRM 462) demonstrates the suitability of this method for the determination of butyltin compounds in marine sediments. The application to the determination of TBT, DBT and MBT in a coastal marine sediment is shown.     

Direct determination of traces of Ag, Cd, Pb, Bi, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Li, Be, Cu and Sb in environmental waters and geological materials by simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction

A method was developed for direct determination of minor and trace amounts of Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Li, Pb, Cd, Bi, Sb, Be and Ag in silicate rock, lake and stream sediments using a microwave oven dissolution method and a multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a Zeeman-effect background correction device. The measurement technique was also suitable for direct determination of trace and ultra-trace amounts of these elements in drinking and seawater samples. A rock or sediment sample was brought into solution in a Teflon vessel by heating in a microwave oven with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and aqua regia, followed by a further heating with a mixture of boric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The specified elements were directly determined in a group of four elements in one firing and eight elements in two firings from this solution or from a diluted solution using the optimum operating parameters developed in this work. The method, tested with 23 international reference rocks and sediments and seven international quality control and reference water samples, showed good to excellent agreement with the recommended values.     

Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for organophosphorus flame retardants and plastizicers determination in water samples

A fast, inexpensive and efficient sample preparation method for the determination of 10 organophosphorus compounds in water samples is presented. Analytes were extracted using the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique and determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC-NPD). The influence of several variables (e.g. type and volume of dispersant and extraction solvents, ionic strength, shaking time and mode, etc.) on the performance of the sample preparation step was carefully evaluated. Under final working conditions, 1 mL of acetone containing a 2% of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (20 microL) was added to 10 mL of water with 20% of sodium chloride. The ternary mixture was centrifuged at 3500 rpm to allow phase separation. After removing the aqueous supernatant, an aliquot of the settled extract was injected in the GC-NPD system. Under the above conditions, the method provided enrichment factors between 190 and 830 times (depending on the considered compound), relative standard deviations below 10%, except for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and quantification limits between 0.01 and 0.08 ng/mL. Matrix effects were assessed using different water samples, and accuracy was evaluated by comparison with solid-phase microextraction.     

Speciation of butyltin compounds in marine sediments with headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry

A method for the determination of organotin compounds (monobutyl = MBT, dibutyl = DBT, and tributyltin = TBT) in marine sediments by headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) has been developed. The analytical procedure involved 1) extraction of TBT, DBT and MBT from sediments with HCl and methanol mixture, 2) in situ derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate and 3) headspace SPME extraction using a fiber coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane). The derivatized organotin compounds were desorbed into the splitless injector and simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The analytical method was optimized with respect to derivatization reaction and extraction conditions. The detection limits obtained for MBT, DBT and TBT ranged from 730 to 969 pg/g as Sn dry weight. Linear calibration curves were obtained for all analytes in the range of 30–1000 ng/L as Sn. Analysis of a standard reference sediment (CRM 462) demonstrates the suitability of this method for the determination of butyltin compounds in marine sediments. The application to the determination of TBT, DBT and MBT in a coastal marine sediment is shown.     

Determination of cadmium in spring water by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation with ytterbium hydroxide.

A coprecipitation method with ytterbium hydroxide was studied for the determination of cadmium in water samples by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Up to 40 ng of cadmium in water samples was quantitatively coprecipitated with ytterbium hydroxide at pH 8.0-11.2. The concentration factor was 100 fold. The coprecipitated cadmium was sensitively determined without any influence of ytterbium and the calibration curve was linear from 0.1 to 4 ng/mL of cadmium. The detection limit (signal/noise = 2) was 2.9 pg/mL in 100 mL of the initial sample solution. Twenty-nine diverse ions tested did not interfere with the determination in at least a 10000-fold mass ratio to cadmium. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in spring water.     

Solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of thiocyanate in real samples

A simple, selective and rapid method for solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of thiocyanate using a manganese (III) tetrakis (p-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin, [Mn (TPPS) OAC] bound to Amberlite IR-400 has been developed. The influence of pH, amount of solid phase, sample matrix, type and amount of eluting agent and flow rates i.e. variables affecting the efficiency of the extraction system were evaluated and conditions of the sample, eluting solution and active phase were optimized. The maximal capacity was found to be as 1.16 microg mL(-1) for 1200 mL. Thiocyanate ions can be eluted quantitatively with 8 mL 0.3 M ferric chloride. The enrichment factor was 150. The linear range of the determination is between 0.4-2.0 microg mL(-1) for preconcentration method with a limit of detection of 2.8 ng mL(-1). The method has been successfully applied for determination of trace amounts of thiocyanate in tap water, saliva sample and a synthetic mixture.     

