On the damping decrement for non-linear oscillations

The logarithmic damping decrement is obtained as a function of arbitrary non-linear restoring forces and arbitrary, but small, non-linear damping forces. General expressions are obtained for both amplitude-dependent and speed-dependent damping. The special case of a cubic restoring force with quadratic amplitude-dependent damping and the special case of a cubic restoring force with quadratic speed-dependent damping are considered in detail. The results of the analysis suggest how experimental data can be utilized to identify and evaluate the damping parameters for a given non-linear oscillator.     

负刚度时滞反馈控制动力吸振器的等峰优化

相比于传统动力吸振器, 负刚度动力吸振器同时具有更好的减振能力和更宽的有效减振频带宽度, 为了进一步降低共振峰幅值, 在负刚度吸振器系统耦合时滞反馈控制. 对负刚度时滞反馈控制动力吸振器系统进行等峰优化设计, 优化设计的准则是:第一和第二共振峰的峰值相等; 同时兼顾两个目标, 一个目标是在优化时的最大共振峰幅值小于被动负刚度吸振器系统的反共振峰幅值, 另一目标是在优化时共振峰幅值与反共振峰幅值差小于被动吸振器系统. 接着, 通过设计和调节负刚度系数、吸振器阻尼系数和时滞反馈控制系数对控制系统进行等峰优化设计. 最后, 在降低幅值的同时, 分析结构参数对有效减振频带宽度的影响. 经过等峰优化之后, 选择本文的一组结构参数与两个典型的模型进行对比. 为了定量比较不同模型的降幅效果, 定义了减幅百分比, 研究发现在有效减振频带区间内减幅百分比超过40%以上. 结果表明, 通过等峰优化准则对结构参数进行优化设计和调节增益系数和时滞量, 共振峰幅值的减幅百分比也近似达到40%, 也可以调节增益系数和时滞量, 使得幅频响应曲线具有较宽的有效减振频带和较低的共振峰幅值与反共振峰幅值的差值.      

Effects of excitation probability distribution on system responses

For a system subjected to a random excitation, the probability distribution of the excitation may affect behaviors of the system responses. Such effects are investigated for a variety of dynamical systems, including a linear oscillator, an oscillator of cubic non-linearity in both damping and stiffness, and a non-linear oscillator of the van der Pol type. The random excitations are assumed to be stationary stochastic processes, sharing the same spectral density, but with different probability distributions. Each excitation process is generated by passing a Brownian motion process through a non-linear filter, which is governed by an Ito stochastic differential equation. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to obtain the transient and stationary properties of the system response in each case. It is shown that, under different excitations, the transient behaviors of the system response can be markedly different. The differences tend to reduce, however, as time of exposure to the excitations increases and the system reaches the stationary state.     

Non-linear dynamics of a system of coupled oscillators with essential stiffness non-linearities

We study the resonant dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom system composed of a linear oscillator weakly coupled to a strongly non-linear one, with an essential (non-linearizable) cubic stiffness non-linearity. For the undamped system this leads to a series of internal resonances, depending on the level of (conserved) total energy of oscillation. We study in detail the 1:1 internal resonance, and show that the undamped system possesses stable and unstable synchronous periodic motions (non-linear normal modes—NNMs), as well as, asynchronous periodic motions (elliptic orbits—EOs). Furthermore, we show that when damping is introduced certain NNMs produce resonance capture phenomena, where a trajectory of the damped dynamics gets ‘captured’ in the neighborhood of a damped NNM before ‘escaping’ and becoming an oscillation with exponentially decaying amplitude. In turn, these resonance captures may lead to passive non-linear energy pumping phenomena from the linear to the non-linear oscillator. Thus, sustained resonance capture appears to provide a dynamical mechanism for passively transferring energy from one part of the system to another, in a one-way, irreversible fashion. Numerical integrations confirm the analytical predictions.     

Non-linear normal modes and their bifurcation of a two DOF system with quadratic and cubic non-linearity

The non-linear normal modes (NNMs) and their bifurcation of a complex two DOF system are investigated systematically in this paper. The coupling and ground springs have both quadratic and cubic non-linearity simultaneously. The cases of ω₁:ω₂=1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 are discussed, respectively, as well as the case of no internal resonance. Approximate solutions for NNMs are computed by applying the method of multiple scales, which ensures that NNM solutions can asymtote to linear normal modes as the non-linearity disappears. According to the procedure, NNMs can be classified into coupled and uncoupled modes. It is found that coupled NNMs exist for systems with any kind of internal resonance, but uncoupled modes may appear or not appear, depending on the type of internal resonance. For systems with 1:1 internal resonance, uncoupled NNMs exist only when coefficients of cubic non-linear terms describing the ground springs are identical. For systems with 1:2 or 1:3 internal resonance, in additional to one uncoupled NNM, there exists one more uncoupled NNM when the coefficients of quadratic or cubic non-linear terms describing the ground springs are identical. The results for the case of internal resonance are consistent with ones for no internal resonance. For the case of 1:2 internal resonance, the bifurcation of the coupled NNM is not only affected by cubic but also by quadratic non-linearity besides detuning parameter although for the cases of 1:1 and 1:3 internal resonance, only cubic non-linearity operate. As a check of the analytical results, direct numerical integrations of the equations of motion are carried out.     

