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1.
Recently, 2D organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have attracted intensive attention in solid-state luminescence fields such as single-component white-light emitters, and rational optimization of the photoluminescence (PL) performance through accurate structural-design strategies is still significant. Herein, by carefully choosing homologous aliphatic amines as templates, isotypical perovskites [DMEDA]PbCl4 ( 1 , DMEDA=N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) and [DMPDA]PbCl4 ( 2 , DMPDA=N,N-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane) having tunable and stable broadband bluish white emission properties were rationally designed. The subtle regulation of organic cations leads to a higher degree of distortion of the 2D [PbCl4]2− layers and enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (<1 % for 1 and 4.9 % for 2 ). The broadband light emissions could be ascribed to self-trapped excitons on the basis of structural characterization, time-resolved PL, temperature-dependent PL emission, and theoretical calculations. This work gives a new guidance to rationally optimize the PL properties of low-dimensional halide perovskites and affords a platform to probe the structure–property relationship.  相似文献   

2.
Two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have shown great promises for light-emitting applications and excitonic devices. Fulfilling these promises demands an in-depth understanding on the relationships between the structural dynamics and exciton-phonon interactions that govern the optical properties. Here, we unveil the structural dynamics of 2D lead iodide perovskites with different spacer cations. Loose packing of an undersized spacer cation leads to out-of-plane octahedral tilting, whereas compact packing of an oversized spacer cation stretches Pb−I bond length, resulting in Pb2+ off-center displacement driven by stereochemical expression of the Pb2+ 6s2 lone pair electrons. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Pb2+ cation is off-center displaced mainly along the direction where the octahedra are stretched the most by the spacer cation. We find dynamic structural distortions associated with either octahedral tilting or Pb2+ off-centering lead to a broad Raman central peak background and phonon softening, which increase the non-radiative recombination loss via exciton-phonon interactions and quench the photoluminescence intensity. The correlations between the structural, phonon, and optical properties are further confirmed by the pressure tuning of the 2D LHPs. Our results demonstrate that minimizing the dynamic structural distortions via a judicious selection of the spacer cations is essential to realize high luminescence properties in 2D LHPs.  相似文献   

3.
3D and 2D hybrid perovskites, which have been known for more than 20 years, have emerged recently as promising materials for optoelectronic applications, particularly the 3D compound (CH3NH3)PbI3 (MAPI). The discovery of a new family of hybrid perovskites called d ‐MAPI is reported: the association of PbI2 with both methyl ammonium (MA+) and hydroxyethyl ammonium (HEA+) cations leads to a series of five compounds with general formulation (MA)1−2.48x(HEA)3.48x[Pb1−xI3−x]. These materials, which are lead‐ and iodide‐deficient compared to MAPI while retaining 3D architecture, can be considered as a bridge between the 2D and 3D materials. Moreover, they can be prepared as crystallized thin films by spin‐coating. These new 3D materials appear very promising for optoelectronic applications, not only because of their reduced lead content, but also in account of the large flexibility of their chemical composition through potential substitutions of MA+, HEA+, Pb2+ and I ions.  相似文献   

