灵敏度系数可调同轴脉冲电压探头

针对采用TEM小室或GTEM室校准测试时从输入端获取信号的需求,设计了一种同轴型脉冲电压探头;该探头为微分型输出,采用数值积分可获得脉冲电压波形;其灵敏度系数可调。仿真分析了不同结构探针对探头内部电场峰值分布及对端口特性阻抗的影响,对采用尖针形探针的同轴脉冲探头进行了实验验证,得到了其频域响应曲线和灵敏度系数,分析了灵敏度系数随探针到内导体中心距离变化的规律。仿真和实验结果表明,同轴脉冲探头内嵌的探针采用尖针形时,对端口特性阻抗的影响及内部电磁场的扰动都很小,可满足ns级瞬变脉冲测试校准需要。     

基于FPGA的电磁脉冲电场测量系统

为了测量纳秒级前沿的电磁脉冲电场,研制了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的宽频带电磁脉冲电场测量系统,该系统采用单极子天线作为电场探头的接收天线,高速AD采集调理电路输出的电压信号,由FPGA接收AD采样的数据并保存至DDR2和FLASH存储器中;分析了系统的整体方案;对系统的信号调理、采集的触发方式、FPGA控制以及干扰屏蔽等关键技术进行了重点分析;通过电场探头、电磁脉冲模拟器、PTEM暗室、衰减器以及示波器进行了性能和功能验证实验;利用软件将电场探头和示波器测得的信号进行处理和对比;实验表明,所研制的电场探头可以测量前沿大于2.5ns、电场强度为0~50kV/m的脉冲电场,系统线性度好,体积小,抗干扰性能好,测量准确性高。     

LTD单路验证装置电流测量

为测量LTD单路验证装置的过渡段与出口电流,设计和标定了B-dot电流探头。采用径向传输线对电流探头进行了线下标定,并开展相应验证实验证实了标定的有效性。实验表明:探头安装深度和角度误差导致的探头灵敏度偏差约为1%; 当阴阳极间距大于探头孔直径时,B-dot标定结果基本不受阴阳极间距的影响;对于本装置涉及的直径较大的同轴线,用径向线模拟标定结果是有效的。从LTD单路验证装置的实验结果可知,4个过渡段至出口的阳极电流有轻微的损失,而阴极电流逐步减小。     

集成光学电场探头测量HEMP的系统误差分析

讨论了集成光学电场探头测量高空电磁脉冲(HEMP)的系统误差。根据探测器传输函数和HEMP的表达式得出了误差方程。并通过对HEMP表达式的特征分析,对误差方程进行了简化。通过方程的求解,分析了探测器和HEMP波形的各项参数对测量结果的影响。结果表明:误差随着双指数波幅值、半宽/前沿和探测器工作点漂移的增大而增大;探测器的5%和10%系统测量误差对应的最大测量幅值分别为半波电场的0.165倍和0.23倍。该结论可为此类探测器的使用提供参考。     

纳秒电磁脉冲测量用D-dot探头设计及实验

为测量高空核爆炸电磁脉冲(HEMP)模拟器中脉冲电场波形(峰值电场大于50kV/m、上升时间小于2.3ns),设计了一种新型圆锥形D-dot探测器。介绍了D-dot探头的工作原理,分析了探头与传输电缆的阻抗匹配条件,确定了探头的结构、尺寸等参数。D-dot探头测量脉冲电场的一阶微分信号,通过积分器积分和数字积分两种积分方式获得脉冲电场信号。测量电磁脉冲实验结果表明,积分器积分和数字积分两种积分方式都能恢复脉冲电场波形,其中数字积分效果更好;与有源光纤电场测量系统实验测量结果相比,该Ddot探测器更适合测量纳秒级快前沿的电磁脉冲波形,满足测量快前沿HEMP信号的设计要求。     

