颗粒物质对风积沙压实特性影响研究

本文从颗粒物质的角度探讨了风积沙的压实特性和机理。研究表明,风积沙的重型击实试验曲线呈"双驼峰"形式,表明风积沙具有干压实的特性,水在风积沙的压实过程中扮演着不同的作用|室内振动试验表明振动加速度及振动时间影响着风积沙"巴西坚果效应"与"反巴西坚果效应"之间的转化,从而影响风积沙的振实密度,二者均存在一个产生最大振实干密度的最优值。现场试验通过控制机械参数(振幅A=0.4mm,频率f=48Hz)在压实5遍的时候,可使压实度达到96.8%,CBR值达到25.3,均能满足《公路路基设计规范》要求。     

岩体结构面粗糙度系数定量表征研究进展

1978年,Barton提出的节理粗糙度系数(joint roughness coefficient,JRC)被国际岩石力学学会作为评估节理粗糙度的标准方法.然而该方法存在人为估值的主观性缺陷.就此,国内外学者围绕岩体结构面粗糙度定量化表征开展了大量的研究工作.首先,从二维节理轮廓线到三维岩体结构面,系统地阐述了其粗糙度定量化表征方法研究进展,并总结了各方法参数与JRC的关系;评价了各表征参数的本质特性及其适用性;指出了各方法参数获取过程中存在的问题,主要有:采样间隔的影响,三角形单元划分的影响,如何确定综合参数法中各参数的权重;针对这些问题,给出了笔者的一些想法、建议.与此同时,对结构面粗糙度表征的两个热点问题,即各向异性和尺寸效应的研究也进行了详细总结分析.最后,笔者认为:(1)分形维数因是描述自然界复杂几何体的一种简洁有力的工具,其仍是结构面粗糙度定量描述的有效方法;(2)3D打印技术的应用,有望在开展结构面各向异性、尺寸效应研究方面取得突破性进展.     

非牛顿流体有限长粗糙轴承分析

本文采用H.Christense力提出的随机粗糙模型,推导了幂律型流体纵向粗糙型和横向粗糙型润滑雷诺方程和相应的承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数的计算公式.对有限长动载径向轴承纵向粗糙型雷诺方程,用差分方法进行数值求解,得到了粗糙度和幂律指数对轴承的压力分布、承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数影响曲线,并有表面粗糙度和润滑油的非牛顿特性独立地影响轴承油膜力学特性的结论.     

土质边坡震裂机制物理模拟研究

为了研究地震中土质边坡(包括覆盖层边坡)在强震作用下破裂的成因机制,以 "5 ·12" 汶川特大地震为背景资料,采用震动台模拟试验进行了研究。模拟试验结果表明:斜坡震裂变形破坏与斜坡外形结构特征具有相关性。坡面转折点应力最易集中,破坏的可能性较大。震动条件下土质边坡完全破坏也具有一般性的规律,即以"一垮到底"的方式堆积于坡脚。本次震裂边坡形成机制研究初步显示了一定规律,但在地震条件下的动力响应问题还需进行更深入研究。     

微环境对龙游石窟粉砂岩风化的影响

本文通过龙游石窟2号洞离洞口较近的洞内围岩的风化程度比离洞口较远的洞内围岩的风化程度更为严重的事实来论证微环境对粉砂岩风化的影响。为了描述围岩风化的严重程度,利用橡皮泥压模法对龙游石窟2号洞洞口附近围岩和洞内围岩的凿痕深度进行了量测。量测结果表明,洞内围岩凿痕的最大高差和最大起伏度的平均值分别为10.2mm和0.43。与之相比,洞口附近围岩凿痕的相应值都较小,分别为8.0mm和0.35。以上数据说明洞口围岩凿痕的风化深度较大,粗糙程度较小,被"磨平"的趋势更严重。作者认为, 2号洞洞口附近和洞内的微环境差异(主要包括降水、温度、光照和苔藓等)造成了上述围岩风化程度的差异。     

表面粗糙度对螺旋槽干式气体端面密封性能预测与结构优化的影响

将螺旋槽干式气体端面密封(S-DGS)的粗糙表面分成软环端表面、硬环端面开槽底面与非开槽表面3个区域,建立粗糙表面S-DGS性能的有限元分析理论模型,采用该模型研究3个区域表面粗糙度对S-DGS性能参数和端面几何结构参数优化的影响.结果表明:在相同工况和表面综合均方根差的条件下,粗糙表面S-DGS的开启力、气膜刚度和摩擦扭矩均大于光滑表面S-DGS,而泄漏量较小;在有关标准范围之内,硬环端面槽底面和软环端面的表面粗糙度对S-DGS的性能参数预测值产生较大影响,而硬环端面表面粗糙度的影响可以忽略;表面粗糙度对S-DGS端面几何结构参数的优化值没有影响.研究结果对S-DGS性能的正确预测和结构优化设计以及密封的修复工作具有重要的指导意义.     

