Parafermion vertex operator algebras

This paper reviews some recent results on the parafermion vertex operator algebra associated to the integrable highest weight module L(k, 0) of positive integer level k for any affine Kac-Moody Lie algebra ĝ, where g is a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra. In particular, the generators and the C ₂-cofiniteness of the parafermion vertex operator algebras are discussed. A proof of the well-known fact that the parafermion vertex operator algebra can be realized as the commutant of a lattice vertex operator algebra in L(k, 0) is also given.     

Noncommutative algebras related with Schubert calculus on Coxeter groups

For any finite Coxeter system (W,S) we construct a certain noncommutative algebra, the so-called bracket algebra, together with a family of commuting elements, the so-called Dunkl elements. The Dunkl elements conjecturally generate an algebra which is canonically isomorphic to the coinvariant algebra of the Coxeter group W. We prove this conjecture for classical Coxeter groups and I₂(m). We define a “quantization” and a multiparameter deformation of our construction and show that for Lie groups of classical type and G₂, the algebra generated by Dunkl’s elements in the quantized bracket algebra is canonically isomorphic to the small quantum cohomology ring of the corresponding flag variety, as described by B. Kim. For crystallographic Coxeter systems we define the so-called quantum Bruhat representation of the corresponding bracket algebra. We study in more detail the structure of the relations in B_n-, D_n- and G₂-bracket algebras, and as an application, discover a Pieri-type formula in the B_n-bracket algebra. As a corollary, we obtain a Pieri-type formula for multiplication of an arbitrary B_n-Schubert class by some special ones. Our Pieri-type formula is a generalization of Pieri’s formulas obtained by A. Lascoux and M.-P. Schützenberger for flag varieties of type A. We also introduce a super-version of the bracket algebra together with a family of pairwise anticommutative elements, the so-called flat connections with constant coefficients, which describes “a noncommutative differential geometry on a finite Coxeter group” in the sense of S. Majid.     

D4型量子包络代数的Gelfand-Kirillov维数

本文研究了D₄ 型量子包络代数的Gelfand-Kirillov 维数的计算问题. 利用文献[1] 中给出的Gelfand-Kirillov 维数的计算方法和文献[2] 中给出的D₄ 型量子包络代数的Groebner-Shirshov 基计算了D₄型量子包络代数的Gelfand-Kirillov 维数, 得到的主要结果是D₄ 型量子包络代数的Gelfand-Kirillov 维数为28. 希望此结果为计算D_n型量子包络代数的Gelfand-Kirillov 维数提供一些思路.     

Conservative algebras of 2-dimensional algebras,II

In 1990 Kantor defined the conservative algebra W(n) of all algebras (i.e. bilinear maps) on the n-dimensional vector space. If n>1, then the algebra W(n) does not belong to any well-known class of algebras (such as associative, Lie, Jordan, or Leibniz algebras). We describe automorphisms, one-sided ideals, and idempotents of W(2). Also similar problems are solved for the algebra W₂ of all commutative algebras on the 2-dimensional vector space and for the algebra S₂ of all commutative algebras with trace zero multiplication on the 2-dimensional vector space.     

Hyperbolic Structures on the Configuration Space of Six Points in the Projective Line

The oriented configuration space X⁺₆ of six points on the real projective line is a noncompact three-dimensional manifold which admits a unique complete hyperbolic structure of finite volume with ten cusps. On the other hand, it decomposes naturally into 120 cells each of which can be interpreted as the set of equiangular hexagons with unit area. Similar hyperbolic structures can be obtained by considering nonequiangular hexagons so that the standard hyperbolic structure on X⁺₆ is at the center of a five parameter family of hyperbolic structures of finite volume. This paper contributes to investigations of the properties of this family. In particular, we exhibit two real analytic maps from the set of prescribed angles of hexagons into R¹⁰ whose components are the traces of the monodromies at the ten cusps. We show that this map has maximal rank 5 at the center.     

LatticeW algebras and quantum groups

We present Feigin's construction [Lectures given in Landau Institute] of latticeW algebras and give some simple results: lattice Virasoro andW ₃ algebras. For the simplest caseg=sl(2), we introduce the wholeU _q(2)) quantum group on this lattice. We find the simplest two-dimensional module as well as the exchange relations and define the lattice Virasoro algebra as the algebra of invariants ofU _q(sl(2)). Another generalization is connected with the lattice integrals of motion as the invariants of the quantum affine groupU _q(ñ₊). We show that Volkov's scheme leads to a system of difference equations for a function of non-commutative variables.Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia. Published in Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 132–147, July, 1994.     

