Kinetic Spectra of Polyatomic Clusters Formed via the Ion Sputtering of Metals

A theory is developed for the ion sputtering of metals resulting in the formation of excited neutral and charged clusters with their subsequent fragmentation to a stable state. The effect fragmentation has on the kinetic spectra and charge state of clusters is considered. The results are presented in the form of convenient formulas. Calculations for the kinetic spectra of polyatomic clusters of niobium and silver are given as examples.     

Energies,charges, and sizes of clusters under ion sputtering of a metal

A theory of ion sputtering of a metal in the form of neutral and singly charged clusters with a number of atoms of N ⩾ 5 has been developed. This theory is based on simple physical assumptions and agrees well with experiment. The results are presented in the form of expressions convenient for practical use. The energy spectra of clusters, charge distributions, ionization coefficients, and total yields of neutral and singly charged clusters at different target temperatures are calculated in terms of the proposed theory as an example.     

AlB+n(n=2~10) 团簇结构和红外振动光谱研究

用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法在6-311G(d)水平上对AlB+n（n=2~10）团簇几何结构、稳定性、电子结构和成键特性进行了系统理论研究,得到了AlB+n（n=2~10）团簇的最稳定结构.结果表明,硼原子间容易聚集,铝原子处于整个硼原子集团的外围.与相应中性AlBn团簇相比,Al-B键作用变弱,使正价团簇（n=6和10除外）结构变化较大|对AlB+n（n=2~10）和相应中性团簇能隙的计算分析表明,AlB+n 团簇的稳定性有所增强,其中AlB+3、AlB+5和AlB+8团簇尤为显著|通过对最稳定构型红外振动光谱的研究分析表明,硼原子间对称或非对称振动、铝原子不动的振动模式更容易出现较强谱峰,即硼原子间更容易成键.     

Structure and stability of small zinc oxide clusters

The structure and stability of small neutral and positively charged zinc oxide (ZnO) _n clusters (n = 2−9) have been studied within the density functional theory. For n ≤ 7, the most stable clusters are shown to be flat rings; for n = 8, 9, the clusters are mainly three-dimensional cage structures. The energies and main channels of fragmentation of the clusters have been determined. It has been found that the fragmentation of the charged clusters with n > 6 occurs predominantly with formation of a (ZnO)₄⁺ ion, which explains the available mass spectrometric data on ionization of the zinc oxide clusters by electron impact.     

Rayleigh instabilities in multiply charged sodium clusters

The stability of multiply charged sodium clusters Na(q+)(n) (q< or =10) produced in collisions between neutral clusters and multiply charged ions A(z+) ( z = 1 to 28) is experimentally investigated. Multiply charged clusters are formed within a large range of temperatures and fissilities. They are identified by means of a high-resolution reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer (m/deltam approximately 14 000). The maximum fissility of stable clusters is obtained for z = 28 and is X approximately 0.85+/-0.07, slightly below the Rayleigh limit (X = 1). It is mainly limited by the initial cluster temperature (T approximately 100 K).     

Geometries,stabilities, and electronic properties analysis in In_nNi~((0,±1)) clusters: Molecular modeling and DFT calculations

Density functional theory(DFT) with the B3 LYP method and the SDD basis set is selected to investigate In_nNi,In_nNi~-, and In_nNi~+ (n = 1–14) clusters. For neutral and charged systems, several isomers and different multiplicities are studied with the aim to confirm the most stable structures. The structural evolution of neutral, cationic, and anionic In_nNi clusters, which favors the three-dimensional structures for n = 3–14. The main configurations of the In_nNi isomers are not affected by adding or removing an electron, the order of their stabilities is also nearly not affected. The obtained binding energy exhibits that the Ni-doped In_(13) cluster is the most stable species of all different sized clusters. The calculated fragmentation energy and the second-order energy difference as a function of the cluster size exhibit a pronounced even–odd alternation phenomenon. The electronic properties including energy gap(E_g), adiabatic electron affinity(AEA), vertical electron detachment energy(VDE), adiabatic ionization potential energy(AIP), and vertical ionization potential energy(VIP) are studied. The total magnetic moments show that the different magnetic moments depend on the number of the In atoms for charged In_nNi. Additionally, the natural population analysis of In_nNi~((0,±1)clusters is also discussed.     

