An application of flexible constraints in Monte Carlo simulations of the isobaric--isothermal ensemble of liquid water and ice Ih with the polarizable and flexible mobile charge densities in harmonic oscillators model

The method of flexible constraints was implemented in a Monte Carlo code to perform numerical simulations of liquid water and ice Ih in the constant number of molecules, volume, and temperature and constant pressure, instead of volume ensembles, using the polarizable and flexible mobile charge densities in harmonic oscillators (MCDHO) model. The structural and energetic results for the liquid at T=298 K and rho=997 kg m(-3) were in good agreement with those obtained from molecular dynamics. The density obtained at P=1 atm with flexible constraints, rho=1008 kg m(-3), was slightly lower than with the classical sampling of the intramolecular vibrations, rho=1010 kg m(-3). The comparison of the structures and energies found for water hexamers and for ice Ih with six standard empirical models to those obtained with MCDHO, show this latter to perform better in describing water far from ambient conditions: the MCDHO minimum lattice energy, density, and lattice constants were in good agreement with experiment. The average angle HOH of the water molecule in ice was predicted to be slightly larger than in the liquid, yet 1.2% smaller than the experimental value.     

A non-polarizable model of water that yields the dielectric constant and the density anomalies of the liquid: TIP4Q

A four-site rigid water model is presented, whose parameters are fitted to reproduce the experimental static dielectric constant at 298 K, the maximum density of liquid water and the equation of state at low pressures. The model has a positive charge on each of the three atomic nuclei and a negative charge located at the bisector of the HOH bending angle. This charge distribution allows increasing the molecular dipole moment relative to four-site models with only three charges and improves the liquid dielectric constant at different temperatures. Several other properties of the liquid and of ice Ih resulting from numerical simulations with the model are in good agreement with experimental values over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Moreover, the model yields the minimum density of supercooled water at 190 K and the minimum thermal compressibility at 310 K, close to the experimental values. A discussion is presented on the structural changes of liquid water in the supercooled region where the derivative of density with respect to temperature is a maximum.     

A classical polarizable model for simulations of water and ice

We develop a classical rigid polarizable model of water for molecular simulations of water and ice. The model uses the Rowlinson five-site geometry: oxygen bearing the Lennard-Jones interaction and linearly polarizable point dipole, two positively charged hydrogens, and two massless negative charges placed symmetrically off oxygen so that the experimental dipole moment is reproduced. The target properties are the densities of water and ice Ih, diffusivity, enthalpies of fusion and vaporization, and the ice Ih melting point. The surface tension at lower temperatures is by 7% underestimated whereas the dielectric constant by 6% overestimated. Diffusivity and viscosity worsen at higher temperatures, although the Stokes radius is overestimated only by 2-7%. The ice Ih melting temperature is 260 K and the temperature of maximum density is 269 K. Rescaling the charges by a factor of 1.01 and Lennard-Jones energy by 1.0201 improves the melting point and energy-related quantities but shifts the agreement of kinetic properties to higher temperatures. For the model we propose abbreviation POL4D.     

The flexible, polarizable, thole-type interaction potential for water (TTM2-F) revisited

We present a revision of the flexible, polarizable, Thole-type interaction potential for water [J. Chem. Phys.2002, 116, 5115], which allows for condensed-phase simulations. The revised version (TTM2.1-F) of the potential correctly describes the individual water molecular dipole moment and alleviates problems arising at short intermolecular separations that can be sampled in the course of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of condensed environments. Furthermore, its parallel implementation under periodic boundary conditions enables the efficient calculation of the macroscopic structural and thermodynamic properties of liquid water, as its performance scales superlinearly with up to a number of 64 processors for a simulation box of 512 molecules. We report the radial distribution functions, average energy, internal geometry, and dipole moment in the liquid as well as the density, dielectric constant, and self-diffusion coefficient at T = 300 K from (NVT) and (NPT) classical molecular dynamics simulations by using the revised version of the potential.     