Stochastic non-linear response of a flexible rotor with local non-linearities

The effects of uncertainties on the non-linear dynamics response remain misunderstood and most of the classical stochastic methods used in the linear case fail to deal with a non-linear problem. So we propose to take into account of uncertainties into non-linear models, by coupling the Harmonic Balance Method (HBM) and the Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE). The proposed method called the Stochastic Harmonic Balance Method (Stochastic-HBM) is based on a new formulation of the non-linear dynamic problem in which not only the approximated non-linear responses but also the non-linear forces and the excitation pulsation are considered as stochastic parameters. Expansions on the PCE basis are performed by passing via an Alternate Frequency Time method with Probabilistic Collocation (AFTPC) for estimating the stochastic non-linear forces in the stochastic domain and the frequency domain. In the present paper, the Stochastic Harmonic Balance Method (Stochastic-HBM) that is applied to a flexible non-linear rotor system, with random parameters modeled as random fields, is presented. The Stochastic-HBM combined with an Alternate Frequency-Time method with Probabilistic Collocation (AFTPC) allows us to solve dynamical problems with non-regular non-linearities in presence of uncertainties. In this study, the procedure is developed for the estimation of stochastic non-linear responses of the rotor system with different regular and non-regular non-linearities. The finite element rotor system is composed of a shaft with two disks and two flexible bearing supports where the non-linearities are due to a radial clearance or a cubic stiffness. A numerical analysis is performed to analyze the effect of uncertainties on the non-linear behavior of this rotor system by using the Stochastic-HBM. Furthermore, the results are compared with those obtained by applying a classical Monte-Carlo simulation to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology.     

Non-linear parametric vibration and stability of axially moving visco-elastic Rayleigh beams

An axially moving visco-elastic Rayleigh beam with cubic non-linearity is considered, and the governing partial-differential equation of motion for large amplitude vibration is derived through geometrical, constitutive, and dynamical relations. By directly applying the method of multiple scales to the governing equations of motion, and considering the solvability condition, the linear and non-linear frequencies and mode shapes of the system are analytically formulated. In the presence of damping terms, it can be seen that the amplitude is exponentially time-dependent, and as a result, the non-linear natural frequencies of the system will be time-dependent. For the resonance case, through considering the solvability condition and Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the stability conditions are developed analytically. Eventually, the effects of system parameters on the vibrational behavior, stability and bifurcation points of the system are investigated through parametric studies.     

Effects of a non-linear energy sink (NES) on vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder

We investigate in detail the passive control of vortex-induced vibrations of a freely oscillating circular cylinder using a non-linear energy sink consisting of a secondary system having linear damping and an essential non-linear cubic stiffness. The loads on the cylinder are calculated using a direct numerical simulation of the incompressible flow over the cylinder using a parallel computational fluid dynamics code. A strongly coupled fluid structure control numerical model is used to determine the responses of the cylinder and the sink as well as the flow. We vary the sink parameters (mass and damping) and determine their effects on the response of the coupled system. We find multiple stable responses of the coupled system for different mass ratios and damping coefficient of the sink, depending on the initial conditions.     

Design criteria for optimally tuned nonlinear energy sinks—part 1: transient regime

The context of present work is related to the study of strongly nonlinear absorbers (NESs) aimed to attenuate vibrations induced in a single degree-of-freedom oscillator and working under the principle of targeted energy transfer (TET). The purpose motivated by practical considerations is here to establish a design criterion permitting to first ensure whether NES absorber is active or not and second to provide a nonlinear stiffness lower bound for optimal energy absorption during pumping phases. An asymptotic expansion of dynamic equations of motion under transient regime enables to emphasize a new definition of activation energy and to investigate the influence of damping upon the efficiency of one-way channeled energy transfer. Methodology is straightforwardly extended to the case of multiple NES attached in parallel to the primary oscillator. Numerical benchmark simulations corroborate the reliability and robustness of proposed design procedure.     

On the identification of non-linear mechanical systems using orthogonal functions

Real world mechanical systems present non-linear behavior and in many cases simple linearization in modeling the system would not lead to satisfactory results. Coulomb damping and cubic stiffness are typical examples of system parameters currently used in non-linear models of mechanical systems. This paper uses orthogonal functions to represent input and output signals. These functions are easily integrated by using a so-called operational matrix of integration. Consequently, it is possible to transform the non-linear differential equations of motion into algebraic equations. After mathematical manipulation the unknown linear and non-linear parameters are determined. Numerical simulations, involving single and two degree-of-freedom mechanical systems, confirm the efficiency of the above methodology.     

