沟槽型织构化表面摩擦噪声特性试验研究

用电火花加工方法在制动盘蠕墨铸铁材料表面加工出不同沟槽宽度和间距的沟槽型表面织构,在自行研制的新型摩擦噪声试验装置上,采用球-平面接触方式,选取直径10 mm的GCr15球为对摩副,对沟槽型织构表面和光滑表面进行摩擦噪声对比试验,研究沟槽型织构对摩擦噪声的影响.结果表明:本试验条件下沟槽型表面织构的尺寸及分布对摩擦噪声具有重要影响,一定尺寸及分布的织构表面可明显降低摩擦噪声.本试验条件下的摩擦噪声产生主要归因于接触表面的不平顺、磨屑层不均匀分布以及犁削作用等界面因素,这些因素导致了界面摩擦力高频成分的产生,当其与系统的自然频率耦合时,将引起摩擦系统强烈的自激振动并最终产生摩擦噪声.而摩擦界面存在尺寸分布合理的沟槽型表面织构,将能提高界面排屑能力并打断摩擦界面连续的接触,扰乱摩擦系统的自激振动,抑制摩擦噪声的产生.     

沟槽表面填充材料对界面摩擦振动噪声的影响

采用机械加工方式,在基体(蠕墨铸铁)表面加工出平行且等间距的沟槽,并在沟槽中分别填满铝材料和锻钢材料,对该填充材料试样和基体试样进行界面摩擦噪声试验,并采用数值模拟方法加以分析,得出界面摩擦振动噪声行为在不同沟槽填充材料下的变化特性,并将不同界面摩擦磨损行为与振动噪声动态关联起来.试验及数值模拟结果表明,在沟槽中填充铝材料加剧界面磨损,增大摩擦系数,并加速系统不稳定振动的产生,增大噪声强度,而在沟槽中填充钢材料能有效延缓界面不稳定振动和摩擦尖叫噪声信号的产生.此外,计算结果表明,界面磨擦磨损行为导致的界面接触非线性特性是产生多频率不稳定振动和噪声的重要因素.     

表面粗糙度对摩擦尖叫噪声特性的影响

采用不同结构刚度的测量装置,对光滑表面和喷砂处理表面进行滑动摩擦噪声对比试验,研究不同粗糙度表面在不同试验装置上的摩擦尖叫噪声特性及其对摩擦尖叫噪声的影响和作用机理.结果表明:摩擦表面粗糙度和磨损情况对摩擦尖叫噪声的产生及演变具有重要的影响,表面粗糙度越大的喷砂处理表面能更明显地抑制界面摩擦尖叫噪声的产生.本试验条件下,磨屑堆积和黏着剥落等磨损特征对应的黏着撕裂作用更易引起摩擦力高频成分的产生并导致较高强度的尖叫噪声,而喷砂处理的粗糙表面能减轻这些界面因素的形成,削弱摩擦力高频成分,抑制摩擦尖叫噪声的产生.     

时变接触特性表面对界面摩擦学行为的影响

通过在锻钢基材表面沟槽中分别填充灰铸铁HT300、Mn-Cu合金和Mn-Cu阻尼合金材料获得具有时变接触特性的表面,并对锻钢光滑表面试样和时变接触特性表面进行摩擦学试验,研究不同时变接触特性表面对界面摩擦学行为(摩擦噪声、摩擦振动以及磨损行为)的影响. 结果表明:填充HT300的时变接触特性表面缓解了界面磨损,有效延续摩擦系统的稳定状态,抑制摩擦振动和噪声的产生;相反,填充Mn-Cu合金和填充Mn-Cu阻尼合金的时变接触特性表面加剧了界面磨损,加速了摩擦系统不稳定状态的出现,进而激发出高强度的摩擦振动和噪声. 在本研究中,摩擦系统失稳引起摩擦振动和噪声主要归因于摩擦磨损过程中黏着撕裂和犁削等界面作用,填充材料的阻尼特性未能起到减振降噪的效果.      

表面微织构对WC-8Co在往复摩擦磨损中粘结-扩散磨损特性的影响

采用激光表面纹理化在WC-8Co上制备了微沟槽织构,通过往复式摩擦磨损试验对其与Ti6Al4V接触的耐磨性进行分析,并以无表面微沟槽织构的WC-8Co为对比样品,研究了表面微织构对WC-8Co粘结-扩散磨损特性的影响,揭示了摩擦过程中表面微织构的磨损机理. 结果表明:WC-8Co上的微沟槽对摩擦接触面具有抗粘结作用,在高接触载荷下,这种效应更为明显. 织构表面的抗粘结机制是由微沟槽包裹的碎屑产生的. 此外,与无表面微织构的WC-8Co不同,表面织构化的WC-8Co的磨损最初来源于微沟槽边缘的断裂,随后扩展到摩擦表面. 这种磨损特性归因于微沟槽边缘的高热载荷和机械应力集中,以及激光加工过程中WC晶粒长大与摩擦过程中粘结剂Co扩散的协同效应.      