An interpretation of the enhancement of the water dipole moment due to the presence of other water molecules

The dipole moment of the gas phase water monomer is 1.85 D. When solvated in bulk water, the dipole moment of an individual water molecule is observed to be enhanced to the much larger value of 2.9 +/- 0.6 D. To understand the origin of this dipole moment enhancement, the effective fragment potential (EFP) method is used to solvate an ab initio water molecule to predict the dipole moments for various cluster sizes. The dipole moment as a function of cluster size, nH 2O, is investigated [for n = 6-20 (even n), 26, 32, 41, and 50]. Localized charge distributions are used in conjunction with localized molecular orbitals to interpret the dipole moment enhancement. These calculations suggest that the enhancement of the dipole moment originates from the decrease of the angle between the dipole vectors of the lone pairs on oxygen as the number of hydrogen bonds to that oxygen increases. Thus, the decreased angle, and the consequent increase in water dipole moment, is most likely to occur in environments with a larger number of hydrogen bonds, such as the center of a cluster of water molecules.     

Quantum effects in liquid water and ice: model dependence

This paper explores the influence of choice of potential model on the quantum effects observed in liquid water and ice. This study utilizes standard rigid models and a more formal context for the rigid-body centroid molecular dynamics methodology used to perform the quantum simulations is provided. Quantum and classical molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for liquid water and ice Ih at 298 and 220 K, respectively, with the simple point charge/extended and TIP4P-Ew water models. The results obtained for equilibrium and dynamical properties are compared with those recently reported on TIP4P [L. Hernandez de la Pena and P. G. Kusalik, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5992 (2004); L. Hernandez de la Pena et al., J. Chem. Phys 123, 144506 (2005)]. For the liquid, an energy shift of about 8% and an average molecular uncertainty of about 11 degrees were found independently of the water model. The self-diffusion coefficient consistently increases by more than 50% when going from the classical to the quantum system and quantum dynamics are found to reproduce the experimental isotopic shifts with the models examined. The ice results compare remarkably well with those previously reported for the TIP4P water model; they confirm that quantum effects are considerable and that the quantum mechanical uncertainty and the energy shifts due to quantization are smaller in ice than in liquid water. The relevance of these findings in the context of the construction of water models is briefly discussed.     

Quantum effects in ice Ih

Quantum and classical simulations are carried out on ice Ih over a range of temperatures utilizing the TIP4P water model. The rigid-body centroid molecular dynamics method employed allows for the investigation of equilibrium and dynamical properties of the quantum system. The impact of quantization on the local structure, as measured by the radial and spatial distribution functions, as well as the energy is presented. The effects of quantization on the lattice vibrations, associated with the molecular translations and librations, are also reported. Comparison of quantum and classical simulation results indicates that shifts in the average potential energy are equivalent to rising the temperature about 80 K and are therefore non-negligible. The energy shifts due to quantization and the quantum mechanical uncertainties observed in ice are smaller than the values previously reported for liquid water. Additionally, we carry out a comparative study of melting in our classical and quantum simulations and show that there are significant differences between classical and quantum ice.     

Charge-on-spring polarizable water models revisited: from water clusters to liquid water to ice

The properties of two improved versions of charge-on-spring (COS) polarizable water models (COS/G2 and COS/G3) that explicitly include nonadditive polarization effects are reported. In COS models, the polarization is represented via a self-consistently induced dipole moment consisting of a pair of separated charges. A previous polarizable water model (COS/B2), upon which the improved versions are based, was developed by Yu, Hansson, and van Gunsteren. To improve the COS/B2 model, which overestimated the dielectric permittivity, one additional virtual atomic site was used to reproduce the water monomer quadrupole moments besides the water monomer dipole moment in the gas phase. The molecular polarizability, residing on the virtual atomic site, and Lennard-Jones parameters for oxygen-oxygen interactions were varied to reproduce the experimental values for the heat of vaporization and the density of liquid water at room temperature and pressure. The improved models were used to study the properties of liquid water at various thermodynamic states as well as gaseous water clusters and ice. Overall, good agreement is obtained between simulated properties and those derived from experiments and ab initio calculations. The COS/G2 and COS/G3 models may serve as simple, classical, rigid, polarizable water models for the study of organic solutes and biopolymers. Due to its simplicity, COS type of polarization can straightforwardly be used to introduce explicit polarization into (bio)molecular force fields.     

