Enlargement of the omnidirectional reflectance gap in one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure containing double negative index material

In this paper, we investigate by theoretical analysis a way to enlarge the frequency range of band gap in one-dimensional heterostructure photonic crystal (PC) made of two PCs alternate stacked by conventional and double negative index material. The numerical results by scattering matrix method (SMM) show that, for the proposed PC with appropriate parameters, there is an omnidirectional photonic band gap (OBG), which is insensitive to incident angle and polarization. The thickness ratio of layers in the second PC is the inverse and identical of that in the first PC, respectively. Two PCs form the PC heterostructures. Moreover, we demonstrate the existence of OBG and notable enlargement of the frequency range of the OBG in proposed PC heterostructure. The reason is that the pass band of one of the two PCs falls into the forbidden band of another PC. Decreasing the thickness of layers but not changing the thickness ratio of layers in the second PC, the frequency range of OBG keeps invariant. However, with the increasing of thickness of layers, the frequency range of OBG gets narrow.     

Polarization-independent omnidirectional band gaps in heterostructures containing negative-index materials

We proposed a type of heterostructure by combining two photonic crystals (PCs) consisting of alternating negative-index materials and positive-index materials layers. It is demonstrated by transfer matrix method that the proposed structure has a polarization-independent omnidirectional band gap (OBG), which is independent of the incident angle for both TE and TM polarizations. Compared to a single PC, the frequency range of the OBG in a heterostructure can be notably enlarged. Such a structure has potential applications in improving planar microcavities, optical fibers, and Fabry-Pérot resonators, etc.     

Confinement in a planar waveguide with porous silicon omnidirectional mirrors as confining walls

We present the design and study of waveguide structures based on porous silicon where the light confinement is not due to the usual total reflection effect but to the use of photonic crystals (PCs) as confining walls. These PC are omnidirectional mirrors (OMs), consisting of the periodic repetition of two porous silicon layers with different refractive indices and thicknesses. They reflect the radiation for all angles of incidence within a frequency range called the omnidirectional band gap (OBG). We have followed the PC formalism to investigate the properties of the OM as a multimode waveguide: the number of modes within the band gap, their field spatial distribution and their confinement as a function of the frequency and the core thickness.     

Band rules for the frequency spectra of three kinds of aperiodic photonic crystals with negative refractive index materials

By means of the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation and transfer matrix method, this paper investigates the band rules for the frequency spectra of three kinds of one-dimensional (1D) aperiodic photonic crystals (PCs), generalized Fibonacci GF(p,1), GF(1,2), and Thue--Morse (TM) PCs, with negative refractive index (NRI) materials. It is found that all of these PCs can open a broad zero-? gap, TM PC possesses the largest zero-? gap, and with the increase of p, the width of the zero-? gap for GF(p,1) PC becomes smaller. This characteristic is caused by the symmetry of the system and the open position of the zero-? gap. It is found that for GF(p,1) PCs, the possible limit zero-? gaps open at lower frequencies with the increase of p, but for GF(1,2) and TM PCs, their limit zero-? gaps open at the same frequency. Additionally, for the three bottom-bands, we find the interesting perfect self-similarities of the evolution structures with the increase of generation, and obtain the corresponding subband-number formulae. Based on 11 types of evolving manners Q_i(i=1,2,....,11) one can plot out the detailed evolution structures of the three kinds of aperiodic PCs for any generation.     

Properties of omnidirectional photonic band gap in one-dimensional staggered plasma photonic crystals

In this paper, the properties of the omnidirectional photonic band gap (OBG) realized by one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) with a staggered structure which is composed of plasma and isotropic dielectric layer have been theoretically studied by the transfer matrix method (TMM). From the numerical results, it has been shown that such OBG is insensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave (EM wave), and the frequency range and central frequency of OBG can be effectively controlled by adjusting the plasma frequency, the average thickness of plasma layer, the average thickness of dielectric layer and staggered parameters, respectively. The frequency range of OBG can be notably enlarged with increasing the plasma frequency, average thickness of plasma layer, respectively. Moreover, the bandwidth of OBG can be narrowed with increasing the average thickness of dielectric layer. Changing staggered parameters of dielectric and plasma layer means that the OBG can be tuned. It is shown that 1D plasma dielectric photonic crystals (PPCs) with such staggered structure have a superior feature in the enhancement of frequency range of OBG compared with the conventional 1D binary PPCs. This kind of OBG has potential applications in filters, microcavities, and fibers, etc.     