三角沟槽形织构化硬质合金工作表面动压润滑及减摩特性

采用飞秒激光加工技术在YT15硬质合金表面制备三角沟槽形微织构,按照面积占有率分别为5.05%、9.5%、13.02%和15.2%,制备出四种不同试样,并在MMG-10多功能摩擦磨损试验机上对织构化YT15硬质合金表面的摩擦副进行不同面积占有率下的对比试验,借助扫描电子显微镜分析工作表面的显微结构及形貌,进一步探究微织构致密度对工作表面摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:相比于未织构化试件,具有一定面积占有率的三角沟槽形微织构有助于提高YT15硬质合金表面的摩擦性能,且面积占有率为9.5%时所产生的流体动压润滑效果最为显著.     

PDMS表面织构润滑特性的研究

利用光刻-复模技术在PDMS表面制作凹坑阵列型表面织构,并采用球-盘式摩擦试验机对具有不同尺寸凹坑阵列的试样进行摩擦试验,研究了软质材料表面织构在混合至流体动压润滑区域的润滑特性.结果表明:对于PDMS材料,凹坑直径是影响摩擦特性的主要因素之一.与无织构试样相比,在低速条件下(0.005m/s)的混合润滑区域较小直径(d=50μm)的织构能够减小摩擦,而较大直径(d=200μm)的织构表现出增大摩擦的效果.在试验范围内凹坑的面积率越大,表面织构的作用越显著.     

45#钢表面复合润滑结构的制备及其摩擦性能研究

采用激光微加工技术在45#钢表面制备了微坑型织构,将激光表面织构化与MoS2固体润滑剂相结合在45#钢表面制备了复合润滑结构.研究了其在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,考察了织构面密度及织构化微坑大小对其摩擦性能的影响.通过扫描电镜与能量色散谱仪对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与未织构面相比,织构面具有低而稳定的摩擦系数和高的耐磨寿命;对同一孔径织构面,随着织构密度的增加其表面摩擦系数随之减小,较适宜的织构密度为20%～35%;对同一织构面密度,当织构面密度小于20%时,较小孔径织构面的摩擦系数更低;织构面密度增至35%后,织构面摩擦系数则随孔径增大而减小;由于织构面复合润滑结构中的微坑有效地储存了润滑剂从而在摩擦过程中维持表面润滑薄膜的形成.     

织构深度对不锈钢表面油润滑条件下摩擦学性能影响的试验和仿真研究

采用激光加工技术在不锈钢表面构造深度不同的沟槽型织构图案，通过UMT摩擦磨损试验机测试了不同织构深度的不锈钢表面在PAO6油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能，利用表面轮廓仪和扫描电镜(SEM)对摩擦前后的沟槽形貌进行表征分析，采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对试验进行模拟并计算，结合ANSYS Fluent软件模拟分析结果，探究了沟槽织构深度对不锈钢表面在油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能的影响机理. 研究结果表明:加工的沟槽织构及其织构深度显著影响不锈钢表面在PAO油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损行为，织构深度为10 μm的不锈钢表面获得最好的抗磨和减摩效果，与未织构表面相比，其摩擦系数与磨痕宽度降低了60%以上. 这主要是由于织构深度为10 μm的不锈钢表面在摩擦过程中，润滑油通过其收敛区域时产生了很好的楔效应，润滑油产生的升力较大，改善了该织构表面在摩擦过程的润滑状态，从而呈现很好的摩擦学性能.      

接触表面不平度对摩擦尖叫噪声的影响

针对摩擦尖叫的间歇性特点,建立了考虑摩擦接触表面不平度的3自由度摩擦自激振动机理模型.应用数值方法分析了接触表面不平度倾角对系统稳定性及瞬态动力学特性的影响,并进行了基于销-盘装置的摩擦尖叫噪声试验研究.结果表明:系统的稳定性主要取决于系统自身的耦合特性,但也与摩擦特性和接触表面不平度倾角的综合作用有关.当接触表面不平度倾角增大时,系统趋向不稳定,会激发尖叫噪声.     

Nonlinear stability analysis of a disk brake model

It has become commonly accepted by scientists and engineers that brake squeal is generated by friction-induced self-excited vibrations of the brake system. The noise-free configuration of the brake system loses stability through a flutter-type instability and the system starts oscillating in a limit cycle. Usually, the stability analysis of disk brake models, both analytical as well as finite element based, investigates the linearized models, i.e. the eigenvalues of the linearized equations of motion. However, there are experimentally observed effects not covered by these analyses, even though the full nonlinear models include these effects in principle. The present paper describes the nonlinear stability analysis of a realistic disk brake model with 12 degrees of freedom. Using center manifold theory and artificially increasing the degree of degeneracy of the occurring bifurcation, an analytical expression for the turning points in the bifurcation diagram of the subcritical Hopf bifurcations is calculated. The parameter combination corresponding to the turning points is considered as the practical stability boundary of the system. Basic phenomena known from the operating experience of brake systems tending to squeal problems can be explained on the basis of the practical stability boundary.     