On the origin of the redshift of the OH stretch in Ice Ih: evidence from the momentum distribution of the protons and the infrared spectral density

Recent measurements of the momentum distribution in water and ice have shown that the proton is in a considerably softer potential in ice Ih than in water or the free monomer. This is broadly consistent with the large red shift observed in the vibrational spectrum. We show that existing water models, which treat the intramolecular potential as unchanged by the hydrogen bonding are unable to reproduce the momentum distribution. In addition, even if they can substantially explain the red shift they are unable to explain the large increase in intensity observed in the infrared spectrum in going from the monomer to ice Ih. We show that the inclusion of a bond dipole derivative term is essential to explain the observed intensities in the infrared spectrum. Though this term is partially responsible for the softening of the effective potential of the proton we show that best agreement with the observed momentum distribution requires a further softening of the harmonic component of the intramolecular potential. We introduce an efficient normal-mode molecular dynamics algorithm for calculating the momentum distribution with path-integrals.     

Sticking of CO to crystalline and amorphous ice surfaces

We present results of classical trajectory calculations on the sticking of hyperthermal CO to the basal plane (0001) face of crystalline ice Ih and to the surface of amorphous ice Ia. The calculations were performed for normal incidence at a surface temperature Ts = 90 K for ice Ia, and at Ts = 90 and 150 K for ice Ih. For both surfaces, the sticking probability can be fitted to a simple exponentially decaying function of the incidence energy, Ei: Ps = 1.0e(-Ei(kJ/mol)/90(kJ/mol)) at Ts = 90 K. The energy transfer from the impinging molecule to the crystalline and the amorphous surface is found to be quite efficient, in agreement with the results of molecular beam experiments on the scattering of the similar molecule, N2, from crystalline and amorphous ice. However, the energy transfer is less efficient for amorphous than for crystalline ice. Our calculations predict that the sticking probability decreases with Ts for CO scattering from crystalline ice, as the energy transfer from the impinging molecule to the warmer surfaces becomes less efficient. At high Ei (up to 193 kJ/mol), no surface penetration occurs in the case of crystalline ice. However, for CO colliding with the amorphous surface, a penetrating trajectory was observed to occur into a large water pore. The molecular dynamics calculations predict that the average potential energy of CO adsorbed to ice Ih is -10.1 +/- 0.2 and -8.4 +/- 0.2 kJ/mol for CO adsorbed to ice Ia. These values are in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical data. The distribution of the potential energy of CO adsorbed to ice Ia was found to be wider (with a standard deviation sigma of 2.4 kJ/mol) than that of CO interacting with ice Ih (sigma = 2.0 kJ/mol). In collisions with ice Ia, the CO molecules scatter at larger angles and over a wider distribution of angles than in collisions with ice Ih.     

Electrostatic calculation of linear and non-linear optical properties of ice Ih,II, IX and VIII

Macroscopic first- and third-order susceptibilities of ice Ih, ice II, ice IX and ice VIII are calculated using static and frequency-dependent electronic and static vibrational molecular (hyper)polarizabilities at the MP2 level. The molecular properties are in good agreement with experiment and with high-level ab initio calculations. Intermolecular electrostatic and polarization effects due to induced dipoles are taken into account using a rigorous local-field theory. The electric field due to permanent dipoles is used to calculate effective in-crystal (hyper)polarizabilities. The polarizability depends only weakly on the permanent field, but the dipole moment and the hyperpolarizabilities are strongly affected. The calculated linear susceptibility is in good agreement with available experimental data for ice Ih, and the third-order susceptibility for a third harmonic generation experiment is in reasonable agreement with experimental values for liquid water. The molecular vibrational contributions have a small effect on the susceptibilities. The electric properties of a water tetramer are calculated and used to estimate the effect of non-dipolar interactions on the susceptibilities of ice Ih, which are found to be small.     

