Double frictional receding contact problem for an orthotropic layer loaded by normal and tangential forces

With the increasing research in the field of contact mechanics, different types of contact models have been investigated by many researchers by employing various complex material models. To ascertain the orthotropy effect and modeling parameters on a receding contact model, the double frictional receding contact problem for an orthotropic bilayer loaded by a cylindrical punch is taken into account in this study. Assuming plane strain sliding conditions, the governing equations are found analytically using Fourier integral transformation technique. Then, the resulting singular integral equations are solved numerically using an iterative method. The weight function describing the asymptotic behavior of the stresses are investigated in detail and powers of the stress singularities are provided. To control the trustworthiness and correctness of the analytical formulation and to compare the resulting stress distributions and contact boundaries, a numerically efficient finite element method was employed using augmented Lagrange contact algorithm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the orthotropy effect, modeling parameters and coefficients of friction on the surface and interface stresses, surface and interface contact boundaries, powers of stress singularities, weight function and to provide highly parametric benchmark results for tribological community in designing wear resistant systems.

     

考虑接触应力非线性分布的接触力元模式及其验证分析

在作者提出的非连续变形计算力学模型中,采用接触力元模型描述多体接触界面上的接触特性．由于这种模型中假定接触应力沿接触界面为线性分布,从而得到的接触界面应力分布往往出现跳跃等非光滑性特征,该文对此进行了改进,采用具有高阶光滑性的非线性函数建立了能够考虑界面上接触应力非线性分布的接触力元模式,以期合理地揭示多体系统中界面的接触特性．对某一典型算例进行了数值计算,通过与大型通用非线性有限元结构分析软件ABASQUS的计算结果对比,验证了所建议计算模型的合理性与有效性．两种方法计算得到的界面接触对上的接触力基本相同;而由于采用的应力分布模式的假定不同,接触应力有所差别,由于在该文计算模型中接触对上的接触应力是按照未知量直接求得的,因此按照所建议的非线性接触力元模式所得到的接触应力更为合理．     

2D FE–DEM analysis of contact stress and tractive performance of a tire driven on dry sand

Normal and tangential stresses acting over a contact interface of a tire driven on dry sand were investigated to expand the applicability of our model incorporating 2D FE–DEM with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. A simple averaging method for contact reaction was introduced: computational segments were defined over the lower half part of the tire circumference that translates without rotation with the tire; then the contact stresses were calculated segment by segment. For the analysis, it was assumed that the tire was in rigid contact mode and that it would travel on the model sand terrain in stationary condition. The integration of normal and tangential contact stresses with respect to the angle of rotation was then applied to calculate the vertical contact load, gross tractive effort, net traction, and running resistance of the tire by parametric (or semi-empirical) analysis. The result of tractive performance obtained through the parametric analysis was found to be similar to the result of tractive performance obtained directly using FE–DEM analysis. A forward shift of the consistent angle of rotation for maximum normal contact stress and that for maximum tangential contact stress with the increase of slip from 22% was also observed in the FE–DEM result.     

Two-dimensional sliding frictional contact of functionally graded materials

A multi-layered model for sliding frictional contact analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with arbitrarily varying shear modulus under plane strain-state deformation has been developed. Based on the fact that an arbitrary curve can be approached by a series of continuous but piecewise linear curves, the FGM is divided into several sub-layers and in each sub-layers the shear modulus is assumed to be a linear function while the Poisson's ratio is assumed to be a constant. In the contact area, it is assumed that the friction is one of Coulomb type. With this model the fundamental solutions for concentrated forces acting perpendicular and parallel to the FGMs layer surface are obtained. Then the sliding frictional contact problem of a functionally graded coated half-space is investigated. The transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique are employed to cast the problem to a Cauchy singular integral equation. The contact stresses and contact area are calculated for various moving stamps by solving the equations numerically. The results show that appropriate gradual variation of the shear modulus can significantly alter the stresses in the contact zone.     

Rolling contact of a rigid sphere/sliding of a spherical indenter upon a viscoelastic half-space containing an ellipsoidal inhomogeneity

In this paper, the frictionless rolling contact problem between a rigid sphere and a viscoelastic half-space containing one elastic inhomogeneity is solved. The problem is equivalent to the frictionless sliding of a spherical tip over a viscoelastic body. The inhomogeneity may be of spherical or ellipsoidal shape, the later being of any orientation relatively to the contact surface. The model presented here is three dimensional and based on semi-analytical methods. In order to take into account the viscoelastic aspect of the problem, contact equations are discretized in the spatial and temporal dimensions. The frictionless rolling of the sphere, assumed rigid here for the sake of simplicity, is taken into account by translating the subsurface viscoelastic fields related to the contact problem. Eshelby's formalism is applied at each step of the temporal discretization to account for the effect of the inhomogeneity on the contact pressure distribution, subsurface stresses, rolling friction and the resulting torque. A Conjugate Gradient Method and the Fast Fourier Transforms are used to reduce the computation cost. The model is validated by a finite element model of a rigid sphere rolling upon a homogeneous vciscoelastic half-space, as well as through comparison with reference solutions from the literature. A parametric analysis of the effect of elastic properties and geometrical features of the inhomogeneity is performed. Transient and steady-state solutions are obtained. Numerical results about the contact pressure distribution, the deformed surface geometry, the apparent friction coefficient as well as subsurface stresses are presented, with or without heterogeneous inclusion.     