岩体工程地质动力学基本原理

本文简要介绍了岩体工程地质动力学的基本原理。文章认为岩体工程地质动力学的任务是揭示岩体与各类工程地质动力因素的作用规律,其主要研究内容包括:岩体物质和结构的动力学成因与特性,岩体赋存的地壳动力学环境,岩体的动力学行为与过程,以及岩体工程防灾原理等。岩体工程地质动力学的基本观点包括:岩体及其特性是地球动力学作用结果的"动力成因观"、岩体的工程行为是岩体与动力学环境相互作用结果的"动力作用观",以及工程地质防灾的基本途径是调节岩体与环境的相互作用过程的"过程调节观"。文章在动力作用观的框架下,系统阐述了岩体的动力学成因与特性,岩体赋存的地壳动力学环境特征,岩体的基本力学行为,高地应力环境岩体特性与力学行为,岩体动力学响应,岩体中地下水的作用规律等。     

靶材表面粗糙度对GCr15钢表面激光毛化微突体形貌的影响

对不同粗糙度GCr15钢表面激光毛化微突体形貌的几何尺寸、金相组织及各区域表面显微硬度进行了分析.结果表明:粗糙钢表面对激光能量的吸收率高于镜面试样,因此粗糙表面激光毛化微突体的高度比镜面试样的略高;但粗糙表面微突体端部的淬火区组织会因金属蒸发而产生孔洞而降低表面的显微硬度,从而影响表面的耐磨性.为了得到较细化的金相组织而又不产生金属蒸发现象,在控制激光毛化参数条件下,应该尽可能地降低靶材的表面粗糙度,一般应保证Ra≤0.4μm.     

河北省宽城县遵(化)—小(寺沟)铁路某滑坡治理措施研究

河北省宽城县遵(化)—小(寺沟)铁路穿越一个体积约77×10⁴m³的古滑坡体,因在滑坡前缘以路堑方式穿过,开挖施工导致古滑坡复活。为保障未来铁路的运营安全,需要对其进行彻底治理。在现场地质调查及试验,以及分别对沿复活滑坡体新滑面和古滑面在不同工况下的稳定性计算的基础上,结合复活滑坡体的具体特征,提出2种治理方案,即"抗滑桩"方案和"削方+抗滑桩+桩间挡土墙"方案。通过综合比选确定后者为采用方案,并具体进行了削方、抗滑桩、截排水系统和坡面防护等设计。     

人工管和商业管在过渡粗糙区的差异

管路沿程损失是教学中要讲的内容。其中在过渡粗糙区,人工管和商业管的沿程损失系数存在差异。本文对此差异做了初步分析。从学生对此差异的理解和表面粗糙度的含义两方面探讨了表面粗糙度对此差异的影响。量化探讨表面粗糙度在过渡粗糙区的作用仍是个问题。     

岩石节理粗糙面的分形几何特性与剪切强度关系的实验研究

自然形成的岩石节理面的表面形状具有分形特性，利用分形理论来描述岩石节理的粗糙特性，并确立与岩石节理面的剪切力学特性间的关系对于指导岩体工程设计，和管理具有重要一研究利用开发设计的三维激光测距仪在精确测定岩石节理面的表面形状４ 基础上，依据变量图法建立了 岩石节理面的     

New Correlative Models to Improve Prediction of Fracture Permeability and Inertial Resistance Coefficient