Basic molecular mechanisms underlying complex permittivity of water and ice

Four dielectric-loss frequency dependences epsilon'j(nu), j = 1-4, which constitute a basis for underlying far-infrared (FIR) spectra of water and ice, are briefly analyzed. The relevant molecular mechanisms are (a) free-like libration of a permanent dipole in a hat potential, (b) elastic vibration of a nonrigid dipole along the H-bond (HB), (c) elastic reorientation of a permanent dipole around this bond, and (d) vibration of HB water molecules transverse to the HB direction. A semiphenomenological (SP) approach, based on analytical calculation of the spectrum of autocorrelation function, is applied. The total loss curve epsilon'(nu), accounting for these mechanisms and presented for liquid water at 27 and 81.4 degrees C, for supercooled water at -5.6 degrees C, and for ice at -7 degrees C, demonstrates a very good agreement with experimental spectra. A simple formula is proposed for an "association factor" zeta relating the dipole moments mu(perpendicular) and mu(q) of transversally and longitudinally (with respect to HB direction) vibrating molecules. The parametrization of the model yields for T < 300 K a sharp increase of this factor zeta with a decrease of temperature.     

Communication: The effect of dispersion corrections on the melting temperature of liquid water

The melting temperature (T(m)) of liquid water with the Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr (BLYP) density functional including dispersion corrections (BLYP-D) and the Thole-type, version 3 (TTM3-F) ab-initio based flexible, polarizable classical potential is reported via constant pressure and constant enthalpy (NPH) molecular dynamics simulations of an ice I(h)-liquid coexisting system. Dispersion corrections to BLYP lower T(m) to about 360 K, a large improvement over the value of T(m) > 400 K previously obtained with the original BLYP functional under the same simulation conditions. For TTM3-F, T(m) = 248 K from classical molecular dynamics simulations.     

Quantum path integral simulation of isotope effects in the melting temperature of ice Ih

The isotope effect in the melting temperature of ice Ih has been studied by free energy calculations within the path integral formulation of statistical mechanics. Free energy differences between isotopes are related to the dependence of their kinetic energy on the isotope mass. The water simulations were performed by using the q-TIP4P/F model, a point charge empirical potential that includes molecular flexibility and anharmonicity in the OH stretch of the water molecule. The reported melting temperature at ambient pressure of this model (T=251?K) increases by 6.5±0.5 and 8.2±0.5?K upon isotopic substitution of hydrogen by deuterium and tritium, respectively. These temperature shifts are larger than the experimental ones (3.8 and 4.5 K, respectively). In the classical limit, the melting temperature is nearly the same as that for tritiated ice. This unexpected behavior is rationalized by the coupling between intermolecular interactions and molecular flexibility. This coupling makes the kinetic energy of the OH stretching modes larger in the liquid than in the solid phase. However, the opposite behavior is found for intramolecular modes, which display larger kinetic energy in ice than in liquid water.     

Static dielectric constants and molecular dipole distributions of liquid water and ice-Ih investigated by the PAW-PBE exchange-correlation functional

The static dielectric constants, ε(s), of ice-Ih and liquid water were calculated using density functional theory with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional and the projector-augmented-wave (PAW) approach. Proton disordered ice configurations and uncorrelated liquid configurations were sampled with the electrostatic switching method using force fields specially designed to facilitate the ab initio free energy perturbation calculations. Our results indicate that PAW-PBE underestimates the ε(s) of both ice-Ih and liquid water but predicts the ratio of ice and water ε(s) in good agreement with experimental measurements. PAW-PBE gives average water dipole moments of 2.50 D in ice-Ih and 2.48 D in the liquid. Our results show that the fixed-charge water models developed by adaptive force matching can reproduce the PAW-PBE dipole moments with an error of approximately 5%. The ice and liquid models created in this work have polarizabilities of 1.32 ?(3) and 1.30 ?(3), respectively, along the HOH bisector direction.     