Residual-stress determination of concentric layers of cylindrically orthotropic materials

Equations have been obtained for determining residual stresses in the wall of a hollow, axially symmetric body consisting of concentric layers of elastically dissimilar materials, all having cylindrical elastic orthotropy. These equations permit residual normal stresses in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions and residual shear stresses on planes normal to the axis of the body to be calculated from measurements of the strains developed on the inner or outer cylindrical surface of the body as thin layers of stressed material are serially removed from the outer or inner surfaces, respectively. The equations are applied to a parametric study of stresses in an elastically isotropic, two-component body to determine the nature of the differences in stresses between the composite body and a homogeneous body as a function of the difference in elastic constants.     

Strength-optimal running surface contour for track links

The various stresses resulting from weight, driving and tracking forces are transmitted over the contact point between track roller and track link running surface which is, compared with the dimensions of a track-type undercarriage, very small. The design of this contact point and hence the running surface profile of a track link, therefore, is particularly important. References were analyzed with the aim of discussing theoretical diversions on contact problems between plain and curved bodies to get the basis for an optimized design of the running surface profile of track-type undercarriages. Therefore stresses at point and line contact, i.e. for curved and plane running surfaces, are compared by Hertz' theory. In the case of line contact, the maximum Hertzian stress and thus also the maximum effective stresses strongly depend on the actual tilted position of the track roller to the track link running surface. The lowest stress is applied in the case of ideal line contact which is only theoretically interesting. Already at small angles of misalignment, the stresses for line contact are higher than for point contact. In field operation, at constantly changing angles of misalignment, the edge stresses cause the formation of curved running surfaces due to plastic deformation. If track links are already designed with such a running surface contour, the result will be constant stresses over the whole service life which are largely independent of the angle of misalignment avoiding excessive stresses caused by roller misalignments.     

Thermal contact conductance for cylindrical and spherical contacts

A prediction methodology based on Monte-Carlo simulation model, developed for flat conforming surfaces in contact, is modified and extended to predict contact conductance between curvilinear surfaces like cylinders and spheres. Experiments are also conducted in vacuum for the measurement of contact conductance between stainless steel and aluminium cylindrical contacts and stainless steel spherical contacts over a range of contact pressures. The contact conductance between cylindrical and spherical bodies is, in general, about an order of magnitude lower than for flat surfaces in contact. Increase of surface roughness and decrease in contact pressure lowers the contact conductance. However, the influence of these parameters is larger than those obtained for flat surfaces. The prediction for different parametric conditions agree closely with those measured in the experiments.     

Stress measurement of SS400 steel beam using the continuous indentation technique

An analytical model is presented for determining surface residual stress using continuous indentation. The elastic residual stress is assumed to have no influence on contact area or hardness and to be uniform over a volume that is several times larger than the indentation mark. A step-by-step analysis for the residual-stress-induced load difference at a given depth is outlined here and such concepts as stress interaction, stress-sensitive contact morphology, and reversible contact recoveries during a stress relaxation are described. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the interpretation of the continuous indentation results obtained from an SS400 steel beam in which controlled bending stresses are generated. The stress estimated, however, showed a high scatter due to plastic pile-up deformation. When the optically measured contact area is used as an alternative of the contact area calculated from the unloading curve, the re-evaluated stress agrees well with the already known applied stress.     

Numerical study of contact forces for crack closure analysis

Plasticity induced crack closure (PICC) has been widely studied using numerical models. Different numerical parameters can be considered to quantify the opening level, namely one based on the analysis of contact stresses at minimum load. A modified version of this parameter is proposed here, based on nodal contact forces instead of contact stresses. The predictions were found to be similar to those obtained from the contact status of 2nd node behind crack tip. The PICC_contact parameter was also found to be very consistent and adequate for parametric studies of the influence of different physical parameters. The contributions to the opening stress intensity factor of different points along crack flank were found to strongly decrease with distance to crack tip. The cumulative K_open between the crack tip and a distance of 0.1 mm was found to vary from 30% to 100%, increasing with stress ratio, R. Finally, a K solution was developed for punctual forces applied on crack flank and compared with a literature solution for infinite plates. A good agreement was found for plane strain state but significant differences of about 10% were found for plane stress state.     

Sliding frictional contact between a rigid punch and a laterally graded elastic medium

Analytical and computational methods are developed for contact mechanics analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) that possess elastic gradation in the lateral direction. In the analytical formulation, the problem of a laterally graded half-plane in sliding frictional contact with a rigid punch of an arbitrary profile is considered. The governing partial differential equations and the boundary conditions of the problem are satisfied through the use of Fourier transformation. The problem is then reduced to a singular integral equation of the second kind which is solved numerically by using an expansion–collocation technique. Computational studies of the sliding contact problems of laterally graded materials are conducted by means of the finite element method. In the finite element analyses, the laterally graded half-plane is discretized by quadratic finite elements for which the material parameters are specified at the centroids. Flat and triangular punch profiles are considered in the parametric analyses. The comparisons of the results generated by the analytical technique to those computed by the finite element method demonstrate the high level of accuracy attained by both methods. The presented numerical results illustrate the influences of the lateral nonhomogeneity and the coefficient of friction on the contact stresses.     