4.
Transition-metal containing halides with Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskite structures have received extensive attention owing to their emerging and anisotropic photoelectric functionalities. Among them, A2CuX4 (A=alkali metal or organic cations, X=Cl, Br, I) series are particular, because of the Jahn-Teller distortion of Cu2+ sensitive to external stimuli such as temperature and pressure. In this article, we report the structure evolution and physical property responses of RP perovskites Rb2CuCl4-xBrx (x=1, 2) to external pressure. Dramatic structural phase transitions from orthorhombic to monoclinic occur around 3.0 GPa in both materials regardless of their distinct compositions. Structure analyses reveal the suppression and final vanishing of the Jahn-Teller distortion of Cu2+ cations under compression and crossing the phase transition, respectively. Rb2CuCl4-xBrx perovskites exhibit abrupt bandgap narrowing (from reddish-brown to black) along with the structural phase transition, and an overall bandgap narrowing of 75% up to ∼27 GPa but still keeping semiconductive. During the compression processes, the resistances of Rb2CuCl4-xBrx have been greatly reduced by 5-orders of magnitude. Moreover, all of the pressure-induced phenomena in Rb2CuCl4-xBrx perovskites are reversible upon decompression and no obvious difference is observed for the pressure responses between [CuCl4Br2] and [CuCl4(Cl,Br)2] coordination environments. The impact of pressure on the structural and physical properties in two-dimensional Rb2CuCl4-xBrx provides in-depth understanding on the structure design of functional halide perovskites at ambient conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The reaction of Fe(NO3)3⋅9 H2O with KOH under hydroflux conditions at about 200 °C produces red crystals of K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x in a quantitative yield. In the crystal structure, edge-sharing [FeO6] octahedra form Fe2O6] honeycomb nets. Pillars consisting of pairs of vertex-sharing [FeO4] tetrahedra link the honeycomb layers and form columnar halls in which the potassium ions are located. The trigonal (P 1m) and the hexagonal (P63/mcm) polytypes of K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x show oriented intergrowth. The sub-stoichiometric potassium content (x≈0.3) is compensated by hydroxide ions. K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x is an antiferromagnet above 2 K and its magnetic structure was determined by neutron powder diffraction. Under ambient conditions, K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x hydrolyzes and K2CO3 ⋅ H2O forms gradually on the surface of the K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x crystals. Upon annealing at air at about 500 °C, the potassium atoms in the columnar halls start to order into a superstructure. The thermal decomposition of K2−xFe4O7−x(OH)x proceeds via a topotactic transformation into K1+x′Fe11O17, adopting the rhombohedral β’’ or the hexagonal β-aluminate-type structure, before γ-Fe2O3 is formed above 950 °C, which then converts into thermodynamically stable α-Fe2O3.  相似文献   

6.
ABX3-type halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have been a hot topic recently due to their fascinating optoelectronic properties. It has been demonstrated that A-site ions have an impact on their photophysical and chemical properties, such as the optical band gap and chemical stability. The pursuit of halide perovskite materials with diverse A-site species would deepen the understanding of the structure–property relationship of the perovskite family. In this work we have attempted to synthesize rubidium-based perovskite NCs. We have discovered that the partial substitution of Rb+ by Cs+ help to stabilize the orthorhombic RbPbBr3 NCs at low temperature, which otherwise can only be obtained at high temperature. The inclusion of Cs+ into the RbPbBr3 lattice results in highly photoluminescent Rb1−xCsxPbBr3 NCs. With increasing amounts of Cs+, the band gaps of the Rb1−xCsxPbBr3 NCs decrease, leading to a redshift of the photoluminescence peak. Also, the Rb1−xCsxPbBr3 NCs (x=0.4) show good stability under ambient conditions. This work demonstrates the high structural flexibility and tunability of halide perovskite materials through an A-site cation substitution strategy and sheds light on the optimization of perovskite materials for application in high-performance optoelectronic devices.  相似文献   

7.
We report a new dicalcium silicate phosphor, Ca2?xEuxSiO4, which emits red light in response to blue‐light excitation. When excited at 450 nm, deep‐red emission at 650 nm was clearly observed in Ca1.2Eu0.8SiO4, the external and internal quantum efficiencies of which were 44 % and 50 %, respectively. The red emission from Ca2?xEuxSiO4 was strongly related to the peculiar coordination environments of Eu2+ in two types of Ca sites. The red‐emitting Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphors are promising materials for next‐generation, white‐light‐emitting diode applications.  相似文献   

8.
Innovative materials for phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) are much sought after due to the huge potential of the LED technology to reduce energy consumption worldwide. One of the main levers for further improvements are the conversion phosphors. The system Ca1−xSrxAlSiN3:Eu2+ currently provides one of the most important red-emitting phosphors for pc-LEDs. We report the discovery of the new polymorph β-Ca1−xSrxAlSiN3:Eu2+ which allows for significant improvements to LED efficacies. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with lattice parameters a=982.43(10) pm, b=575.2(1) pm and c=516.12(5) pm. Compared to α-Ca1−xSrxAlSiN3:Eu2+, its emission shows a significantly reduced spectral full-width at half maximum (FWHM). With that, we demonstrated 3 % efficacy increase for white light-emitting pc-LEDs. The new polymorph can easily be industrialised, because the synthesis works on the same equipment as α-Ca1−xSrxAlSiN3:Eu2+.  相似文献   