Use of chelating resins and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of trace and major elements in small volumes of saline water samples

For some saline environments (e.g. deeply percolating groundwater, interstitial water in marine sediments, water sample collected after several steps of fractionation) the volume of water sample available is limited. A technique is presented which enables simultaneous determination of major and trace elements after preconcentration of only 60 mL sample on chelating resins. Chelex-100 and Chelamine were used for the preconcentration of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sc) and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Yb) from saline water before their measurement by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Retention of the major elements (Na, Ca, Mg) by the Chelamine resin was lower than by Chelex; this enabled their direct measurement in the solution after passage through the resin column. For trace metal recoveries both resins yield the same mass balance. Only Chelex resin enabled the quantitative recovery of rare earth elements. The major elements, trace metals and rare earth elements cannot be measured after passage through one resin only. The protocol proposes the initial use of Chelamine for measurement of trace and major elements and then passage the same sample through the Chelex resin for determination of the rare earth elements. The detection limit ranged from 1 to 12 pg mL(-1). At concentrations of 1 ng mL(-1) of trace metals and REE spiked in coastal water the precision for 10 replicates was in the range of 0.3-3.4% (RSD). The accuracy of the method was demonstrated by analyzing two standard reference waters, SLRS-3 and CASS-3.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定岩石中砷和锑

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了岩石中砷和锑的含量。样品预先粉碎至通过孔径为0.25～0.42mm的细筛,称取此粉碎的样品0.1000～0.3000g,先于盐酸-硝酸(3+1)混合酸8mL中浸泡30 min,然后放入沸水浴中消解2 h,将溶液及不溶物一起移入50 mL容量瓶中,加水定容。移取上清液5.00mL置于10mL容量瓶中,加入100g·L~(-1)硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液2.5mL,用盐酸(5+95)溶液定容,分取此溶液1.0mL进样按选定的仪器条件进行分析。用20g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液作为产生砷及锑的氢化物的还原剂,砷(Ⅲ)及锑(Ⅲ)的质量浓度依次在0.50～60μg·L~(-1)和0.50～80μg·L~(-1)范围内与其相应的荧光强度呈线性关系。应用此方法测定了两种岩石标准物质(GBW 07106及GBW 07108)中的砷及锑量,其测定值与认定值一致,相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于3.5%。     

高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法检测养殖水体及沉积物中11种磺胺药物残留

建立了养殖水体及沉积物中11种磺胺化合物的高效液相色谱-柱后衍生分析方法。养殖水体过滤后采用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化、富集;沉积物采用甲醇/EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液(1:1, v/v)提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化富集。经高效液相色谱分离,用荧光胺衍生试剂进行柱后衍生,荧光检测器检测。对柱后衍生系统参数进行了优化,确定了荧光胺溶液的浓度、流速和反应温度分别为0.2 g/L、0.15 mL/min和50 ℃,磺胺化合物在0.01~1.0 mg/L范围内线性显著,其相关系数r²值大于0.99995。11种磺胺类药物在养殖水体和沉积物中的加标回收率分别为79.3%~100.7%和74.6%~95.3%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~11.0%和2.6%~10.3%,检出限(LOD, S/N=3)为0.9~5.5 ng/L和0.3~1.3 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ, S/N=10)为3.0~18.1 ng/L和1.0~4.4 μg/kg。该法可应用于养殖环境中磺胺类药物的定性定量检测,具有较好的实用性。     

Study of interference in the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lithium by using factorial design

The severe interference of a number of metallic ions found in brines, marine sediments and sea water in the determination of lithium is demonstrated. Calcium, iron and sodium significantly depressed the absorption signal on lithium in an air/acetylene flame. Aluminium, magnesium and strontium up to 1500, 1000 and 200 μg/mL, respectively, showed no interference in the determination of lithium under the same conditions. Potassium produced some suppression of the lithium signal at levels in excess of 1500 μg/mL. Experimental data were examined using the factorial design method. Interference was demonstrated in two synthetic samples (models of “brine” and “marine sediments” ) and natural marine sediment. It was possible to eliminate all interferences using a higher temperature (nitrous oxide/acetylene flame). In addition, by using the standard addition method the interference disappeared, which confirmed the interference as a proportional systematic error.