宇宙线福布什下降期间羊八井云量的变化

进入地球大气中的宇宙线强度发生变化,可能导致气候,比如云量的变化. 利用羊八井中子监测器在2003—2004年观测到3次宇宙线福布什下降,在这期间同时记录了观测站点上空的云量变化. 通过对宇宙线福布什下降期间羊八井上空云量的统计分析发现,宇宙线福布什下降期间云量增加,即云量对宇宙线福布什下降表现出明显的负响应. 这表明,宇宙线福布什下降期间,低纬度薄云层地区云量增加,与其他观测结果相一致.     

宇宙线对地球气候的影响

对宇宙线影响地球气候的一些观测结果和物理机制的研究进行了总结和概述,主要讨论了宇宙线对大气中化学反应、云形成过程等的影响,并给出了羊八井宇宙线观测站对宇宙线流强和大气参量日变化的初步观测结果．     

超高能宇宙γ射线所提出的疑问

在五十年代以前的二十多年里,几乎所有的新粒子都是首先从宇宙线中发现的.只是随着具有GeV能量和更高能量的加速器的相继建成,高能物理学家才逐渐把注意力转向加速器实验. 近几年建立起来的一系列新的超高能宇宙线粒子探测器已观测到从一些“点源”发射来的能量高于1015eV的高能宇宙线粒子.而在此之前人们还从未探测到能量高于1012eV的从点源发出的宇宙线粒子. 观测到从点源发出的超高能宇宙线粒子无疑会有助于解开七十多年来未能解决的宇宙线起源之谜.更重要的是,对这一系列观测进行分析得出的结果还向物理学家提出了一系列疑问. 高能原…     

第五届全国宇宙线会议简讯

1990年5月11日至15日,在武汉举行了第五次全国宇宙线会议.有58位宇苗线研究工作者参加了这次会议,40余位学者在会上报告了自己研究工作的结果.会议评述和讨论了近两年来国际上在高能多重产生、宇宙线超高能作用、初级宇宙线、甚高能和超高能γ天文观测和广延大气簇射等方面的研究状况. 我国的地面宇宙线实验,前些年主要利用高山乳胶室研究超高能作用.近年来,甘巴拉山乳胶室合作组的工作继续取得进展,又新发展了广延大气簇射的契伦科夫光探测,以及粒子密度和到达时间探测的实验手段。已经建成或即将建成几个新的实验装置,它们是:北京怀柔的广…     

寻找超高能宇宙线源——西藏广延空气簇射实验

总结了１９９０年６月到１９９３年１０月期间西藏空气簇射阵列的观测结果。寻找了来自于蟹状星云、Ｘ射线双星、脉冲星、活动星系核和其它活动天体的能量为１０ＴｅＶγ射线连续发射,没有发现连续稳定发射的迹象,但给出了每个源的流强上限。在阵列所观测的天区寻找了１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴,结果没有发现能量１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴,最后也给出了发现此种γ暴的上限。应用该阵列,明显地观测到了能量为１０ＴｅＶ的宇宙线流强的太阳和月亮阴影。观测了朝向和远离太阳的行星际空间磁场对宇宙线阴影的影响,这是行星际磁场对阴影位移影响的第一次直接观测。研究并发现在实验期间,太阳阴影的位置每年都在变化。同时观测在此期间,朝向和远离方向的宇宙线阴影的不同变化。另外,应用该实验的数据,给出了所谓的“膝”区的原初宇宙线能谱。     

寻找超高能宇宙线源——西藏广延空气簇射实验

总结了１９９０年６月到１９９３年１０月期间西藏空气簇射阵列的观测结果。寻找了来自于蟹状星云、Ｘ射线双星、脉冲星、活动星系核和其它活动天体的能量为１０ＴｅＶγ射线连续发射，没有发现连续稳定发射的迹象，但给出了每个源的流强上限。在阵列所观测的天区寻找了１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴，结果没有发现能量１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴，最后也给出了发现此种γ暴的上限。应用该阵列，明显地观测到了能量为１０ＴｅＶ的宇宙线流强的太阳和月亮阴影。观测了朝向和远离太阳的行星际空间磁场对宇宙线阴影的影响，这是行星际磁场对阴影位移影响的第一次直接观测。研究并发现在实验期间，太阳阴影的位置每年都在变化。同时观测在此期间，朝向和远离方向的宇宙线阴影的不同变化。另外，应用该实验的数据，给出了所谓的“膝”区的原初宇宙线能谱。     

宇宙线研究进展评述与展望

近年来,宇宙线探测技术发展迅速,天基和地基宇宙线实验均取得了多项重要成果,打破了宇宙线研究领域多年来的沉寂.多手段复合观测是精确测量宇宙线能谱和成分的必要途径,甚高能伽玛射线天文学成为探索宇宙线起源这一世纪之谜的最有效手段.高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)计划将以最高的超高能伽玛射线探测灵敏度和甚高能伽玛射线巡天灵敏度以及最宽的宇宙线能量覆盖范围探索领域的基本问题.     

近地空间宇宙线荷电粒子暴与地震的关联

 从宇宙线早期研究中,已经观测到它的强度有1日,27日和11年的周期变化,这与太阳的调制过程有关。同时也观测到因气象原因引起宇宙线强度的变化,如温度,气压和季节效应。随着科学技术的飞速发展,特别是用各种各样的航天器运载探测器研究大气外层空间的宇宙线瞬间变化,得到一些有意义的结果。太阳照射到地球大气层顶部的电磁辐射能流为10¹⁰erg·m^-2·s-1,而宇宙线粒子总能流约要比它低八个量级,似乎可以忽略不计。但宇宙线穿过大气层损失绝大部分能量,产生正负离子,它们是形成云雾水珠的凝结核,也能触发雷暴和闪电,对大气层中很多物理过程都有影响。     

超高能宇宙线的研究

本文分四个部分讨论了超高能宇宙线的现象:(1)超高能宇宙线的一些特性:原初宇宙线的能谱和成份。(2)超高能宇宙线与核的相互作用。(3)广延大气簇射的一些实验结果。(4)稀有现象。文章还评述了超高能宇宙线的几点倾向性结论。     

太阳大耀斑期间甚高能粒子流强增加的一种机制

近年来,在太阳大耀班期间,由地面中子记录装置及地下不同深度μ子记录器记录到宇宙线粒子的短期增长(GLE)现象,其能量范围已达几百GeV,甚至可达TeV能区.本文讨论了TeV能区的增长现象可能是银河宇宙线部分粒子获得再加速,由于宇宙线粒子能谱很陡,几百GeV的再加速能量能使TeV以上能区宇宙线流强有明显增长.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.