Improvement of photovoltaic efficiency using 3D photonic-crystal enhanced light trapping and absorption

The potential of using three-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) for achieving highly absorptive photovoltaic devices is presented in this study. The diffractive effects of PCs, used as an intermediate layer in the optical collector, on the optical absorption of the photovoltaic structure are theoretically investigated . Different PC configurations implemented in the photovoltaic collectors are modeled, and their absorption enhancements are compared. Longer matter-radiation interaction time for the photovoltaic devices with a PC-based collector results in higher absorption enhancement when compared to the devices using a slab of equivalent volume without a PC structure. The results show that employing simple-cubic (SC) PCs of inverted opal structure facilitates a much stronger enhancement of the absorption efficiency in photovoltaic devices than using the other kinds of PCs. By coupling a SC PC to the intermediate layer of the collector, the enhancement factor across the spectral range (480–1127 nm) could be created by about 2, relative to an ordinary layer of equivalent volume.     

Phase diagram of solution of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes

We study a solution of long polyanions (PA) with shorter polycations (PC) and focus on the role of Coulomb interaction. A good example is solutions of DNA and PC which are widely studied for gene therapy. In the solution, each PA attracts many PCs to form a complex. When the ratio of total charges of PA and PC in the solution, x, equals to 1, complexes are neutral and they condense in a macroscopic drop. When x is far away from 1, complexes are strongly charged. The Coulomb repulsion is large and free complexes are stable. As x approaches to 1, PCs attached to PA disproportionate themselves in two competing ways. One way is inter-complex disproportionation, in which PCs make some complexes neutral and therefore condensed in a macroscopic drop while other complexes become even stronger charged and stay free. The other way is intra-complex disproportionation, in which PCs make one end of a complex neutral and condensed in a small droplet while the rest of the complex forms a strongly charged tail. Thus each complex becomes a “tadpole”. We get a phase diagram of PA–PC solution in a plane of x and the inverse screening radius of the monovalent salt, which includes phases with both kinds of disproportionation.     

Zero Refractive Index Properties of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals with Dirac Cones

The zero refractive index properties of two-dimensional photonic crystals(PCs) are studied theoretically. Three necessary conditions for PCs to mimic the zero index materials(ZIMs) are obtained. In addition, through a comparative study of the properties for two representative PC structures with different types of Dirac cones, we find that the PC with a Dirac-like cone which meets the three necessary conditions does not behave as a ZIM in some cases. Further analysis shows that its non-zero index properties originate from the flat dispersion band.These findings clarify the fundamental physical issue of which type of Dirac cone PC can mimic a real ZIM.     

Advances in photonic crystals with MEMS and with semiconductor quantum dots

We discuss photonic crystals (PCs) with a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as novel classes of PC devices. Integration of MEMS structures into PC devices enables one to realize several kinds of functional devices, such as modulators, switches, and tunable filters for highly integrated photonic circuits. We describe the basic concept of MEMS-integrated PC devices and show numerical and experimental demonstrations of MEMS-integrated functional PC devices. On the other hand, QDs are promising candidates for active media in PC devices. Spontaneous emission control of QD emission in PC nanocavities is especially important for novel optoelectronic devices and quantum information devices. In PC nanocavities, the interaction between QD excitons and photons is enhanced dramatically. The control of spontaneous emission spectrum and the enhancement of the luminescence intensity of InAs QDs by PC nanocavities are demonstrated at telecommunication wavelengths. The Purcell effect for ensemble and single QDs in PC nanocavities are also discussed.     

光子带隙结构调制下发光体中的能量传递过程

光子晶体因其具有光子局域和光子带隙这两大特征,而使得传统物理过程在光子晶体中有新的特点和变化,能量传递就是其中之一。分析了光子晶体中发光体的能量传递现象,并探索了其过程作用机制。采用了偶极-偶极共振相互作用模型,对理想一维光子晶体中带隙调制下的能量传递过程进行了研究,利用微扰法与色散关系的计算引入获得跃迁矩阵,并运用其对影响光子晶体中能量传递的因素和机制进行了相关讨论。     

Polarization- and direction-independent defect modes in a wide incident-angle range within Bragg gaps by photonic heterostructures containing negative-index materials

We propose a type of photonic heterostructure by combining dielectric one-dimensional (1D) defective photonic crystals (PCs) and magnetic 1D defective PCs. Both of the two PCs consist of alternating positive-index-material (PIM) layers with a negative-index-material (NIM) defect layer. It is demonstrated by transfer matrix method that there is a polarization- and direction-independent defect mode in a wide incident-angle range within Bragg gaps in the heterostructure. The field distributions prove that the dielectric 1D defective PC benefits to achieve the approximately omnidirectional defect mode for TE waves while the magnetic 1D defective PC benefits for TM waves. Such a structure is useful for designing polarization-independent and omnidirectional or large incident angle narrow-passband filters in optical devices.     

