给定压力下纯铁材料的冲击相变与层裂特性研究

采用VISAR测量样品自由面速度剖面和回收样品观测分析联合技术,开展等厚对称碰撞实验,结合文献中的实验结果,研究了冲击加载压力大于纯铁材料冲击相变阈值约2~5 GPa和大于冲击相变阈值约10 GPa两种压力状态下纯铁材料的加卸载历程及各相区的变化,并从应力波相互作用的角度,指出了冲击加载压力略大于纯铁材料相变阈值约2 GPa时,等厚对称碰撞样品"反常"二次层裂与冲击相变及逆相变的关联机制。     

纯铁和铁基合金楔形样品中的冲击相变

2005年，Koflov等对滑移爆轰加载下的楔形纯铁DT-2样品进行了研究，样品仅在斜面部分发生了局部层裂，材料中明显存在不同的几个区域：材料无破坏区域、层裂开始和发展区域、加载表面-高能炸药接触面、满足α-ε相变条件的加载表面邻近区域和初始状态为硼发生高应变率变形的材料区域。但是滑移爆轰加载波系作用非常复杂，无法准确给出各区域宏细观变形破坏所对应的加载应力状态。     

磁驱动飞片加载下纯铁的冲击相变和层裂特性

使用磁驱动装置CQ-4发射紫铜飞片对纯铁样品进行一维平面应变加载,采用高精度激光位移干涉仪(DPS)记录飞片和样品的自由面速度历史。结果显示,当纯铁样品在加、卸载过程中有αε相变发生时,样品的层裂强度达到3.4GPa,比已报道的未发生相变的纯铁的层裂强度(1.2~1.9GPa)有明显提高,其原因可能是纯铁材料在经历αε可逆相变时,内部晶格产生了大量的位错。通过分析样品的自由面速度历史,判断出样品发生了自由面浅表层裂现象。在对飞片和样品中的应力波系进行分析时,若只考虑塑性波和相变波在界面的反射稀疏波与飞片传入样品靶中的稀疏波之间的相互作用,将无法解释实验观测到的自由面浅表层裂现象,因此该现象可能与纯铁样品在逆相变过程中产生稀疏冲击波有关。     

纯铁相变和层裂损伤的数值模拟

基于Hayes多相状态方程、非平衡相变速率模型、非平衡损伤演化模型和含损伤的本构关系,建立了同时考虑相变和损伤的数值模拟方法。利用该方法对纯铁的对称碰撞实验进行了数值模拟,分析了纯铁的相变和层裂损伤的相互作用。结果表明,纯铁材料中发生相变时,等厚样品中才会发生层裂,并且数值计算的样品自由面速度、层裂位置与实验结果吻合。     

FeMnNi合金高压加卸载历程测量和相变层裂分析

 采用VISAR和X光联合测试技术,利用等厚对称和逆向碰撞法测量了FeMnNi合金高压加卸载历程和相变层裂信息。加载过程中,FeMnNi合金样品发生α→ε相转变,相变波速大于塑性波速,在撞击面上相变波与塑性波合并成单一相变波;卸载过程中,FeMnNi合金样品可能发生了逆相变,形成了除合并相变波在自由面反射中心稀疏波R以外的两道卸载波S1和S2。等厚对称高压加载下,FeMnNi合金样品发生了二次层裂。分析中心稀疏波R、卸载波S1和S2在样品中的传播作用过程,发现样品发生冲击相变和卸载逆转变是导致其等厚对称高压加载下发生二次层裂行为的主要原因。     