The force transmissibility of MDOF structures with a non-linear viscous damping device

In the present study, the concept of the Output Frequency Response Function (OFRF), recently proposed by the authors, is applied to theoretically investigate the force transmissibility of MDOF structures with a cubic non-linear viscous damping device. The results analytically show that the introduction of cubic non-linear damping can significantly reduce the transmissibility over all resonance regions for a Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) structure and at the same time leave the transmissibility over the isolation region virtually unaffected. The analysis also indicates that a strong linear damping may shift the system resonances and compromise the beneficial effects of cubic non-linear viscous damping on the force transmissibility of MDOF structures. This suggests that a less significant linear damping together with a strong cubic non-linear damping can be used in MDOF structures to achieve a desired vibration isolation performance. This research work has a significant implication for the design of viscously damped MDOF structures for a wide range of practical applications.     

The application of inerter in tuned mass absorber

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of tuned mass absorber with additional viscous damper and inerter attached to the pendulum. The devices are used to damp out oscillations of non-linear Duffing oscillator. Analysis of how these devices influence the dynamics of tuned mass absorber and its damping properties is shown. We calculate the detailed bifurcation diagrams and show how by changing the parameters of damper and inerter one can eliminate dangerous dynamic instabilities from the systems. Finally, in the last section we present an optimization of TMA׳s parameters in order to achieve best efficiency in damping of the main body vibrations.     

一种含负刚度元件的新型动力吸振器的参数优化

提出了一种含有负刚度弹簧元件的新型动力吸振器模型,对该模型的最优参数进行了详细研究. 通过拉氏变换得到了系统的解析解,发现该系统存在着两个固定点,利用固定点理论得到了动力吸振器的最优阻尼比和最优频率比. 进一步研究发现接地刚度取负值时能够得到更好的减振效果,根据负刚度的特性得到了在保证系统稳定情况下的最优负刚度比. 通过数值解与解析解的对比证明了解析解的正确性. 通过与两种已有的典型动力吸振器模型在简谐激励和随机激励情况下的对比,说明了负刚度模型在主系统减振方面具有很大的优势,减振效果远优于两种已有动力吸振器模型,从而为设计新型动力吸振器模型提出了理论上的依据.      

Dynamics of a linear oscillator connected to a small strongly non-linear hysteretic absorber

The present investigation deals with the dynamics of a two-degrees-of-freedom system which consists of a main linear oscillator and a strongly non-linear absorber with small mass. The non-linear oscillator has a softening hysteretic characteristic represented by a Bouc-Wen model. The periodic solutions of this system are studied and their calculation is performed through an averaging procedure. The study of non-linear modes and their stability shows, under specific conditions, the existence of localization which is responsible for a passive irreversible energy transfer from the linear oscillator to the non-linear one. The dissipative effect of the non-linearity appears to play an important role in the energy transfer phenomenon and some design criteria can be drawn regarding this parameter among others to optimize this energy transfer. The free transient response is investigated and it is shown that the energy transfer appears when the energy input is sufficient in accordance with the predictions from the non-linear modes. Finally, the steady-state forced response of the system is investigated. When the input of energy is sufficient, the resonant response (close to non-linear modes) experiences localization of the vibrations in the non-linear absorber and jump phenomena.     

Subharmonic steady vibrations of a non-linear damper with two degrees of freedom and viscous damping

The steady-state. $\text{1}\text{3}$ subharmonic vibrations of a dynamic damper (or vibration absorber) with two degrees of freedom, sinusoidal forcing function and internal viscous damping. are presented. The study of these oscillations leads to the determination of suitable “form functions” of the solutions, by following a methodology recently introduced by Nocilla for studying the harmonic vibrations of non-linear systems with one and two degrees of freedom. The proposed theory. which is valid even if the non-linearity is large, gives satisfactory results in all the cases in which the subharmonic component is predominant in the steady-state oscillation of the system.     

一种含放大机构的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化

在大多数情况下机械振动是有害的,它不仅产生噪声还会降低设备的工作精度和使用寿命.采用正刚度特性的吸振、隔振系统往往难以达到满意效果,这种情况在低频振动控制系统中尤其明显.放大机构与负刚度元件在振动控制领域均表现出良好性能,但是较少有对同时含有放大机构与负刚度装置的动力吸振系统的研究.以Voigt型动力吸振器为基础提出了一种将放大机构应用于含负刚度弹簧元件的动力吸振器模型,对该模型的最优参数进行了研究.首先建立了系统的运动微分方程并得到了其解析解,发现该系统存在两个固定点,利用固定点理论得到了动力吸振器的最优频率比.根据负刚度的特性,在保证系统稳定的前提下得到了最优负刚度比,并推导了系统的近似最优阻尼比.通过数值仿真验证了解析解的正确性.与多种动力吸振器在简谐激励与随机激励下进行了对比,说明了本文模型相比于已有的动力吸振器,能够大幅降低共振振幅、拓宽减振频带并且降低系统的谐振频率,为设计新型动力吸振器模型提供了理论依据.      