Dipole-dipole interactions of high-spin paramagnetic centers in disordered systems

Dipole-dipole interactions between distant paramagnetic centers (PCs) where at least one PC has spinS>1/2 are examined. The results provide a basis for the application of pulsed electron-electron double resonance method to the measurement of distances between PCs involving high-spin species. A projection operator technique based on spectral decomposition of the secular Hamiltonian is used to calculate electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) line splitting caused by the dipole coupling. This allows calculation of operators projecting an arbitrary wave function onto high-spin PC eigenstates when the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian are not known. The effective spin vectors — that is, the expectation values for vector spin operators in the PC eigenstates — are calculated. The dependence of these effective spin vectors on the external magnetic field is calculated. There is a qualitative difference between pairs having at least one integer spin (non-Kramers PC) and pairs of two half-integer (Kramers PC) spins. With the help of these effective spin vectors, the dipolar line shape of EPR lines is calculated. Analytical relations are obtained for PCs with spinS=1/2 and 1. The dependence of Pake patterns on variations of zero-field splitting, Zeeman energy, temperature and dipolar coupling are illustrated.     

SE-HPLC/ICP-MS/ESI-MS联用技术用于富镉植物中镉的形态研究

用不同形态的镉培养液(氯化镉、硝酸镉、镉-EDTA、草酸镉和柠檬酸镉)对不同种类的蕨类植物(狗脊、舌厥、石松、瓦韦和石韦)进行培养。研究发现,镉在植物体不同部位的富集量是有差异的(富集量：根>茎>叶);对SEC-HPLC截取出的植物鳌合肽(PCs)研究表明,不同形态的镉能不同程度的诱发植物体中PCs的合成,从而PCs与Cd配位,降低镉的毒性,发现的配体主要为PC₃,iso-PC₃(βAla)和iso-PC₂(βAla)。文章还研究了不同形态镉胁迫下的蕨类植物各部位中镉的分布情况,并且对植物体中经镉诱导形成的PCs-Cd配合物的形态进行研究,进而对其解毒机理进行探讨。     

Optical excitation of optically inactive photonic band modes

At the point Γ of the Brillouin zone of photonic crystals (PCs), there are many photonic band (PB) states that do not couple to the incoming plane wave beams. This paper investigates how to excite these optically inactive PB (OIPB) modes in slab PCs by using optical means. Three methods are proposed, using a prism, traveling charges and focused laser pulses, each making use of evanescent light to excite OIPBs. It is concluded that to accumulate photons in an OIPB, sequential passing of bunched charges or intermittent irradiation of focused laser pulses is effective. The effect of the lateral size of the practical PC slabs is also discussed and it is found that the conclusions for an ideal system of infinite size still work if the lateral size is order of magnitudes larger than the PC lattice constant.     

异质三周期光子晶体的光子带隙特性

利用传输矩阵法研究了由TiO₂和SiO₂两种材料构成的异质三周期一维光子晶体的传光特性,发现该结构能在波长为200~ 2 000 nm的范围内形成7处比较明显的光子带隙,并且波长越大,带隙的宽度越大。重点研究了这种结构的光子晶体的透射谱线与入射角度、介质层数及介质层厚度的关系,发现该结构形成的光子带隙的大小和位置对介质层的循环周期数不敏感,但对入射角度和介质层的厚度很敏感。     

基于主成分分析和支持向量机的太赫兹光谱冰片鉴别

利用主成分分析方法结合支持向量机建立了太赫兹时域光谱冰片种类鉴别模型。冰片是一些常用中成药的重要成分,由于其来源多、真假易混淆,在制药和交易环节,迫切需要快速、简便、准确的检测、鉴别方法。太赫兹时域光谱技术是利用太赫兹脉冲表征物质性质的一种新兴光谱技术。实验使用透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统分别获得了艾片、合成冰片和梅片三种冰片在0.2～2 THz之间的吸收谱线。通过主成分分析,做出了第一、第二主成分二维得分图以及第一、二、三主成分三维得分图,两者对三种不同种类冰片都具有很好的聚类效果。用前十个主成分的得分值矩阵代替原光谱数据,通过对三种冰片的60组样本训练,对未知的60组样本鉴别,建立了四种不同核函数的支持向量机模型。对比结果表明,径向基核函数构建的支持向量机对三种冰片的分类鉴别准确率均为100%,由此我们确定选择具有径向基核函数的支持向量机建立冰片种类的鉴别模型。此外,在含噪情况下,四种核函数SVM获得的总分类准确率都在85%以上,说明支持向量机具有很强的泛化能力。主成分分析结合支持向量机方法对冰片太赫兹光谱具有很好的分类和鉴别效果,为冰片等中成药剂的种类鉴别提供了一种新思路。     

