遗传算法反演气溶胶粒径分布计算模拟研究

采用计算模拟的方式研究了遗传算法和线性回归法反演气溶胶粒径分布的准确性。发现遗传算法能在一定程度上降低Mie矩阵向量间多重共线性给反演带来的误差, 其模拟结果优于普通线性回归法。     

脉冲激光沉积纳米硅晶粒流体模型的推广

Yoshida等人提出的惯性流体模型只能解释脉冲激光烧蚀制备纳米硅晶粒平均尺寸随环境气压的变化规律.在此模型基础上,考虑到烧蚀粒子的初始速度分布(Maxwell分布),得到了纳米硅晶粒尺寸分布的解析表达式,数值模拟结果与Yoshida等人在不同环境氦气压下制备样品的晶粒尺寸分布的实验统计数据基本相符.还利用修正后的模型对不同环境气体种类(氦、氖、氩)中制备的纳米Si晶粒尺寸分布进行了模拟,模拟结果与实验数据相符.结论可为实现纳米硅晶粒尺寸的均匀可控提供理论依据. 关键词： 纳米硅晶粒 脉冲激光烧蚀 惯性流体模型 尺寸分布     

Selecting appropriate wavelengths to improve the precision of retrieving the aerosol size-distribution

A wavelength-selecting method to improve the precision of retrieving the aerosol size-distribution is presented. The optimal wavelength set selected by using this method can decrease the degree of ill-condition of the Mie matrix effectively, indicating that the optical depth set of the optimal wavelength set is more unjammable than the optical depth sets of other wavelength sets. By using the computer simulation and the actual measurements of the size-distribution of Al₂O₃ particles in water, the wavelength-selecting method is proved to be validity to some extent.     

Theoretical prediction of absorbance spectra considering the particle size distribution using Mie theory and their comparison with the experimental UV–Vis spectra of synthesized nanoparticles

Under the frame work of Mie theory, a method has been developed to calculate the absorbance spectra of nanoparticles suspension containing a size distribution. The silver nanoparticles of two different sizes were first synthesized using a chemical reduction method and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. A model size-distribution were proposed and fitted to the experimental absorbance spectra using the described method. Better semiqualitative fitting to the experimental spectra were obtained by our proposed model in comparison to those obtained by single particle model.     

基于最优估计理论、联合星载主被动传感器资料的液态云微物理特性反演研究

针对液态云微物理特性精确反演的迫切需求, 综合主被动传感器的探测优势, 联合CloudSat雷达反射率和Aqua光学厚度资料, 提出基于最优估计理论的液态云微物理参数反演算法.通过假设粒子谱服从对数正态分布, 基于前向物理模式建立测量变量与反演变量的函数关系, 借助谱分布参数的先验信息、通过算法迭代得到谱参数的最优解, 进而利用前向物理模式反演液态云微物理参数, 并根据误差传递理论计算反演不确定度.通过设计反演方案, 基于实测个例数据并与CloudSat官方发布产品和经验算法反演结果对比验证.结果表明: 基于最优估计理论、联合主被动传感器资料的液态云微物理参数反演结果与官方发布产品一致性较好, 弥补了经验算法误差大、扩展性差的不足, 对于开展国内星载和机载W波段毫米波雷达液态云微物理参数反演研究具有重要的借鉴意义. 关键词： CloudSat Aqua 液态云 最优估计理论     

ACOUSTIC INVERSE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE SIZE-DISTRIBUTION OF THE DROPS AND THE MOISTURE CONTENT IN WATER (CLOUD) FOG

The acoustic-energy loss was measured when the sound wave propagated through a layer of water fog. By the application of the sound attenuation theory in granular media and by means of the acoustic inverse (optimization) method, the size-distribution of the drops and the moisture content in the water fog were measured. It is demonstrated that the sizes of the water drops obey the normal distribution approximately. Comparison of the size-distribution results between data obtained by the inverse measurements and those obtained by the optic-microscopic-size methods shows good agreement with each other. The results of the moisture content and the thickness of the fog layers obtained by this method are also consistent with the results measured by other methods (for example, the water-content weight and the direct measurement of layer's thickness by a scale, etc.) reasonably.     