摩擦粒子填充材料对高速列车闸片制动性能的影响

在自行研制的制动缩比试验台上,对中心孔填充不同材料的高速列车制动闸片摩擦粒子进行拖曳制动试验,并采用有限元分析方法进行制动系统复特征值和接触应力分析,探讨填充不同材料对磨损特性、振动噪声和热分布的影响. 结果表明:原始摩擦粒子中心孔填充材料后,对制动系统的摩擦系数和模态耦合特性未产生显著影响,但对界面磨损行为和系统振动噪声特性产生明显影响. 填充粉末冶金后排屑行为下降,磨损行为更为复杂,制动系统产生的噪声增大;而填充紫铜、石墨和铸铁后的制动噪声均有所降低,尤其填充铸铁后表面磨损相对均匀,其摩擦学性能相较于其他粒子得到一定的改善. 填充材料产生的磨屑及相应的界面磨损行为是影响制动摩擦振动噪声和表面热分布的关键因素,填充合理的材料有助于降低制动噪声和改善制动界面磨损行为及表面热分布.      

Minimal models for squealing of railway block brakes

Block brakes have been used to brake railway vehicles for approximately 200 years. During the last 40 years, disk brakes have replaced the block brakes at passenger cars but block brakes are still used for all freight wagons. One problem of block brakes is that they show an enormous tendency to squeal. Although the block brake is a very common and old technical component, there exists almost no scientific work on its noise behavior regarding squeal. On the other hand, a lot of work has been done on the problem of disk brake squeal especially concerning the modeling of the excitation mechanism. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether and how models from disk brake squeal can be modified to model block brake squeal. The starting point of these investigations is a minimal model for an automotive disk brake introduced by von Wagner et al. (J Sound Vibration, 51(1–2):223–237, 2007) that is adapted to the block brake problem. It can be shown that such a simple converted model does not show any instability at all. A deeper analysis suggests that the reasons for squeal in block brakes could originate from in-plane vibrations of the brake disk or specific geometrical properties of the railway wheel. The self-excited vibrations explaining the squeal occur at relatively low rotational speeds far below the first critical rotor speed which has rarely been observed in rotor dynamics.     

基于有限元的高速列车车轮多边形磨耗成因分析

研究了中国高速列车车轮多边形磨耗的形成原因,考虑轮对的旋转惯量,建立了高速列车轮对-轨道-盘式制动系统有限元模型. 基于轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的理论,采用有限元复特征值分析法研究了高速列车制动时轮对-轨道-盘式制动系统的稳定性. 研究了饱和的轮轨蠕滑力和盘式制动系统摩擦力耦合作用对车轮多边形磨耗的影响,并调查了轮轨-轨道-盘式制动系统的参数敏感性. 数值模拟结果表明:在饱和的轮轨蠕滑力和盘式制动器摩擦力耦合作用下,轮轨系统的摩擦自激振动导致高速列车车轮多边形磨耗的产生,其导致的21~22阶和23~24阶车轮多边形磨耗占主导地位,这与中国高速列车高阶车轮多边形磨耗最为符合. 饱和的轮轨蠕滑力主要影响较低阶车轮多边形磨耗,盘式制动器摩擦力主要影响较高阶车轮多边形磨耗. 制动压力为13 kN时,车轮多边形磨耗形成的几率最小,发展速度最慢. 过高或者过低的垂向悬挂力均不利于抑制车轮多边形磨耗. 垂向悬挂力为75 kN时,车轮多边形磨耗形成的可能性最小,发展速度最慢.      

The frequency response of dynamic friction: A new view of sliding interfaces

Any attempt to predict friction-induced vibration, such as brake squeal in vehicle systems, requires as input some information about the dynamic friction force at the sliding interface. If the concern is only with the threshold of instability based on linearised theory, the quantity required is a type of frictional frequency response function over the range of possible unstable frequencies. This quantity has not previously been measured, and this paper reports the development and testing of a novel tribometer to measure it. Based on the concept of a pin-on-disc machine, controlled fluctuations in sliding speed are applied using an actuator and the resulting fluctuations in friction force are monitored in amplitude and phase. Sample results are shown, revealing parameter dependence, which is in some cases strikingly different from that of the mean friction force. The device has potential for providing necessary data on friction materials and also for discriminating between rival proposed theoretical models for dynamic friction.     

Effects of damping on brake squeal coalescence patterns – application on a finite element model

Brake squeal is referred to, in most publications, as a flutter instability triggered by a mode coupling phenomenon. A lot of clues tend to prove that damping would be a key parameter in brake squeal modelling. This study aims at investigating the effects of damping on coalescence patterns, that is to say on the way the modes couple. A finite element model of the whole brake corner has been used to compute the brake modal behaviour. Then a complex eigenvalue analysis has been undertaken to assess the brake stability as a function of the friction coefficient. Different kinds of damping spreading over the modes have been studied. Two main effects have been noticed: a shifting effect and a smoothing effect. The first one always stabilize the brake, whereas this is not the case of the second one. The combination of the two effects may make the brake more unstable depending on the spreading of the additionnal damping.