Experiments on clusters

In this contribution we discuss four different types of experiments that have been conducted at molecular beams of neutral clusters. The size of particularly stable sodium chloride clusters and their corresponding geometrical structure is inferred from intensity anomalies in mass spectra. This information is obtained either for charged or for neutral clusters depending on whether the clusters are ionized by electron impact or by multiphoton absorption. The important role of fragmentation in mass spectrometry of xenon clusters is revealed by multiphoton ionization; dissociative reactions occurring on the time scale of 10⁻⁷ s with respect to the ionizing event can be analyzed. The solvation energy of negatively charged carbon dioxide clusters as a function of cluster size is obtained from electron attachment spectra. A resonance in the ion yield close to zero eV electron energy signifies that all clusters except for the monomer feature a positive electron affinity. An analysis of the kinetic energy of fragment ions, originating from delayed dissociation of triply charged carbon dioxide clusters, reveals that the size distribution of their fission fragments is extremely symmetric.     

离子团簇YSin±(n=7-16)的几何结构和电子性质的相对论密度泛函研究

运用广义梯度近似的相对论密度泛函理论方法对YSi_n^±(n=7-16)离子团簇的几何结构、稳定性和电子特性进行了系统地数值模拟研究.与中性YSi_n团簇比较可得到以下结论：除YSi₁₀⁺和YSi₁₃⁺阳离子团簇外,YSi_n^±团簇基本都保持了中性YSi_n团簇的结构框架,这与垂直和绝热电离能的结果本质上是一致的;大多数离子团簇的原子平均束缚能都相对中性团簇有明显增大,表明离子团簇的结构稳定性都有增强,其中阳离子团簇YSi_n+(n=8, 11和14)和阴离子团簇YSi_n^-(n=9,12和14)比其相邻团簇的稳定性更强.电荷布居分析表明所有团簇中Y原子的HC电荷都在n=15处由正值变为负值,即当Y原子从Si_n框架表面位点落入硅笼中形成内嵌结构团簇时,电荷转移方向发生反转.阴离子团簇中电荷转移量普...     

On the decay of hot metallic clusters by evaporation

Starting from the Weisskopf theory decay rates for the evaporation of cluster atoms from hot liquid alkali metal clusters are derived. The crucial input quantity is the level density which is determined from empirical properties of the bulk, namely from the specific heat and the thermal expansion coefficient. The resulting rate expression is compared with decay rate formulas given by Engelking, Klots and Gspann. Furthermore, critical (appearance) sizes of multiply charged clusters are calculated by equating the rates for neutral monomer and light charged particle emission. Also shrinking and cooling rates of large hot clusters are determined by treating multiple emission of cluster atoms, thus establishing a time scale for the decay of clusters theoretically.     

铝团簇的电子自旋极化与核自旋-自旋偶合的理论研究

利用传统的密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-31 G(d)水平上优化了铝簇(Aln ,Aln与Aln-,n=2~9)的几何结构,并利用偶合的微扰的密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311 G(3df)水平上计算了核自旋-自旋偶合常数.优化结果表明Aln(n=2~9)中的电子是自旋极化的,与早期的质谱实验一致.核自旋-自旋偶合常数的计算结果表明电子的自旋极化与原子核的自旋取向有密切关系.     

Electronic Absorption Spectra of Neutral and Charged Silver Molecular Clusters

The structural, energy, and optical properties of charged and neutral molecular clusters (MCs) of silver Ag_n (n = 2–5) have been simulated within the density functional theory (DFT). It has been shown that the electronic absorption spectrum of neutral MCs is shifted toward lower energies compared to the charged ones. The strengths of the oscillators of neutral MCs are mainly larger than the ones of charged MCs. A comparison of the simulation results with the previously obtained experimental ones for glasses with silver MCs has been carried out.     

CuSin 与CuSi-n（n=4~10）团簇电子结构和光学性质的理论研究

基于密度泛函的B3LYP/6-311+G (d)方法研究基态结构CuSin(n=4~10)和 CuSin阴离子团簇的电子结构和紫外吸收谱。计算结果表明：(1)中性CuSin 团簇的带隙要比阴离子团簇的带隙要小,说明阴离子团簇比中性的要稳定;(2)阴离子CuSi5团簇要比相邻的其他团簇稳定;(3)紫外吸收谱可看出中性 CuSin团簇属弱吸收而阴离子则表现出很强的吸收。对阴离子来说,随着硅原子的增加有红移现象发生。     

Charge modulation of magnetization in X-doped MgO nanotube clusters (X=C,N)

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are performed to study the magnetic and electronic properties of X-doped 8×7 MgO nanotube clusters (X=C, N). The N dopant easily occupies the O-site at the edge of MgO nanotube, embracing neutral or charged defect state, and induces notable magnetization in N-doped MgO tubular cluster. More important, this p-electron magnetization can be significantly modulated as the charged state of the defect changes. Regarding C doping, impurity atom readily substitute the Mg atom located at the edge of MgO nanotube to form neutral defect, and net magnetization is found to be zero. The calculated electron densities of states show that the O-site N doping at the edge greatly narrows or even destroys band-gap, while it enlarges somewhat for the Mg-site C doping at the edge. The results are likely to stimulate a promising class of materials for various applications ranging from spintronics to magneto-optics.     