Isotope effects in ice Ih: a path-integral simulation

Ice Ih has been studied by path-integral molecular dynamics simulations, using the effective q-TIP4P/F potential model for flexible water. This has allowed us to analyze finite-temperature quantum effects in this solid phase from 25 to 300 K at ambient pressure. Among these effects we find a negative thermal expansion of ice at low temperatures, which does not appear in classical molecular dynamics simulations. The compressibility derived from volume fluctuations gives results in line with experimental data. We have analyzed isotope effects in ice Ih by considering normal, heavy, and tritiated water. In particular, we studied the effect of changing the isotopic mass of hydrogen on the kinetic energy and atomic delocalization in the crystal as well as on structural properties such as interatomic distances and molar volume. For D(2)O ice Ih at 100 K we obtained a decrease in molar volume and intramolecular O-H distance of 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively, as compared to H(2)O ice.     

Hydration structure of water confined between mica surfaces

We report further molecular dynamics simulations on the structure of bound hydration layers under extreme confinement between mica surfaces. We find that the liquid phase of water is maintained down to 2 monolayer (ML) thick, whereas the structure of the K(+) ion hydration shell is close to the bulk structure even under D = 0.92 nm confinement. Unexpectedly, the density of confined water remains approximately the bulk value or less, whereas the diffusion of water molecules decreases dramatically. Further increase in confinement leads to a transition to a bilayer ice, whose density is much less than that of ice Ih due to the formation of a specific hydrogen-bonding network.     

Crystallization, melting, and structure of water nanoparticles at atmospherically relevant temperatures

Water nanoparticles play an important role in atmospheric processes, yet their equilibrium and nonequilibrium liquid-ice phase transitions and the structures they form on freezing are not yet fully elucidated. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations with the mW water model to investigate the nonequilibrium freezing and equilibrium melting of water nanoparticles with radii R between 1 and 4.7 nm and the structure of the ice formed by crystallization at temperatures between 150 and 200 K. The ice crystallized in the particles is a hybrid form of ice I with stacked layers of the cubic and hexagonal ice polymorphs in a ratio approximately 2:1. The ratio of cubic ice to hexagonal ice is insensitive to the radius of the water particle and is comparable to that found in simulations of bulk water around the same temperature. Heating frozen particles that contain multiple crystallites leads to Ostwald ripening and annealing of the ice structures, accompanied by an increase in the amount of ice at the expense of the liquid water, before the particles finally melt from the hybrid ice I to liquid, without a transition to hexagonal ice. The melting temperatures T(m) of the nanoparticles are not affected by the ratio of cubic to hexagonal layers in the crystal. T(m) of the ice particles decreases from 255 to 170 K with the particle size and is well described by the Gibbs-Thomson equation, T(m)(R) = T(m)(bulk) - K(GT)/(R - d), with constant K(GT) = 82 ± 5 K·nm and a premelted liquid of width d = 0.26 ± 0.05 nm, about one monolayer. The freezing temperatures also decrease with the particles' radii. These results are important for understanding the composition, freezing, and melting properties of ice and liquid water particles under atmospheric conditions.     

Effect of surface polarity on water contact angle and interfacial hydration structure

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of water in the presence of hydrophobic/hydrophilic walls at T = 300 K and P = 0 GPa. For the hydrophilic walls, we use a hydroxylated silica model introduced in previous simulations [Lee, S. H.; Rossky, P. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 100, 3334. Giovambattista, N.; Rossky, P. J.; Debenedetti, P. G.; Phys. Rev. E 2006, 73, 041604.]. By rescaling the physical partial atomic charges by a parameter 0 相似文献