无机化学实验考核体系的探索与构建

概述了中国科学技术大学无机化学实验课程组在课程考核方面所进行的探索与实践,该考核体系从平时实验考核、期中实验考核、期末实验考核3方面进行了科学、合理、层次化的评定。其特点是：过程考核与结果考核相结合、书面报告与操作考核相结合、基本操作与设计研究型实验考核相结合。该考核体系既有利于较为全面地衡量学生的实验水平,又可有效提升实验教学水平。     

加强实验操作考核客观评定《分析化学》课程成绩

在搞好课堂理论教学的同时，要加强实验课程的教学和考核。提出了实验操作考核的具体内容及方法。强调正确掌握定量分析仪器操作的重要性。将学生理论考试成绩与实验操作考核成绩有机结合起来，客观评定该课程成绩     

初中化学实验操作考查的实践和思考

以常州市初中化学实验操作考核为例,对初中化学实验操作考核的现状进行了理性地反思,反映学生在考核过程中存在的问题,并对今后的实验考核提出一些建议.     

对元素化学实验教学的探讨

针对元素化学实验教学中存在的问题以及元素化学实验的特点,重点从元素化学实验教学内容、教学模式以及考核方式3个方面进行改革,确立了新的实验教学模式,建立了全开放式实验过程及实验操作考试与理论知识笔试相结合的实验考核方法,在实验过程中实施创新教育,重点培养学生的创新精神和创新能力。     

“聚丙烯酸酯的合成及降凝性能评价”综合实验能力考核平台

设计了以柴油中饱和烃含量及碳数分布测定、聚丙烯酸高级醇酯（PTA）的合成与纯化、PTA的红外表征与分子量测定、PTA降凝性能评价等4个模块组成的综合实验，作为化工专业实验的考核及成绩评定平台。这种考核方式将过程考核与结果考核融合，将笔试、操作、设计融合，可以全面准确地考核学生的有机合成、仪器分析等基础实验技能，同时考核综述、数据处理、实验设计等综合实验能力和实验室工作素质。此外，还能够有效训练学生的学习能力、解决问题能力、实践能力和创新能力，并促进了实验教学水平提高。     

新型“大型仪器自主操作资格”获得机制探索

探索建立了一种新型"大型仪器自主操作资格"获得机制。仪器使用申请者在分析测试中心仪器预约平台上提出申请,运用虚拟实验训练系统进行针对性自主培训。通过无人监督考核后,预约上机操作考核,2项考核均合格即可获得申请使用仪器的自主操作资格。该获得机制的核心是运用虚拟实验训练系统进行自主培训,具有很强的适用性、针对性和灵活性,尤其适用于申请者专业背景和操作水平有较大差异的状况。该机制可有效促进开放式共享平台管理模式的科学优化,切实提高大型仪器的使用效率,为实验学科的教学改革提供新的思路。     

淀粉基高吸水树脂微波合成及其性能的综合实验教学设计*

为了达成工程认证教育的培养要求,设计了“淀粉基高吸水树脂微波合成及其性能”综合实验。实验包括淀粉基高吸水树脂的微波辅助合成、结构表征及产品性能测定等内容;要求学生查阅文献,了解各种制备工艺并设计实验方案,掌握衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱与X射线衍射等表征技术及树脂溶胀性能测定技术,分析实验数据。另外,设计了融合过程考核与结果考核的考核体系,通过实验设计、实验操作与数据分析等环节全面考核学生的综合实验能力。该实验教学方案不仅提高教学质量,还激发学生实验兴趣,培养其创新思维与应用实践能力。     

分析化学设计型实验考核方法的探索与实践

针对设计型实验的特点,以考查学生实验设计能力、实验操作能力和分析解决问题能力等为目标,制定了科学合理、客观公正的考核方法。通过实施设计型实验考核,激发了学生学习的热情和主动性、提升了学生综合运用知识进行创新性实践的能力,促进了学生的创新意识与动手能力的培养。     

信息化教学背景下无机化学元素性质实验教学模式的重构与实践

以高效、合理利用信息化教学资源为基础,重新构建了无机化学元素性质实验教学模式。介绍了构建教学模式中微视频的使用方法,基本实验和自主实验相组合的教学内容,以及多途径考核评价的方法。探讨了元素性质实验教学模式重构后的实践效果,改善了教学现状,有助于提升教学效果。     

培养边疆民族地区师范生无机化学实验操作技能的教学实践

针对边疆民族地区师范生的具体情况,在改进教学方法、传授学习方法、加强实验预习、规范基本操作、严格实验考核等方面进行了探索,取得了较好的效果。     

Re-casting traditional organic experiments into green guided-inquiry based experiments: student perceptions

ABSTRACT

Green Chemistry principles can be used to re-cast traditional Organic chemistry experiments into more guided-inquiry based experiments. Inquiry questions related to green chemistry principles and metrics have been incorporated into our laboratory for the development of more guided-inquiry based experiments. Re-casting traditional experiments provides time for guided-inquiry by allowing students to evaluate reaction conditions and wastefulness of reactions. This includes evaluating solvent choices, heating methods, use of renewal materials, and contemplating reactants and products impacts on human health and environment. Students examine the changes as it pertains to green chemistry, the success of the reaction and the potential impacts on the mechanism. Involving students in these discoveries rooted in a guiding question made the Organic experiments guided-inquiry. Students were surveyed about their exposure to green chemistry and guided-inquiry based labs. Examples of some of the re-casted experiments, excerpts from student reports, and student impressions of the theme are presented.     