单晶Ce冲击相变的分子动力学模拟

金属Ce在室温条件下当压力达到约0.7 GPa时会发生一阶相变,体积突变减小14%—17%,相变前后两相分别为γ-Ce和α-Ce,均为面心立方结构.实验中发现冲击波在Ce中传播,其波形存在明显的多波结构依次为γ-Ce弹性前驱波、γ-Ce塑性波、γ-Ce→α-Ce相变波.基于新发展的金属Ce的嵌入原子势,对单晶Ce的冲击相变行为进行了分子动力学模拟.模拟结果表明,在一定强度下,单晶Ce中的冲击波阵面分裂为多波结构,波形结构与加载晶向明显相关:在[001]和[011]晶向加载下表现为双波结构,依次为前驱波和相变波;在[111]晶向加载下波阵面分裂为弹性前驱波、γ-Ce塑性波、γ→α相变波,与已有的实验观察相一致.冲击波速的Hugoniot关系在低强度加载下与实验符合得较好.同时在此冲击相变过程中,应力偏量对相变起促进作用,相较于静水压加载,冲击加载的相变压力条件更低一些.     

多次冲击加载-卸载路径下铁α-ε相变动力学特性研究

采用气炮作为加载手段,结合反向碰撞技术和多台阶三层组合飞片技术,通过精细的样品/窗口波剖面测量,对典型加载-卸载-再加载路径下铁的相变动力学特性进行了研究.观测到一次卸载阶段的多波结构及再加载段的双波结构.获得首次逆相变阈值约为(11.3±0.5) GPa,首次加卸载相变特征时间为30 ns;再加载相变起始压力为10—12 GPa,且随着再加载初始态ε相质量分数降低而降低.实验显示二次相变压力阈值与ε相残余质量分数以及逆相变子相所含孪晶、缺陷相关,同时二次加载相转变速率比首次加载更快.上述结果揭示了多晶铁相变动力学行为与加载路径的强耦合,为相关研究提供了新的视角和实验支撑.     

冲击加载下FeMnNi合金相变和层裂特性实验研究(英文)

采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)联合测试技术,利用等厚对称加载和逆向加载实验,研究了Fe MnNi合金的冲击相变和层裂行为。结果发现:加载压力大于6.5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生α→ε相变;中心稀疏波的卸载作用使内压力降至4~5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生ε→α逆相变,并伴有卸载稀疏冲击波形成。分析Fe MnNi合金样品中塑性波、相变波、稀疏波和稀疏冲击波的传播作用过程,发现加载压力大于其相变应力时,等厚对称加载下Fe MnNi合金存在产生层裂行为的物理机制。     

单轴应变驱动铁bcc—hcp相转变的微观模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了沿〈001〉晶向应变加载和卸载情况下单晶铁中体心立方(bcc)与六方密排(hcp)结构的相互转变,分析了相变的可逆性和微结构演化特征.微观应力的变化显示样品具有超弹性性质,而温度变化表明在相变和逆相变过程中均出现放热现象.相变起始于爆发式均匀形核,晶核由块状颗粒迅速生长为沿{011}晶面的片状分层结构; 而卸载逆相变则从形核开始就呈现片状形态,且相界面晶面指数与加载相变完全一致,表现出形态记忆效应.在两hcp晶核生长的交界面易形成面心立方(fcc)堆垛层错. fcc通过在hcp晶粒内     

冲击波加载速率对微射流影响的数值模拟

材料表面在发生熔化前，微射流可能是微喷射的主要物理机制之一。曾鉴荣等在纯铅的实验中发现，当靶板中出现三波结构（即弹性先驱波、相变波和塑性波）时，测得峰值压力为22GPa时纯铅样品的微喷射量比峰值压力为20GPa的单次冲击加载喷射量几乎减少了1／2。Asay在铝平面样品的微喷射实验中，也发现随着冲击波加载速率的减小（上升沿宽度增加），喷射量大致按指数规律减小。对于自由面上缺陷平均尺度为5lain的样品，在冲击加载变到35ns波阵面宽度的加载条件时，喷射量约降低了2个数量级。     