Presence of fracture roughness and occurrence of nonlinear flow complicate fluid flow through rock fractures. This paper presents a qualitative and quantitative study on the effects of fracture wall surface roughness on flow behavior using direct flow simulation on artificial fractures. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of roughness on linear and nonlinear flow through rock fractures. Therefore, considering fracture roughness to propose models for the linear and nonlinear flow parameters seems to be necessary. In the current report, lattice Boltzmann method is used to numerically simulate fluid flow through different fracture realizations. Flow simulations are conducted over a wide range of pressure gradients through each fracture. It is observed that creeping flow at lower pressure gradients can be described using Darcy’s law, while transition to inertial flow occurs at higher pressure gradients. By detecting the onset of inertial flow and regression analysis on the simulation results with Forchheimer equation, inertial resistance coefficients are determined for each fracture. Fracture permeability values are also determined from Darcy flow as well. According to simulation results through different fractures, two parametric expressions are proposed for permeability and inertial resistance coefficient. The proposed models are validated using 3D numerical simulations and experimental results. The results obtained from these two proposed models are further compared with those obtained from the conventional models. The calculated average absolute relative errors and correlation coefficients indicate that the proposed models, despite their simplicity, present acceptable outcomes; the models are also more accurate compared to the available methods in the literature.     

聚能爆破在岩石控制爆破技术中的应用研究

聚能爆破技术是岩石控制爆破技术中有待开发的领域.根据爆炸力学、岩石断裂力学理论,从当前控制爆破面临的问题入手,对线性聚能药包(Linear shaped charge)在岩石定向断裂爆破中裂纹的产生及扩展进行了研究,并利用自制线性聚能药包在巷道掘进中进行了工程试验.试验结果表明由聚能药包岩石定向断裂爆破有明显的定向作用,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果理想,经济和社会效益明显.     

Modeling of Solute Transport in a 3D Rough-Walled Fracture–Matrix System

Fluid flow and solute transport in a 3D rough-walled fracture–matrix system were simulated by directly solving the Navier–Stokes equations for fracture flow and solving the transport equation for the whole domain of fracture and matrix with considering matrix diffusion. The rough-walled fracture–matrix model was built from laser-scanned surface tomography of a real rock sample, by considering realistic features of surfaces roughness and asperity contacts. The numerical modeling results were compared with both analytical solutions based on simplified fracture surface geometry and numerical results by particle tracking based on the Reynolds equation. The aim is to investigate impacts of surface roughness on solute transport in natural fracture–matrix systems and to quantify the uncertainties in application of simplified models. The results show that fracture surface roughness significantly increases heterogeneity of velocity field in the rough-walled fractures, which consequently cause complex transport behavior, especially the dispersive distributions of solute concentration in the fracture and complex concentration profiles in the matrix. Such complex transport behaviors caused by surface roughness are important sources of uncertainty that needs to be considered for modeling of solute transport processes in fractured rocks. The presented direct numerical simulations of fluid flow and solute transport serve as efficient numerical experiments that provide reliable results for the analysis of effective transmissivity as well as effective dispersion coefficient in rough-walled fracture–matrix systems. Such analysis is helpful in model verifications, uncertainty quantifications and design of laboratorial experiments.     

循环冲击层理煤岩动力学行为及破坏规律研究

为研究复杂地况下含特征层理煤岩的动态力学行为,采用■50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,对含层理(0°、30°、45°、60°、90°)煤岩进行动态三轴循环冲击实验研究,并结合3D轮廓扫描仪量化其断裂界面,分析层理效应和围压效应对煤岩动态力学特性及其损伤破坏规律的影响。研究表明：围压的施加使煤岩应力-应变曲线出现弹性后效现象;较无围压状态,抗压强度提高3.9～4.2倍,失效应变增大2.59～3.05倍。随着层理角度的增大,煤岩的动态抗压强度、弹性模量和能量透射率均呈现先降低后升高的U形分布,在层理角为45°时均达到最小值;能量吸收率和断面粗糙度呈现先增大后减小的∩形分布,损伤变量呈现N形分布,在层理角为45°时达到最大值。煤岩的损伤破坏特征随层理角度的变化可概括为张拉破坏（0°）-剪切破坏（30°、45°和60°）-劈裂破坏（90°）的演变过程,所得特征规律可为实际复杂环境下煤层气资源安全高效开采提供理论支持。     