9.
The design and synthesis of metallic nanocatalysts with distinct nanostructures and composition is still a noteworthy topic in the electrochemistry field. In this work, we have realized the morphological evolution of PdIr nanostructures in aqueous solution through the synergistic effect of self-assembled functional surfactants and different halide ions, and achieved precise control of the kinetic and thermodynamic crystalline growth due to the different reduction potential between PdCl42−, PdBr42−, and PdI42−. The actual precursors of PdCl42− resulted in ultrathin nanodendrites, PdClxBr(4−x)2− for nanosheets and fewer branched nanodendrites, PdClxI(4−x)2− for nanorings, nanoflowers and multiply concave nanocubes. Owing to the synergistic advantages of structure and composition (alloyed Ir), PdIr nanodendrites exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity, anti-poisoning ability, and stability toward alcohols (including ethanol, methanol, and glycerol) electrooxidation reactions. The results would be helpful for thoroughly understanding how structure-directing surfactants and halide ions synergistically determine the production of advanced metallic nanocrystals.  相似文献   

10.
A remarkable PL enhancement by 12 fold is achieved using pressure to modulate the structure of a recently developed 2D perovskite (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7 (HA=n-hexylammonium, GA=guanidinium). This structure features a previously unattainable, extremely large cage. In situ structural, spectroscopic, and theoretical analyses reveal that lattice compression under a mild pressure within 1.6 GPa considerably suppresses the carrier trapping, leading to significantly enhanced emission. Further pressurization induces a non-luminescent amorphous yellow phase, which is retained and exhibits a continuously increasing band gap during decompression. When the pressure is released to 1.5 GPa, emission can be triggered by above-band gap laser irradiation, accompanied by a color change from yellow to orange. The obtained orange phase could be retained at ambient conditions and exhibits two-fold higher PL emission compared with the pristine (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7.  相似文献   

11.
A novel nitride, Sr2−yEuyB2−2xSi2+3xAl2−xN8+x (x≃ 0.12, y≃ 0.10) (distrontium europium diboron disilicon dialuminium octanitride), with the space group P2c, was synthesized from Sr3N2, EuN, Si3N4, AlN and BN under nitrogen gas pressure. The structure consists of a host framework with Sr/Eu atoms accommodated in the cavities. The host framework is constructed by the linkage of MN4 tetrahedra (M = Si, Al) and BN3 triangles, and contains substitutional disorder described by the alternative occupation of B2 or Si2N on the (0, 0, z) axis. The B2:Si2N ratio contained in an entire crystal is about 9:1.  相似文献   

12.
A remarkable PL enhancement by 12 fold is achieved using pressure to modulate the structure of a recently developed 2D perovskite (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7 (HA=n‐hexylammonium, GA=guanidinium). This structure features a previously unattainable, extremely large cage. In situ structural, spectroscopic, and theoretical analyses reveal that lattice compression under a mild pressure within 1.6 GPa considerably suppresses the carrier trapping, leading to significantly enhanced emission. Further pressurization induces a non‐luminescent amorphous yellow phase, which is retained and exhibits a continuously increasing band gap during decompression. When the pressure is released to 1.5 GPa, emission can be triggered by above‐band gap laser irradiation, accompanied by a color change from yellow to orange. The obtained orange phase could be retained at ambient conditions and exhibits two‐fold higher PL emission compared with the pristine (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7.  相似文献   

13.
The optimization of three-dimensional (3D) MXene-based electrodes with desired electrochemical performances is highly demanded. Here, a precursor-guided strategy is reported for fabricating the 3D SnS/MXene architecture with tiny SnS nanocrystals (≈5 nm in size) covalently decorated on the wrinkled Ti3C2Tx nanosheets through Ti−S bonds (denoted as SnS/Ti3C2Tx-O). The formation of Ti−S bonds between SnS and Ti3C2Tx was confirmed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Rather than bulky SnS plates decorated on Ti3C2Tx (SnS/Ti3C2Tx-H) by one-step hydrothermal sulfidation followed by post annealing, this SnS/Ti3C2Tx-O presents size-dependent structural and dynamic properties. The as-formed 3D hierarchical structure can provide short ion-diffusion pathways and electron transport distances because of the more accessible surface sites. In addition, benefiting from the tiny SnS nanocrystals that can effectively improve Na+ diffusion and suppress structural variation upon charge/discharge processes, the as-obtained SnS/Ti3C2Tx-O can generate pseudocapacitance-dominated storage behavior enabled by engineered surface reactions. As predicted, this electrode exhibits an enhanced Na storage capacity of 565 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 75 cycles, outperforming SnS/Ti3C2Tx-H (336 mAh g−1), SnS (212 mAh g−1), and Ti3C2Tx (104 mAh g−1) electrodes.  相似文献   