The Birman–Murakami–Wenzl Algebras of Type D n

The Birman–Murakami–Wenzl algebra (BMW algebra) of type D _n is shown to be semisimple and free of rank (2 ⁿ  + 1)n!! ? (2 ^n?1 + 1)n! over a specified commutative ring R, where n!! =1·3…(2n ? 1). We also show it is a cellular algebra over suitable ring extensions of R. The Brauer algebra of type D _n is the image of an R-equivariant homomorphism and is also semisimple and free of the same rank, but over the ring ?[δ^±1]. A rewrite system for the Brauer algebra is used in bounding the rank of the BMW algebra above. As a consequence of our results, the generalized Temperley–Lieb algebra of type D _n is a subalgebra of the BMW algebra of the same type.     

Cohomology of algebras of semidihedral type. IV

The present paper continues a series of papers by the author (some of them are written in collaboration) in which the Yoneda algebra is calculated for several families of algebras of dihedral and semidihedral type (in K. Erdmann’s classification). In the present paper, the Yoneda algebra is described (in terms of quivers with relations) for algebras of semidihedral type, namely, of the families SD(2A)₁, SD(2A)₂, and SD(3A)₂. Bibliography: 13 titles. __________ Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 319, 2004, pp. 71–116.     

Poisson color algebras of arbitrary degree

A Poisson algebra is a Lie algebra endowed with a commutative associative product in such a way that the Lie and associative products are compatible via a Leibniz rule. If we part from a Lie color algebra, instead of a Lie algebra, a graded-commutative associative product and a graded-version Leibniz rule we get a so-called Poisson color algebra (of degree zero). This concept can be extended to any degree, so as to obtain the class of Poisson color algebras of arbitrary degree. This class turns out to be a wide class of algebras containing the ones of Lie color algebras (and so Lie superalgebras and Lie algebras), Poisson algebras, graded Poisson algebras, z-Poisson algebras, Gerstenhaber algebras, and Schouten algebras among other classes of algebras. The present paper is devoted to the study of structure of Poisson color algebras of degree g₀, where g₀ is some element of the grading group G such that g₀ = 0 or 4g₀≠0, and with restrictions neither on the dimension nor the base field, by stating a second Wedderburn-type theorem for this class of algebras.     

Presenting Schur Algebras as Quotients of the Universal Enveloping Algebra of gl2

We give a presentation of the Schur algebras S _Q (2,d) by generators and relations, in fact a presentation which is compatible with Serre's presentation of the universal enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra. In the process we find a new basis for S _Q (2,d), a truncated form of the usual PBW basis. We also locate the integral Schur algebra within the presented algebra as the analogue of Kostant's Z-form, and show that it has an integral basis which is a truncated version of Kostant's basis.     

Finite vs affine W-algebras

In Section 1 we review various equivalent definitions of a vertex algebra V. The main novelty here is the definition in terms of an indefinite integral of the λ-bracket. In Section 2 we construct, in the most general framework, the Zhu algebra Zhu_ΓV, an associative algebra which “controls” Γ-twisted representations of the vertex algebra V with a given Hamiltonian operator H. An important special case of this construction is the H-twisted Zhu algebra Zhu_H V. In Section 3 we review the theory of non-linear Lie conformal algebras (respectively non-linear Lie algebras). Their universal enveloping vertex algebras (resp. universal enveloping algebras) form an important class of freely generated vertex algebras (resp. PBW generated associative algebras). We also introduce the H-twisted Zhu non-linear Lie algebra Zhu_H R of a non-linear Lie conformal algebra R and we show that its universal enveloping algebra is isomorphic to the H-twisted Zhu algebra of the universal enveloping vertex algebra of R. After a discussion of the necessary cohomological material in Section 4, we review in Section 5 the construction and basic properties of affine and finite W-algebras, obtained by the method of quantum Hamiltonian reduction. Those are some of the most intensively studied examples of freely generated vertex algebras and PBW generated associative algebras. Applying the machinery developed in Sections 3 and 4, we then show that the H-twisted Zhu algebra of an affine W-algebra is isomorphic to the finite W-algebra, attached to the same data. In Section 6 we define the Zhu algebra of a Poisson vertex algebra, and we discuss quasiclassical limits. In the Appendix, the equivalence of three definitions of a finite W-algebra is established. “I am an old man, and I know that a definition cannot be so complicated.” I.M. Gelfand (after a talk on vertex algebras in his Rutgers seminar)     

Construction of vertex operator algebras from commutative associative algebras

Given a commutative associative algebra A with an associative form (’), we construct a vertex operator algebra V with the weight two space V₂;? A If in addition the form (’) is nondegenerate, we show that there is a simple vertex operator algebra with V₂;? A We also show that if A is semisimple, then the vertex operator algebra constructed is the tensor products of a certain number of Virasoro vertex operator algebras.     