Mössbauer and XRD study of Al-Sn linished steel bimetal alloy

Aluminium alloy free CS1 type steel (0.06 wt% C, 0.45 wt% Mn) and samples of cold roll bonded steel bimetal alloys (MAS15 and MAS16) were fabricated and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ⁵⁷Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) at room temperature. XRD has revealed only the existence of the alpha iron solid solution (steel) phase in the steel only sample, while identified steel and metallic Al and Sn constituent phases in the bimetallic alloys. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the presence of 4 % secondary iron-bearing phase attributed mainly to iron oxide/ oxyhydroxides (ferrihydrite) besides the steel matrix on the surface of the steel sample. A significant difference between the occurrences of the secondary phase of differently prepared bimetal alloys found in their ⁵⁷Fe CEM spectra allowed to identify the main phase of debris as different iron oxide/ oxyhydroxides.     

Influence of the reversible α–ε phase transition and preliminary shock compression on the spall strength of armco iron

Full wave profiles are used to determine the Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of armco iron samples with an as-received structure and the samples recovered after preliminary loading by plane shock waves with an amplitude of 8, 17, and 35 GPa. The measurements are performed at a shock compression pressure below and above the polymorphic a–e transition pressure. Metallographic analysis of the structure of armco iron shows that a developed twinned structure forms inside grains in the samples subjected to preliminary compression and recovered and that the twin concentration and size increase with the shock compression pressure. The spall strength of armco iron under shock loading below the phase transition pressure increases by approximately 10% due to its preliminary deformation twinning at the maximum shock compression pressure. The spallation of samples with various structures at a shock compression pressure above the phase transition proceeds at almost the same tensile stresses. The polymorphic transition in armco iron weakly affects its strength characteristics.     

Effect of shear strain on the α-ε phase transition of iron: a new approach in the rotational diamond anvil cell

The effect of shear strain on the iron α-ε phase transformation has been studied using a rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC). The initial transition is observed to take place at the reduced pressure of 10.8?GPa under pressure and shear operation. Complete phase transformation was observed at 15.4?GPa. The rotation of an anvil causes limited pressure elevation and makes the pressure distribution symmetric in the sample chamber before the phase transition. However, it causes a significant pressure increase at the centre of the sample and brings about a large pressure gradient during the phase transformation. The resistance to the phase interface motion is enhanced due to strain hardening during the pressure and shear operations on iron and this further increases the transition pressure. The work of macroscopic shear stress and the work of the pressure and shear stress at the defect tips account for the pressure reduction of the iron phase transition.     

超高压下碘的结构相变

 采用DAC高压X光技术，在320 GPa压力下，对碘进行了结构相变的研究。用耐腐蚀材料Mo作封垫，在室温和无保护气氛下装样。采用Mo内标和红宝石荧光测量进行压力校准。结果表明，在21 GPa时，开始发生结构相变，由面心正交相（Ⅰ相），转变为体心正交相（Ⅱ相），体积缩小2%左右。在21~25 GPa之间为两相共存区；在25 GPa以上完全转变为新的高压单相（Ⅱ相）。此相变为可逆相变。     

Shock-induced phase transition and spalling characteristic in pure iron and FeMnNi alloy

This paper provides an investigation of the phase transition and spalling characteristic induced during shock loading and unloading in the pure iron and the FeMnNi alloy. The impact for the pure iron is symmetric and with same-thickness for both the flyer and the target plate. It is found that an abnormal multiple spalling happens in the pure iron sample as the pressure exceeds the $\alpha -\varepsilon $ transition threshold of 13 GPa. In the symmetric and same-thickness impact and reverse impact experiments of the FeMnNi alloy, two abnormal tension regions occur when the pressure exceeds the $\alpha -\varepsilon $ transition threshold of 6.3~GPa, and the reverse phase transition $\varepsilon -\alpha $ begins below 4.2~GP. The experimental process is simulated successfully from the non-equilibrium mixture phase and Boettger's model. Such abnormal spalling phenomena are believed to relate to the shocked $\alpha -\varepsilon $ phase transition. The possible reasons for the abnormal multiple spalling, which occurs during the symmetric and same-thickness impact experiments of pure iron and FeMnNi alloy, are discussed.     