非连续变形计算力学模型的粘弹性分析方法Ⅰ:基本理论

基于粘弹性广义有限单元和接触力元，发展了适用于多体相互作用系统非连续变形分析的粘弹性数值分析方法，通过虚功原理，给出了其分区参变量最小势能原理，从而阐明了其理论基础。粘弹性广义有限单元的本构关系可由粘弹性退化为弹性或刚性，因此本文所提出的方法可对由刚体、弹性体和粘弹性体所构成的复杂多体系统在外荷载作用下的力学行为进行数值模拟，同时能够比本文精确地直接得到多体之间的接触应力。     

电测法确定压力容器角变形及错边处附加弯曲应力

本文根据内压容器的电测应力，研究了电测法确定角变形及错边处附力。弯曲应力的原理及方法，用此法可将弯曲应力从组合应力中分离出来，从而得到被测部位附加弯曲应力分布曲线，并由此给出残余应力限值，为工程技术人员采取相应措施改善这种部位的应力状况提供科学依据。     

Thermal stresses and shakedown in wheel/rail contact

Summary  Sliding friction between railway wheels and rails results in considerable contact temperatures and gives rise to severe thermal stresses at the surfaces of the wheels and rails. An approximate analytical solution is presented for a line contact model. The increased bulk temperature of the wheel after a long period of constant operating conditions is also taken into account. The thermal stresses have to be superimposed on the mechanical contact stresses. They reduce the elastic limit of the wheel and rail, and yielding begins at lower mechanical loads. When residual stresses build up during the initial cycles of plastic deformation, the structure can carry higher loads with a purely elastic response in subsequent load cycles. This phenomenon is referred to as shakedown. Due to the distribution of temperature, the rail surface is generally subjected to higher stresses than the wheel surface. This can cause structural changes in the rail material and hence rail damage. Received 7 May 2002; accepted for publication 3 September 2002     

Contact stress analysis of an elastic half-plane containing multiple inclusions

This paper presents a two-dimensional contact stress analysis to investigate the effects of multiple inclusions on the contact pressure and subsurface stresses in an elastic half-plane. The boundary element method is used to analyze the contact problem where a set of integral equations is derived on the contact region and the matrix–inclusion interfaces. As the contact region is unknown a priori, an iterative procedure is implemented to determine the actual contact region and the contact pressure, and the tractions and displacements on the matrix–inclusion interfaces are obtained by solving the integral equations numerically. Numerical results show that the inclusions near contact surface could cause significant alterations in the contact pressure distribution. The stiff inclusions could toughen the surrounding material and reduce the internal stresses while the soft inclusions could increase the subsurface stresses.     

Thermoelastic State of a Transversely Isotropic Layer between Two Annular Punches

A technique is developed to solve contact problems for annular punches interacting with a transversely isotropic layer. The contact problem for two heated annular punches interacting with a layer is solved. The formulas for the contact stresses under the punches are derived, and the effect of the shape of the punches on the magnitude and distribution of these stresses is analyzed     

非稳态纯滚动接触弹塑性分析

建立了二维弹塑性非稳态循环纯滚动接触有限元模型.材料本构采用一种较好的循环塑性模型,并通过材料用户子程序在通用有限元软件ABAQUS中自定义该本构模型.通过在弹塑性无限半空间表面上重复移动随时间按简谐规律变化的赫兹法向载荷来模拟非稳态循环纯滚动接触过程.通过数值模拟,得到接触表面附近的残余累积变形、应变和残余应力.不同的最大赫兹接触压力对残余应力和残余应变影响较大.在简谐变化的法向接触载荷作用下接触表面的变形呈波浪形,随着滚动次数的增加,该波状表面沿载荷移动相反方向逐渐移动,但移动速率要衰减.波状表面波谷处的残余应力、应变和变形大于波峰处.随滚动次数的增加,残余应力增大但很快趋于稳定,残余应变也增大但增大速率衰减.     

基于共轭梯度法和快速傅立叶变换的粗糙表面微动接触数值研究

实际工程表面多为粗糙表面,研究粗糙表面的表面形貌对微动接触中压力和应力的影响具有重要意义。本文研究接触过程中法向载荷保持不变,切向载荷为周期性的交变载荷。首先,建立接触算法和模型,算法核心是利用共轭梯度法CGM(Conjugate gradient method)计算微动接触中的表面压力及切向应力并利用快速傅里叶变换FFT(Fast Fourier transform)加快计算速度。然后,对单峰表面、正弦表面和随机粗糙表面的接触进行数值研究。结果表明,表面幅值对切向载荷-位移曲线以及接触过程中的能量耗散有影响,表面幅值越大,相同切向载荷作用下产生的切向位移越大,能量耗散也越大。