球形光纤传输三维电场传感器

研制了一套用于小空间电磁脉冲测试的光纤传输电磁脉冲三维电场传感器。通过电磁仿真软件CST2011,研究了天线结构对被测场的影响,发现嵌入式探头与球形结构可以有效减小屏蔽壳体对电场扰动。讨论了传感器极间耦合及三维场合成误差,确定了主要设计参数。研制的三维传感器采用了屏蔽结构与偶极子天线的一体化设计,对外部电场屏蔽可达60 dB。在有界波电磁脉冲模拟器中的实验表明,传感器系统对于三维电场测量可达到设计要求,对被测电场扰动较小,极间耦合系数小于6%,三维场角度与峰值合成误差小于5%。传感器采用对称结构,满足自由空间场测量的需要。     

温度和电场作用下保偏光纤对方位传递的影响

针对基于保偏光纤的非通视方位传递系统中温度与电场引起的方位传递误差,从非通视方位传递系统的工作原理出发,分别推导了基于温度、电场作用保偏光纤的方位角解算模型,并仿真分析了保偏光纤长度、热膨胀系数及电场振幅等因素对方位传递精度的影响.实验结果表明,当温度为20℃时,方位角解算误差对温度不敏感;当温度高于20℃时,方位角解算误差容易受温度、保偏光纤长度的影响,可通过调整保偏光纤的热膨胀系数、泊松比控制方位传递误差.电场大小和电场作用长度共同影响方位角解算误差,当作用角度为45°时,电场振幅不会产生方位角解算误差.该研究结果对保偏光纤非通视方位传递系统的环境适应性研究及系统测量精度的提高具有一定的指导意义.     

一种高功率三平板传输线电压测量探头的设计

 为测量高功率水介质三平板传输线的电压,设计、标定了一种D-dot探头,安装在三平板线的入口和出口处,探头感应脉冲电压的微分信号。探头与基座之间的绝缘层为浇注的环氧树脂,可以在满足密封去离子水的要求下,使探头对地电容较小,从而获得良好的高频响应。利用ANSYS对探头结构进行了优化设计,使三相点位置的电场强度得到有效降低。使用经线下标定过的电阻分压器进行标定。实验中采用电容器放电,用一段高压电缆作为脉冲形成线获得逐级上升的快前沿（约70 ns）电压脉冲,并将之作为标定信号源,标定得到三平板线入口、出口探头的灵敏度分别为386 kV/V和402 kV/V。探头测量结果与电路模拟结果一致。在三平板线耐压实验中,板线出口电压达到了3.1 MV,探头的绝缘结构设计能够满足要求。实验结果表明该探头适合高功率三平板传输线电压的测量。     

双探头三维表面轮廓测量系统

提出了一种将原子力显微(AFM)探头与位置敏感探测器测距探头相结合的双探头三维表面轮廓测量新方法, 可在获取样品表面轮廓的同时, 测定样品局部形貌。搭建了双探头三维表面轮廓测量系统, 阐述了系统的工作原理, 并对其结构组成包括双探头、步进扫描台和计算机控制平台进行了说明。用2000 line/mm的光栅进行了扫描实验, 对系统的测量范围进行了标定。以外径8 mm、内径4 mm的金属垫圈为样品, 进行了整体三维表面轮廓与局部表面形貌测量实验, 给出了垫圈表面图和局部三维形貌图。结果表明, 该系统能满足不同尺寸和材质的样品的测量要求, 即可实现对样品轮廓的大范围扫描测量, 又可对样品局部进行高精度形貌测量。     

一种角向传输线B-dot标定平台的设计

基于感应电压叠加器感应腔角向传输线电流探头离线标定的需求,设计了离线标定平台。离线标定平台为平板传输线结构,与在线标定相比,对标定信号的畸变更低。分析了跨平台标定误差的来源,并针对性提出降低误差的措施。分析表明,安装偏心及探头纵向安装深度是跨平台标定误差的最大来源,需要在工程设计中重点关注。实际建立了离线标定平台并开展误差分析,得到跨平台标定误差3.3%的结果。     