Study on the anisotropic photonic band gaps in three-dimensional tunable photonic crystals containing the epsilon-negative materials and uniaxial materials

In this paper, the properties of anisotropic photonic band gaps (PBGs) for three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PCs) composed of the anisotropic positive-index materials (the uniaxial materials) and the epsilon-negative (ENG) materials with body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattices are theoretically studied by a modified plane wave expansion (PWE) method, which are the uniaxial materials spheres inserted in the epsilon-negative materials background. The anisotropic photonic band gaps (PBGs) and one flatbands region can be achieved in first irreducible Brillouin zone. The influences of the ordinary-refractive index, extraordinary-refractive index, filling factor, the electronic plasma frequency, the dielectric constant of ENG materials and the damping factor on the properties of anisotropic PBGs for such 3D PCs are studied in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. The numerical results show that the anisotropy can open partial band gaps in such 3D PCs with bcc lattices composed of the ENG materials and uniaxial materials, and the complete PBGs can be obtained compared to the conventional 3D PCs containing the isotropic materials. The calculated results also show that the anisotropic PBGs can be manipulated by the parameters as mentioned above except for the damping factor. Introducing the uniaxial materials into 3D PCs containing the ENG materials can obtain the larger complete PBGs as such 3D PCs with high symmetry, and also provides a way to design the tunable devices.     

基于连续投影算法的光谱主成分组合优化方法研究

应用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)选择由主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)得到主成分的最佳组合。首先对奶粉的短波近红外光谱进行PCA分析, 然后通过SPA得到的脂肪和蛋白质含量预测最佳主成分组合分别为主成分1,2,4,5,6和7以及主成分1,2,3,4,5和8。通过最小二乘支持向量机(Least-squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)对奶粉中脂肪和蛋白质含量进行预测, SPA选择得到的主成分组合均优于分别采用前4个到前8个主成分。 基于SPA得到的主成分组合得到脂肪含量预测结果的确定系数(R2p),预测误差均方根(root mean square error for prediction, RMSEP)和剩余预测偏差(residual predictive deviation, RPD)分别为0.989 0,0.170 3和9.534 3。而蛋白质含量预测结果的R2p,RMSEP和RPD分别为0.987 6,0.134 8和8.927 4。说明SPA能够用于快速有效选取最佳的主成分数, 寻优过程简单快速,并且不用对大量参数进行调试。     

Enlargement of the omnidirectional photonic band gap by one-dimensional plasma-dielectric photonic crystals with fractal structure

In this paper, an omnidirectional photonic band gap (OBG) which originates from Bragg gap compared to $\text{ zero- }\overline{n}$ zero- n ¯ gap or single negative (negative permittivity or negative permeability) gap, realized by one-dimensional plasma-dielectric photonic crystals with fractal structure (Thue–Mores aperiodic structure), which is composed of plasma and one kind of homogeneous, isotropic dielectric is theoretically studied by the transfer matrix method in detail. Such OBG is insensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave. From the numerical results, the bandwidth and central frequency of OBG can be notably enlarged by tuning the thickness of plasma and dielectric layers but cease to change with increasing the Thue–Mores order. The OBG also can be manipulated by the plasma density. Moreover, the plasma collision frequency has no effect on the bandwidth of OBG.     

High-Efficiency Bistable Switching Based on One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals with Single-Negative Materials

We study theoretically the nonlinear responses of one-dimensional photonic crystals （PCs） composed of alternating two kinds of single-negative （permittivity-negative and permeability-negative） materials embedded with a Kerrtype nonlinear defect layer. In conventional PCs, it is difficult to realize a bistable switching with both low threshold and quick response time. However, in PCs with single-negative materials, by changing the ratio of the thicknesses of the two types of layers, with the decreasing size of the structure, the switching response time is shortened and the threshold intensity decreases simultaneously.