Specific features of the luminescence of silicate glasses with silver introduced by ion exchange

The luminescence spectra of silicate glasses with silver introduced by ion exchange have been investigated. It is shown that silver introduced into glass by ion exchange exists not only in the form of ions, but also as neutral atoms and charged and neutral molecular clusters, which provide intense luminescence in the visible spectral range. Cerium ions in glass facilitate the formation of neutral molecular silver clusters, due to which the luminescence intensity increases. It is shown that Ag _n -Ce ^x+ complexes can be formed in glass containing cerium ions and neutral molecular silver clusters.     

第一性原理研究荷电状态对Pd_(13)团簇催化分解NO性能的影响

文章运用了第一性原理计算方法研究一氧化氮在中性和带电荷背景的Pd_(13)团簇上的吸附和分解.研究结果表明:NO在中性和带电荷的Pd_(13)团簇上均倾向于吸附在Pd_(13)团簇的空位.带负电的Pd_(13)团簇比中性、带正电的Pd_(13)团簇对于NO的催化分解更有利,体现在带负电的Pd_(13)团簇上有更强的吸附能和更低的反应能垒.     

Stability and fragmentation processes of highly charged sodium clusters

Highly charged sodium clusters produced in collisions between neutral clusters and multiply charged ions are formed within a large range of temperatures and fissilities, and identified by means of a high-resolution reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer ( m/m 14000). The limit of stability of these charged clusters is experimentally investigated, and the time-of-flight spectra are compared with theoretical spectra based on Monte-Carlo simulations. The results indicate that the maximum fissility (X) of stable clusters is approaching the Rayleigh limit (X = 1) for larger clusters sizes. It is mainly limited by the initial neutral cluster temperature ( T 100 K) and the energy transfer in the ionizing collision. In addition, the comparison between the measured and simulated spectra suggests for high cluster charges a multi-fragmentation process, in which most of charge is emitted, creating low charged residual cluster ions.     

Energy spectra and temperature distributions of clusters produced during ion-beam sputtering of metals

A method for evaluating the energy spectra and temperature dependences of the yield of neutral and charged clusters that consist of N≥5 atoms and are produced by ion bombardment of metals is proposed. The results are presented in the form of simple formulas. Theoretical energy spectra of clusters emitted as a result of bombarding niobium, tantalum, and iron targets by atomic ions of gold or xenon and temperature dependences of the yield of silver clusters produced by bombarding the targets with xenon ions are compared with experimental data.

     

非晶态半导体的缺陷态化学键的量子化学研究

用量子化学的半经验自洽场分子轨道方法CNDO/2研究硫属玻璃中的各种缺陷态,包括带正电荷、负电荷和中性的三配位硫原子簇的化学键。从原子簇能量、原子净电荷、键级函数(双原子能量)等方面作了比较,取得了与Kastner相一致的结果,验证了K-A-F的换价对(VAP)理论。探讨了孤对电子对于缺陷态化学键的影响,证实了孤对电子在硫属玻璃中的重要作用。 关键词：     

CO2在中性及带负电Be（n=4, 7, 10, 12, m=0, -1）团簇表面的吸附与解离

运用密度泛函理论,对中性及带负电的BeCO2 (n=4, 7, 10, 12, m=0, -1) 团簇进行了构型优化,稳定性和电子性质分析。结果表明：CO2吸附于Ben和Ben-1团簇表面时,C-O键长均有不同程度的伸长。其中Be4CO2-1,Be12CO2-1中CO2分子的一个C-O键自然断裂(伸长量达到了134%和156%),为典型的解离性吸附。Be团簇表现出了较好的吸附CO2分子的能力,特别是带负电以后,吸附能明显增大(约为3.16eV--5.965eV)。电子性质分析表明,带负电升高了相应团簇的前线轨道能级,使轨道杂化发生在费米能级处附近,从而增强了CO2分子与相应团簇的成键能力。