On Conformal Infinity and Compactifications of the Minkowski Space

Using the standard Cayley transform and elementary tools it is reiterated that the conformal compactification of the Minkowski space involves not only the “cone at infinity” but also the 2-sphere that is at the base of this cone. We represent this 2-sphere by two additionally marked points on the Penrose diagram for the compactified Minkowski space. Lacks and omissions in the existing literature are described, Penrose diagrams are derived for both, simple compactification and its double covering space, which is discussed in some detail using both the U(2) approach and the exterior and Clifford algebra methods. Using the Hodge *{\star} operator twistors (i.e. vectors of the pseudo-Hermitian space H _2,2) are realized as spinors (i.e., vectors of a faithful irreducible representation of the even Clifford algebra) for the conformal group SO(4, 2)/Z ₂. Killing vector fields corresponding to the left action of U(2) on itself are explicitly calculated. Isotropic cones and corresponding projective quadrics in H _p,q are also discussed. Applications to flat conformal structures, including the normal Cartan connection and conformal development has been discussed in some detail.     

Characterization of non-matrix varieties of associative algebras

A variety of associative algebras is called a non-matrix variety if it does not contain the algebra of 2 × 2 matrices over the base field K. There are some known characterizations of non-matrix varieties. We give some new characterizations in terms of properties of nilelements. Let V be a variety of associative algebras over an infinite field. Then the following conditions are equivalent: (1) V is a non-matrix variety, (2) any finitely generated algebra A ∈ V satisfies an identity of the form [x ₁, x ₂] … [x _2s−1, x _2s ] ≡ 0, (3) let A ∈ V; then for any nilelements a, b ∈ A, the element a + b is again a nilelement. Let E be the Grassmann algebra in countable many generators. We also give similar characterizations for non-matrix varieties over fields of characteristic zero that do not contain E or E ⊗ E.     

Some geometry ofA 7 andPSU 3(52)

WhenK contains the fieldGF(5²) the plane collineation groupPGL ₃(K) has the alternating groupA ₇ as a subgroup. We construct a figure that accounts for this occurrence ofA ₇. The figure consists of 21 Clebsch hexagons that form a heptad of 6-sets, each hexagon in two of the 6-sets. The geometry exhibits all the maximal subgroups ofA ₇. The 126 vertices of the hexagons are the points of a hermitatian sextic curveU ₆ overGF(5²). From a hexagon arises a contact conic ofU ₆, touchingU ₆ at each of the six vertices. From the 6-sets and heptads there arise hexads of contact conics and septets of hexads. The orbits of such hexads and septets forU ₆ provide maximal subgroups of indices 175 and 50 forPSU ₃(5²), each in three conjugancy classes, and together with the stabilizers of points display all maximal subgroups. There is a striking analogy with the hermitian quartic curve and PSU₃(3²)     

The Yoneda Algebra of a 𝒦2 Algebra Need not be Another 𝒦2 Algebra

The Yoneda algebra of a Koszul algebra or a D-Koszul algebra is Koszul. 𝒦₂ algebras are a natural generalization of Koszul algebras, and one would hope that the Yoneda algebra of a 𝒦₂ algebra would be another 𝒦₂ algebra. We show that this is not necessarily the case by constructing a monomial 𝒦₂ algebra for which the corresponding Yoneda algebra is not 𝒦₂.     

Twisted product and cohomology

LetH be a Hopf algebra,H ₁ be a sub-Hopf algebra ofH, H ₂ be the quotient Hopt algebra ofH modularH ₁. This paper gives a simplified complex by defining a new base for the cobar complex and proves that the cobar complex ofH has the same cohomology algebra with a twisted product of the cobar complexes ofH ₁ andH ₂. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Slice monogenic functions

In this paper we offer a new definition of monogenicity for functions defined on ℝ ⁿ⁺¹ with values in the Clifford algebra ℝ _n following an idea inspired by the recent papers [6], [7]. This new class of monogenic functions contains the polynomials (and, more in general, power series) with coefficients in the Clifford algebra ℝ _n . We will prove a Cauchy integral formula as well as some of its consequences. Finally, we deal with the zeroes of some polynomials and power series.