Nucleogenic iron studied by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy in Co-metal

Results obtained by means of the emission Mössbauer spectroscopy in metallic cobalt are reported. The Mössbauer line of the 14.4-keV energy connecting the first excited state of the stable ⁵⁷Fe nucleus with its ground state was used. Radioactive ⁵⁷Co was used as the precursor of the above nuclear state. It was dissolved in the natural metallic cobalt with the concentration of about 40 at. ppm including nucleogenic iron generated during decay of the cobalt precursor. Mössbauer spectra were collected in the temperature range between room temperature (RT) and 1075 K with the sample kept under vacuum. A transition from the low temperature hexagonal phase to the face centered cubic high temperature phase at about 690 K has no influence on the iron magnetic hyperfine field arising due to the ferromagnetic ordering of the host. On the other hand, the electron charge density on the iron nucleus has some relatively narrow maximum in the vicinity of the transition temperature. There is some discontinuity in the recoilless fraction as well indicating that the high temperature cubic phase provides somewhat stronger bonds for the isolated iron impurity. The anharmonic behavior of the lattice vibrations could be seen in the cubic phase well above the transition point. No measurable electric quadrupole interaction was found in the hexagonal phase. The evolution of the magnetic hyperfine field with the temperature is reasonably described by the spin wave formalism provided strong magnon-magnon scattering is allowed for. On the other hand, charge density on the iron nucleus follows thermal expansion except some singularity in the vicinity of the transition point.     

非铁磁性管套法硼化镁带材的基本物理特性

采用粉末管套法,在不锈钢、铜和铝非铁磁性金属管套中制备了MgB2超导带材。电阻温度特性测量表明,以不锈钢管为包套制备的MgB2超导带材具备较好的电输运性能:临界转变温度最高(Tc=33.7K)、转变宽度最窄(零电阻转变ΔTc=1.2K,完全抗磁转变Tm=1.9K)。XRD测量显示,三种管套都能够使MgB2良好成相,MgB2和MgO相的相含量比例R(SS、Cu、A l)分别为7.15、2.45、3.77,样品中MgO相应该是Mg和管套中残余的氧反应的结果,铜管和铝管中还分别检测到了Cu2Mg和A l3Mg2相。对不锈钢管套MgB2带材的热导率测量显示,在超导转变温度以下热输运能力单调下降,满足多晶导体内热运动随温度变化的理论结果。     

Crystal-quasicrystal local structural transition in Al-Cu-Fe

The rearrangement of the local environments of copper and iron in the ternary alloy Al₆₅Cu₂₂Fe₁₃ in transition from a crystalline phase to a quasicrystalline phase has been studied by combined extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis. It has been found that the nearest environment of copper retains symmetry characteristic of a crystal; however, a turn and small shifts of copper matrix atoms causes a considerable rearrangement of aluminum atoms around iron. As a result, icosahedral clusters with pentagonal symmetry are formed around iron atoms, and translational symmetry breaking is accompanied by the transition of Al₆₅Cu₂₂Fe₁₃ to a quasicrystalline state.     

Effects of deposition rates on laser damage threshold of TiO2/SiO2 high reflectors

TiO₂ single layers and TiO₂/SiO₂ high reflectors (HR) are prepared by electron beam evaporation at different TiO₂ deposition rates. It is found that the changes of properties of TiO₂ films with the increase of rate, such as the increase of refractive index and extinction coefficient and the decrease of physical thickness, lead to the spectrum shift and reflectivity bandwidth broadening of HR together with the increase of absorption and decrease of laser-induced damage threshold. The damages are found of different morphologies: a shallow pit to a seriously delaminated and deep crater, and the different amorphous-to-anatase-to-rutile phase transition processes detected by Raman study. The frequency shift of Raman vibration mode correlates with the strain in film. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis reveals that impurities and non-stoichiometric defects are two absorption initiations resulting to the laser-induced transformation.