14.
The Zintl anion (Ge2As2)2− represents an isostructural and isoelectronic binary counterpart of yellow arsenic, yet without being studied with the same intensity so far. Upon introducing [(PPh3)AuMe] into the 1,2-diaminoethane (en) solution of (Ge2As2)2−, the heterometallic cluster anion [Au6(Ge3As)(Ge2As2)3]3− is obtained as its salt [K(crypt-222)]3[Au6(Ge3As)(Ge2As2)3]⋅en⋅2 tol ( 1 ). The anion represents a rare example of a superpolyhedral Zintl cluster, and it comprises the largest number of Au atoms relative to main group (semi)metal atoms in such clusters. The overall supertetrahedral structure is based on a (non-bonding) octahedron of six Au atoms that is face-capped by four (GexAs4−x)x (x=2, 3) units. The Au atoms bind to four main group atoms in a rectangular manner, and this way hold the four units together to form this unprecedented architecture. The presence of one (Ge3As)3− unit besides three (Ge2As2)2− units as a consequence of an exchange reaction in solution was verified by detailed quantum chemical (DFT) calculations, which ruled out all other compositions besides [Au6(Ge3As)(Ge2As2)3]3−. Reactions of the heavier homologues (Tt2Pn2)2− (Tt=Sn, Pb; Pn=Sb, Bi) did not yield clusters corresponding to that in 1 , but dimers of ternary nine-vertex clusters, {[AuTt5Pn3]2}4− (in 2 – 4 ; Tt/Pn=Sn/Sb, Sn/Bi, Pb/Sb), since the underlying pseudo-tetrahedral units comprising heavier atoms do not tend to undergo the said exchange reactions as readily as (Ge2As2)2−, according to the DFT calculations.  相似文献   

15.
The chromium(III) complex [Cr(ddpd)2][BF4]3 shows two spin-flip emission bands in the near-infrared spectral region. These bands shift bathochromically by −14.1 and −7.7 cm−1 kbar−1 under hydrostatic pressure (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018 , 57, 11069). The present study elucidates the structural changes of the chromium(III) cations under pressure using density functional theory with periodic boundary conditions and the resulting effects on the excited state energies using high-level CASSCF-NEVPT2 calculations. The differences of the bands in pressure sensitivity are traced back to a different orbital occupation of the intraconfigurational excited states.  相似文献   

16.
A series of white polymer light emitting displays (PLEDs) based on a polymer blend of polyalkylfluorenes and poly(2‐methoxy‐5,2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) was developed. MEH‐PPV or red light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFR) was blended with blue light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFB), and MEH‐PPV was blended with both green light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFG) and PFB to generate white light emission PLEDs. Low turn on voltage (2.7 V), high brightness (12,149 nits), high efficiency (4.0 cd/A, 4.0 lm/W), and good color purity (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIEx,y) co‐ordinates (0.32, 0.34)) were obtained for the white PLEDs based on the PFB and MEH‐PPV polymer blend. Exciplex formation in the interface between PFR and PFB induced a new green emission peak for these two components based white PLEDs. As a result, strong white emission (4078 nits) was obtained by mixing the red, green, and blue (RGB) three primary colors. High color purity of blue (CIE, x = 0.14, y = 0.08), green (CIE, x = 0.32, y = 0.64) and red (CIE, x = 0.67, y = 0.33) emissions was achieved for white PLEDs combining with dielectric interference color‐filters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 330–341, 2007  相似文献   

17.
The stuffed tridymite structure Ba(Zn/Co)1−xSi1−xM2xO4 (M=Al3+ and Fe3+) is explored for the possible multiferroic behavior and to develop new inorganic colored materials. The compounds were synthesized by employing conventional solid-state chemistry methods in the temperature range 1100–1175 °C for 24 h. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Rietveld refinement studies indicate that the compounds stabilize in the P63 space group (no. 173). The refinement results were also rationalized by employing Raman spectroscopic studies. The compounds were found to be second harmonic generation (SHG) active and show weak ferroelectric behavior. The co-substitution of Co2+ and Fe3+ in the structure gives rise to a weak ferromagnetic behavior to the compound, BaCo0.75Si0.75Fe0.5O4, making it a multiferroic material. The optical studies on the prepared compounds exhibited blue color (Co2+ in Td geometry), purple color (Ni2+ in Td geometry), and simultaneous substitution of Co2+ and Fe3+ gives rise to blue-green color owing to metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) effect.  相似文献   