损耗电介质在镜像法测试装置中的应用

 通过在校准头的耦合波导中填充介电常数为10,损耗角正切为0.6的损耗电介质材料,利用该介质对电磁波的损耗来近似测试头中的输入输出耦合环对电磁场能量的影响,以满足镜像法中测试头和校准头中电磁场分布一致这一要求。这一损耗介质材料的引入,改进了测试头和校准头的设计,使得测试头在取得较大耦合量的同时能保持与校准头的对称性,减小了以往测试装置低耦合量所引起的测试误差。     

基于低温共烧陶瓷工艺的一种新型层叠式多层结构的波概念迭代方法研究

提出了基于波概念的一种有效迭代方法,详细给出了波概念迭代法（wave concept iterative process）理论推导公式,并用来处理基于低温共烧陶瓷工艺的新型多层结构计算问题,涉及到了混合磁场与电场方程,包括基于一种简单形式的匹配负载模拟上的S参数提取问题.利用matlab语言编写程序, 从而确定S参数的频率响应,并将数值结果与仿真结果进行比较,两者呈现出很好的一致性,同时验证了波概念迭代法相对于其他算法的优势所在. 关键词： 波概念迭代法 快速傅里叶模式变换 低温共烧陶瓷工艺     

Measurement of elastic constants of nematic liquid crystals with use of hybrid in-plane-switched cell

A new method for quick and pretty accurate measurements of splay, twist and bend elastic constants of nematic liquid crystals is experimentally verified. The main concept relies on exploiting only the electric field and determining magnitudes of nematic elastic constants from threshold fields for Freedericksz transitions in only one hybrid in-plane-switched cell. In such cell the deformations of an investigated liquid crystal are controlled by three separated pairs of electrodes confining measurement domains. In two of them inter-digital electrodes are mounted on one cell cover. Splay, twist and bend elastic constants can be measured by a proper choice of electrodes?? configuration together with orienting cover coatings (without applying magnetic fields). In this paper, we describe layout of our cells and results of experimental tests by using different liquid crystals: 5CB and 6CHBT (with positive dielectric anisotropy), Demus?? esters (with negative dielectric anisotropy) and new liquid crystals mixtures produced in our university.     

Direct observation of ferroelectric domain switching in varying electric field regimes using in situ TEM

In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques can potentially fill in gaps in the current understanding interfacial phenomena in complex oxides. Select multiferroic oxide materials, such as BiFeO(3) (BFO), exhibit ferroelectric and magnetic order, and the two order parameters are coupled through a quantum-mechanical exchange interaction. The magneto-electric coupling in BFO allows control of the ferroelectric and magnetic domain structures via applied electric fields. Because of these unique properties, BFO and other magneto-electric multiferroics constitute a promising class of materials for incorporation into devices such as high-density ferroelectric and magnetoresistive memories, spin valves, and magnetic field sensors. The magneto-electric coupling in BFO is mediated by volatile ferroelastically switched domains that make it difficult to incorporate this material into devices. To facilitate device integration, an understanding of the microstructural factors that affect ferroelastic relaxation and ferroelectric domain switching must be developed. In this article, a method of viewing ferroelectric (and ferroelastic) domain dynamics using in situ biasing in TEM is presented. The evolution of ferroelastically switched ferroelectric domains in BFO thin films during many switching cycles is investigated. Evidence of partial domain nucleation, propagation, and switching even at applied electric fields below the estimated coercive field is revealed. Our observations indicate that the occurrence of ferroelastic relaxation in switched domains and the stability of these domains is influenced the applied field as well as the BFO microstructure. These biasing experiments provide a real time view of the complex dynamics of domain switching and complement scanning probe techniques. Quantitative information about domain switching under bias in ferroelectric and multiferroic materials can be extracted from in situ TEM to provide a predictive tool for future device development.     