Usefulness of passive non-linear energy sinks in controlling galloping vibrations

The suppression of vibration amplitudes of an elastically-mounted square prism subjected to galloping oscillations by using a non-linear energy sink is investigated. The non-linear energy sink consists of a secondary system with linear damping and non-linear stiffness. A representative model that couples the transverse displacement of the square prism and the non-linear energy sink is constructed. A linear analysis is performed to determine the impacts of the non-linear energy sink parameters (mass, damping, and stiffness) on the coupled frequency and onset speed of galloping. It is demonstrated that increasing the damping of the non-linear energy sink can result in a significant increase in the onset speed of galloping. Then, the normal form of the Hopf bifurcation is derived to identify the type of instability and to determine the effects of the non-linear energy sink stiffness on the performance of the aeroelastic system near the bifurcation. The results show that the non-linear energy sink can be efficiently implemented to significantly reduce the galloping amplitude of the square prism. It is also shown that the multiple stable responses of the coupled aeroelastic system are obtained as well as the periodic responses, which are dependent on the considered non-linear energy sink parameters.     

Nonlinear equivalent model and its identification for a delayed absorber with magnetic action using distorted measurement

For an absorber with the magnetic action and the delayed feedback, the equivalent strongly nonlinear model of the magnet force is proposed. We develop an identification algorithm with correcting distorted output measurement to identify and estimate the relevant parameters of the equivalently nonlinear model and the time delay in the feedback loop. The detailed steps of the algorithm are given analytically. We configure an experimental device of a delayed electromechanical absorber with action of the nonlinear magnetic force. The new algorithm is employed to identify the relative parameters of the device, such as time delay, damping and nonlinear stiffness, based on data of the output measurement with distortion. The results show that it is reasonable that the magnet action may be equivalent to the cubic nonlinear force. One may also see that the new algorithm may treat the experimental distorting measurement and correct it as long as the measurement still keeps periodicity. As an important result, values of the identified parameters with the correcting distortion are closer to those of the original measurement than those without the no correcting distortion for some excitation frequencies. It means that the algorithm may correct the polluted measurement, so that the quality of the identification is greatly improved. The new algorithm may be useful for design of nonlinear electromechanical absorber with time-delayed feedback.     

Resonant response of a non-linear vibro-impact system to combined deterministic harmonic and random excitations

The resonant resonance response of a single-degree-of-freedom non-linear vibro-impact oscillator, with cubic non-linearity items, to combined deterministic harmonic and random excitations is investigated. The method of multiple scales is used to derive the equations of modulation of amplitude and phase. The effects of damping, detuning, and intensity of random excitations are analyzed by means of perturbation and stochastic averaging method. The theoretical analyses verified by numerical simulations show that when the intensity of the random excitation increases, the non-trivial steady-state solution may change from a limit cycle to a diffused limit cycle. Under certain conditions, impact system may have two steady-state responses. One is a non-impact response, and the other is either an impact one or a non-impact one.     

不同类型水平弹簧组合刚度非线性吸振器的性能分析及稳定性研究

动力吸振器作为一种振动控制单元被广泛运用于各种工程场合,但传统的线性吸振器只能实现窄带振动控制.文章在线性吸振器的基础上引入对称水平弹簧构建线性刚度与非线性刚度相结合的组合刚度非线性吸振器,以提升吸振器的吸振性能.考虑实际工程中可能的安装方式,分别建立水平弹簧接地安装和不接地安装的组合刚度非线性吸振器模型,利用谐波平衡法结合弧长延拓法解析求解动力学响应,并与数值结果相互验证,证明了求解结果的准确性.随后分析比较两种组合刚度非线性吸振器与线性吸振器以及非线性能量阱之间的吸振性能,发现水平弹簧接地安装类型的组合刚度非线性吸振器在保留线性吸振器优势的同时又改善其吸振频带窄的缺点,且与非线性能量阱相比在主共振频率附近的较宽频内吸振性能更优.在此基础上,讨论了水平弹簧参数以及吸振器阻尼对主结构振动幅频响应和稳定性的影响,最后观察分析主结构幅频响应曲线不稳定区内的复杂动力学行为.研究结果表明合适的设计参数能够使得主结构振动峰值较低的同时,频响曲线不稳定运动区域的范围也较小.