18.
A simple and versatile method for general synthesis of uniform one‐dimensional (1D) MxCo3−xS4 (M=Ni, Mn, Zn) hollow tubular structures (HTSs), using soft polymeric nanofibers as a template, is described. Fibrous core–shell polymer@M‐Co acetate hydroxide precursors with a controllable molar ratio of M/Co are first prepared, followed by a sulfidation process to obtain core–shell polymer@MxCo3−xS4 composite nanofibers. The as‐made MxCo3−xS4 HTSs have a high surface area and exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance as electrode materials for hybrid supercapacitors. For example, the MnCo2S4 HTS electrode can deliver specific capacitance of 1094 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, and the cycling stability is remarkable, with only about 6 % loss over 20 000 cycles.  相似文献   

19.

Rising fuel costs and efforts for reducing greenhouse gases have led researchers to propose optimized models of combustion which have high efficiency and low emissions. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines are attractive due to their high efficiency and low NOx and soot emissions over a wide range of operating conditions. In this study, methane and n-heptane are used as low and high reactive fuels, respectively, to create suitable fuel stratification within the cylinder. Modeling is carried out by AVL FIRE coupled with a chemical kinetics solver to investigate the effects of fuel ratio, initial temperature and equivalence ratio on the combustion performance and emission characteristics. Methane/n-heptane ratios are varied according to the energy ratio of each fuel while total input energy and total equivalence ratios are fixed. By increasing methane energy ratio from 65% to 85% in the constant intake temperature and pressure, the mixture Octane number increases, which would lead to an increase in ignition delay up to 5 crank angles. As a result, IMEP would be enhanced and also NOx emission decreases because of lower combustion temperature. By increasing intake temperature, the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and NOx emission would increase significantly while soot emission decreases, and also ringing intensity increases up to 10%. On the other hand, increasing intake temperature reduces volumetric efficiency; as a result, IMEP is reduced by 11%. Also by increasing equivalence ratio from 0.35 to 0.55 in a constant energy ratio, noticeable growth in the maximum amount of pressure and temperature could be achieved; consequently, NOx emission would increase significantly, IMEP increases by 43%, and ISFC decreases by 30%. The results indicate that these parameters have significant effects on the heavy-duty RCCI engine performance and emissions.

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20.
In this work, pyrazine ( A ), aminopyrazine ( B ), quinoxaline ( C ), and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline ( D ) have been screened out among a large number of pyrazine derivatives to construct Hofmann-type metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) Fe(L)[M(CN)4] (M=Pt, Pd) with similar 3D pillared-layer structures. X-ray single-crystal diffraction reveals that the alternate linkage between M and FeII ions through cyano bridges forms the 2D extended metal cyanide sheets, and ligands A – D acted as vertical columns to connect the 2D sheets to give 3D pillared-layer structures. Subsequently, a series of bivariate MOFs were constructed by pairwise combination of the four ligands A–D , which were confirmed by 1H NMR, PXRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that ligand size and crystallization rate play a dominant role in constructing bivariate Hofmann-type MOFs. More importantly, the spin-crossover (SCO) properties of the bivariate MOFs can be finely tuned by adjusting the proportion of the two pillared ligands in the 3D Hofmann-type structures. Remarkably, the spin transition temperatures, Tc↑ and Tc↓ of Fe( A )x( B )1−x[Pt(CN)4] (x=0 to 1) can be adjusted from 239 to 254 K and from 248 to 284 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the width of the hysteresis loops can be widened from 9 to 30 K. Changing Pt to Pd, the hysteresis loops of Fe( A )x( B )1−x[Pd(CN)4] can be tuned from 9 (Tc↑=215 K, Tc↓=206 K) to 24 K (Tc↑=300 K, Tc↓=276 K). This research provides wider implications in the development of advanced bistable materials, especially in precisely regulating SCO properties.  相似文献   

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