Multi-Scale Stereo-Photogrammetry System for Fractographic Analysis Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Current systems for photogrammetry analysis rely mainly on two-dimensional visualization methods, particularly Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The absence of three-dimensional information prevents the determination of important quantitative features such as local roughness and precludes a deeper comprehension of the failure mechanisms. This paper describes a new multi-scale stereo-photogrammetry system for inspection of fracture surfaces based on SEM images. The system facilitates the reconstruction of complete 3D fracture surfaces and provides interactive visualization of the multi-scale structure, thus offering better insight into fracture surfaces at different levels of detail. In particular, a new method has been developed for geometric reconstruction of a 3D textured mesh from SEM stereo images. The mesh is represented as a 3D geometric multi-resolution structure. The sampled images are represented in the form of a multi-scale hierarchical textured structure. Thus, the global shape of the sample is represented by a 3D mesh, while its micro details are represented by textured data. This multi-scale and hierarchical structure allows interactive multi-scale navigation of the 3D textured mesh. The Regions of Interest (ROI) can actually be inspected interactively at different scales by means of optical or digital zooming. Thus, the digital model can be visualized and the behavior of the 3D material can be analyzed interactively. The contributions of this research include: (a) a new 3D multi-scale reconstruction method for SEM stereo images; (b) a new visualization module for multi-scale inspection, modeling and analysis of micro-structures for a variety of materials; and (c) 3D insight into and better understanding of fracture phenomena for material micro-structures. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated on samples of different materials, and a performance analysis is applied on the resulting multi-scale model. The roughness calculation was verified against roughness calculation applied to the optical profilometer.     

节理岩体的分维特征及其工程地质意义

本文用分形理论,对节理网络分布和粗糙度曲线进行分形分析。结果表明,节理的空间分布和粗糙度曲线具自相似性;分维是一个表征岩体强度、岩体损伤程度、岩体质量及节理粗糙程度的几何参数,并可用于评价岩体稳定性、断裂体系活动性及划分风化卸荷带等。     

A method to discretize non‐planar fractures for 3D subsurface flow and transport simulations

A method is presented to discretize inclined non‐planar 2D fractures within a 3D finite element grid for subsurface flow and transport simulations. Each 2D fracture is represented as a triangulated surface. Each triangle is then discretized by 2D fracture elements that can be horizontal, vertical or inclined and that can be triangular or rectangular. The 3D grid representing a porous rock formation consists of hexahedra and can be irregular to allow grid refinement. An inclined fracture was discretized by (a) inclined triangles and (b) orthogonal rectangles and flow/transport simulations were run to compare the results. The comparison showed that (i) inclined fracture elements must be used to simulate 2D transient flow, (ii) results of 2D/3D steady‐state and 3D transient flow simulations are identical for both discretization methods, (iii) inclined fracture elements must be used to simulate 2D/3D transport because orthogonal fracture elements significantly underestimate concentrations, and (iv) orthogonal elements can be used to simulate 2D/3D transport if fracture permeability is corrected and multiplied by the ratio of fracture surface areas (orthogonal to inclined). Groundwater flow at a potential site for long‐term disposal of spent nuclear fuel was simulated where a complex 3D fracture network was discretized with this technique. The large‐scale simulation demonstrates that the proposed discretization procedure offers new possibilities to simulate flow and transport in complex 3D fracture networks. The new procedure has the further advantage that the same grid can be used for different realizations of a fracture network model with no need to regenerate the grid. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 3D Computational Study of Effective Medium Methods Applied to Fractured Media

This work evaluates and improves upon existing effective medium methods for permeability upscaling in fractured media. Specifically, we are concerned with the asymmetric self-consistent, symmetric self-consistent, and differential methods. In effective medium theory, inhomogeneity is modeled as ellipsoidal inclusions embedded in the rock matrix. Fractured media correspond to the limiting case of flat ellipsoids, for which we derive a novel set of simplified formulas. The new formulas have improved numerical stability properties, and require a smaller number of input parameters. To assess their accuracy, we compare the analytical permeability predictions with three-dimensional finite-element simulations. We also compare the results with a semi-analytical method based on percolation theory and curve-fitting, which represents an alternative upscaling approach. A large number of cases is considered, with varying fracture aperture, density, matrix/fracture permeability contrast, orientation, shape, and number of fracture sets. The differential method is seen to be the best choice for sealed fractures and thin open fractures. For high-permeable, connected fractures, the semi-analytical method provides the best fit to the numerical data, whereas the differential method breaks down. The two self-consistent methods can be used for both unconnected and connected fractures, although the asymmetric method is somewhat unreliable for sealed fractures. For open fractures, the symmetric method is generally the more accurate for moderate fracture densities, but only the asymmetric method is seen to have correct asymptotic behavior. The asymmetric method is also surprisingly accurate at predicting percolation thresholds.