球形无规键无规场模型研究弛豫铁电体极化效应

基于球形无规键无规场模型和电场作用下弛豫铁电体微畴-宏畴机理,利用模糊畴界观点以及电场对极化的分数维效应,分析了电场对畴的作用机理.研究结果表明:电场对畴的诱导偶极子增量的极化效应导致了电滞回线的不饱和及相关的大的电致伸缩效应;而畴的偶极子增量耦合时结合能的变化对低电场的电滞回线略有影响,但基本不会改变高电场时的极化状态.初始微畴大小对电滞回线非常重要,细小的微畴会导致细长的电滞回线及电场与电致伸缩良好的线性关系.     

高功率楔形介质填充天线设计

 针对高功率超宽带天线应用中的绝缘性及方向性等关键问题,设计了一种基于TEM喇叭天线形式的楔形介质填充天线,并利用时域有限差分数值方法分析了这种新型介质填充天线的辐射性能。数值模拟与测试结果表明,所设计的这种楔形介质填充天线不仅可以满足高功率天线的绝缘性要求,而且在主轴方向上具有较强的辐射场。     

New type of regular carbon nanostructures: Nanocones on the surfaces of carbon-silicon (a-C:H) composite films

The results of a study of a new type of regular carbon nanostructures, namely, nanocones on the film surfaces of carbon-silicon composites of the (a-C:H):Si type are given in this paper. Nanocones appear under the action of the electric field of the probe of an air-operated scanning probe microscope (SPM) in the case where the values of the voltage amplitude and the exposure times exceed the threshold ones. The produced nanoobjects preserve their shapes at thermal annealing up to 700°C. It is assumed that the process of nanocone formation is related to the local transformation of the carbon-silicon composite structure from the amorphous to the nanocrystalline state in the electric field of the SPM probe.     

Failure diagnosis of organic photovoltaic using electro-optic probe

This paper describes the measurement of an organic photovoltaic using an electro-optic probe. We verify the validity of the electro-optic probe by comparing it with a conventional electric probe. The electric field distribution of the organic photovoltaic is examined on the basis of results of the test board measurement using the electro-optic probe and results of the test board simulation using an electromagnetic field simulator. We succeed in failure diagnosis of the organic photovoltaic in three failure modes. We found that the organic photovoltaic has a failure cell, and the electro-optic probe is successfully applied to failure diagnosis of organic photovoltaic.     

Electroporative Adjustment of pH in Living Yeast Cells: Ratiometric Fluorescence pH Imaging

A number of vital cell functions including modulation of signaling pathways and regulation of the cellular transport critically depends on the cytoplasmic pH. Many pathological cellular changes are related to the abnormal cytosolic pH as well. Reliable and well-calibrated methods for quantification of the cytosolic pH are therefore of high importance. The pH calibration is particularly difficult in walled cells since standard methods fail. In this report we evaluated the new electroporative calibration method of the cytosolic pH in yeasts by the fluorescence microscopy. The calibration was done on living cells using pyranine as a ratiometric pH-sensitive probe. The probe was electroporatively delivered to the cytosol. We have shown that unlike the measurements in suspension the fluorescence microscopy reveals cell subpopulations with different sensitivity to the pH calibration. While the majority of the cells were well calibrated, there was found subpopulation of uncalibrated cell as well as singular cells exhibiting anomalous pH calibration due to the staining of acidic organelles. Resolution of cell subpopulations helps to achieve better pH calibration compared to the calibration in cuvette on a cell suspension.     

基于人工表面等离激元探针实现太赫兹波的紧聚焦和场增强

为提高太赫兹近场显微成像技术的分辨率,设计了一款在Teflon探针的尖锥形表面镀上厚度渐变、具有相同占空比的超薄金属银制条带的探针,用于实现探针尖端处人工表面等离激元的激发和太赫兹波的亚波长聚焦.研究表明,对于频率为0.1 THz的入射波,厚度渐变镀银条带探针产生的紧聚焦光场的尺寸可稳定在20μm左右(λ/150),探针尖端处最大电场强度为入射电场强度的849倍.研究还发现,周期性金属条带的数目和入射电场的偏振方向可对探针尖端处产生的紧聚焦光斑的尺寸和电场强度等进行灵活有效的调控.