Viscoelastic diffusion

A constitutive equation is proposed for the viscoelastic diffusion flux, and this equation is used to calculate sorption curves for differential step‐change sorption experiments. The predictions of the theory are shown to be consistent with eight experimental observations that report a wide range of diffusional behaviors for polymer–solvent systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1529–1547, 2001     

科学思维导向的物理化学实验教学模式*

物理化学实验课程的教学目标正逐步从“培养学生的实验能力”向“培养科学思维”进行迁移并不断挑战传统的实验教学模式。基于这一理念,在物理化学实验课程中尝试引入探究性实验和论文式报告相结合的教学模式以重构学生的学习过程。实践结果表明:探究性实验和论文式报告在物理化学实验教学中相辅相成,让学生在探究性实验中再现知识的创造过程并以科技论文的形式对探究结果进行评价和交流,进而培养其科学思维方法和创新意识。此外,该模式重视科学知识的实验起源,鼓励学生在“写以致学”过程中实现知识的整合、迁移乃至创新。     

理科高等院校高分子化学综合实验的创新设计与教学实践

结合近些年我们的教学实践,介绍了为适应综合性理科高等院校不再单独设立高分子本科专业的办学要求,南京大学在综合化学实验课程体系中开设高分子综合性实验的内容设置及教学安排。实验内容主要包括综合性实验和研究性实验两大类,综合性实验要能较为全面地涵盖高分子学科的基本知识点和学生必须掌握的各种实验技能,研究性实验为科研型课题实验。紧密结合研究前沿的创新实验设计起到沟通教学实验与科学研究工作的桥梁作用,缩短了学生进入科研实验室从事课题研究上手的时间,取得了比较好的教学效果。     

A practical thermal analysis course

A practical Thermal Analysis Course is described, lasting one full week, in which the stuents are performing at least 10 experiments from different kinds, covering a broad range of possible applications. In combination with the elaboration of the experiments a number of lectures is given about the practice of thermal analysis. So a course is obtained, in which the students learn a lot of the possibilities (and impossibilities) of thermal analysis techniques, particularly by experiments, performed by their own.Many thanks to Dr. P.L. Ott and Mr. B. Norder for their assistance during the courses, and to Dr. C.M. Hol for his assistance at the printing of this article.     

Assignment of phycocyanobilin in HMPT using triple resonance experiments

A complete assignment of all resonances of a small organic molecule is a prerequisite for a structure determination using NMR spectroscopy. This is conventionally obtained using a well‐established strategy based on COSY, HMQC and HMBC spectra. In case of phycocyanobilin (PCB) in HMPT this strategy was unsuccessful due to the symmetry of the molecule and extreme signal overlap. Since ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled material was available, an alternative strategy for resonance assignment was used. Triple resonance experiments derived from experiments conventionally performed for proteins are sensitive and easy to analyze. Their application led to a complete and unambiguous assignment using three types of experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinetic modelling of the reduction of SiCl4 in an arc heater for the production of silicon

The conversion of SiCl₄ into Si has been achieved from reduction by a hydrogen plasma produced in an arc heater. As the results (conversion yield about 60%) are far from chemical equilibrium predictions, a kinetic model is proposed using the few kinetic data available in the literature and a temperature history of the reactants deduced from measurements of the temperatures and velocities of the flowing chemical mixture.     

Controlling the elution order of insulin and its analogs in sub-/supercritical fluid chromatography using methanesulfonic acid and 18-crown-6 as mobile phase additives

The purity analysis of therapeutic peptides can often be challenging, demanding the application of more than a single analytical technique. Supercritical fluid chromatography nowadays is a promising alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, providing orthogonal and complementary information. This study investigated its applicability for the separation of human insulin, its analogs and degradation products. A previously published method development protocol for peptides up to 2000 Da was successfully applied to the higher molecular weight insulins (6 kDa). A single gradient method was optimized for all insulins using a Torus DEA column (100 × 3.0 mm, 1.7 μm), carbon dioxide and a modifier consisting of methanol/acetonitrile/water/methanesulfonic acid (65:35:2:0.1, v/v/v/v). Consecutively, the crown ether 18-crown-6, which is well known to complex charged lysine sidechains and other amino functionalities, was added to the modifier to evaluate its impact on selectivity. A decreased retention and a shift in the elution order for the insulins were observed. An inverse effect on retention was found when combined with a neutral stationary phase chemistry (Viridis BEH).     

Rotational diffusion of tungstic acid colloids in microgravity as studied by aircraft experiments

 Rotational relaxation times (τ) of anisotropic tungstic acid colloids (3.24 μm in major axis) in aqueous suspension are measured in microgravity (0G), normal gravity (1G) and at 2G. The measurements at 0G and 2G are achieved by parabolic and circular flights, respectively. The limiting slopes of the relaxation curves in the plots of the transmitted light intensity against time are close to zero at 0G irrespective of the flow directions in the flow cell, whereas those at 1G and especially at 2G depend on the flow direction by the convection of the suspension and particle sedimentation. Experimental errors at the τ values at 0G are small compared with those at 1G and 2G, which is ascribed to the lack of movement of impurities in the suspension such as quite small air bubbles, which cannot be recognized with the naked eye, and the convection of the suspension in microgravity. More reliable rotational relaxation times are obtained in microgravity; however, the relaxation times themselves are quite insensitive to gravity. Theτ values observed are larger than those calculated from the particle size, which indicates the important contribution of the electrical double layers formed around the colloidal particles. Received: 22 February 2001 Accepted: 13 June 2001