AIRS红外高光谱卫星数据反演卷云光学厚度和云顶高度

基于大气红外探测器L1B红外高光谱辐射观测资料,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)云产品数据,利用通用大气辐射传输模式(combined atmospheric radiative transfer model,CART),根据模式模拟和AIRS实际观测亮温的亮温差,研究从AIRS红外波段1 070～1 135 cm-1高光谱数据反演卷云的光学厚度和云顶高度。将反演的卷云光学厚度与云顶高度作为输入参数模拟计算650～1 150 cm-1波段卷云大气顶的辐射亮温谱,并将模拟值与AIRS观测亮温谱进行了对比分析。将反演的卷云光学厚度和云顶高度和AIRS的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温以及MODIS卷云反射率进行了对比分析。最后将反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS云顶高度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：反演所使用的650～1 150 cm-1波段模式模拟和观测亮温谱吻合得很好,说明CART可以较好的模拟AIRS亮温谱。反演的卷云参数与AIRS在大气窗口区的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温的分布满足低亮温对应较大的卷云光学厚度和高云顶高度。反演的卷云参数和MODIS卷云的反射率分布满足高卷云光学厚度和云顶高度对应高卷云反射率。反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS的卷云云顶高度之间线性相关系数相对较高,且都在8.5～11.5 km的概率较高,两者的概率分布趋势一致。说明CART可以用于反演卷云的性质,反演结果具有一定的可靠性。     

Bimodal size-distribution function in a nanoparticle ensemble formed during the laser irradiation of the surfaces of solids

A defect-deformational (DD) model of the formation of a nanoparticle ensemble on the surface of solids under multipulse laser ablation is developed. The DD theory of bimodal nanoparticle size distribution is developed, which expresses size distribution via the bimodal growth rate of DD surface gratings generated by laser irradiation. The obtained size-distribution function corresponds to the experimental data.     

GPS/LEO无线电掩星开环反演技术

在低对流层,传统的闭环模式容易造成较大的信号追踪误差. 开环模式通过内部或外部方式消除导航资料调制(navigation data modulation, NDM)对大气反演的影响,能够准确地恢复信号的相位. 内部和外部方式的区别是,前者通过信号相邻采样的内在联系移除NDM, 后者利用卫星导航位元数据进行处理. 通过内部和外部两种方式处理COSMIC (constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate)掩星数据,利用全谱反演方法获得弯曲角,通过Abel积分变换计算折射率. COSMIC掩星个案分析表明,在低对流层,内部方式可能会导致信号的半周跳现象, 从而造成反演的折射率出现误差. 分别用上述两种方式对2007年第71天至73天共约3130个COSMIC掩星开环数据进行处理. 将折射率反演结果与ECMWF(european centre for medium-range weather forecasts)分析场资料进行统计比较,结果显示:外部处理方式的探测深度比内部方式低100 —200 m. 在热带的3 km以下,内部方式具有比外部方式稍大的折射率负偏差. 因此,外部方式能够得到比内部方式略优的反演结果.     

Mean values and fluctuations in the fragmentation of mesoscopic systems using an exactly solvable model with strict particle conservation and quantum symmetry

A detailed discussion of self-similarities in fragment-size distributions and fluctuations is presented using an exactly solvable model of fragmentation (the “chain model”). The effects of particle-number conservation and quantum symmetry can rigorously be considered in systems ranging from microscopic to macroscopic. Due to the analyticity of the model the various scalings can be studied free of any statistical noise. Using a tuning parameter we can generate self-similar distributions with realistic power-laws and/or fluctuations which show intermittency. Finite-size effects neither destroy nor cause intermittency. The relation of self-similarity in both the averages and the fluctuations can be studied analytically. It is found that they are unlinked - there are cases where the size-distribution is a power-law with realistic exponents τ between ?2 and ?3 but no intermittency. Two cases will even be shown which have indistinguishable fragment distributions but very different factorial moments. We also discuss the interpretation of both the size and slope of the factorial moments in terms of multiplicity and bin mixing. We show that while either is sufficient to produce large moments, one must have bin mixing to produce large slopes. The two types of mixing are necessarily linked in constrained systems such as described by our model.     

遥感数据误差对地表参数定量反演可靠性的影响——以太湖叶绿素a反演为例

地表参数的遥感反演误差的大小由遥感数据误差和反演模型误差共同构成,数据误差不是简单地“加减”到反演误差中,而是经过反演模型改造后融入到反演误差中。因此,在地表参数定量反演过程中,用回归系数最大或均方根误差最佳代价函数来描述地表参数与遥感反射光谱之间的关系将不太可靠。从理论上指出了最高回归系数或最小均方根误差评价方法失效的根源在于反演模型的形式,以2003年10月27日太湖实测数据为例进行了论证。研究表明,虽然TM2/TM3算法比TM2/TM1算法的回归系数高,但其对数据误差的放大效果是TM2/TM算法的2.28倍,这导致了反演结果的均方根误差比TM2/TM1算法大了7.938 5 μg·L-1;另外从定量反演结果来看,基于TM2/TM3算法和基于TM2/TM1算法的反演结果完全相反,与以往研究成果对比可知,基于TM2/TM1算法的反演结果更符合实际。因此,数据误差应该作为一个约束条件,加入到代价函数的求解过程中,才能增加反演结果的可靠性。     

The influence of ligands on the preparation and optical properties of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots

In a systematic investigation has been found that ligands play an important role in both the water-phase preparation and optical properties of CdTe quantum dots. Experiments were performed using three typical thioalkyl acids as ligands, namely mercaptoacetic acid (MAA), l-cysteine (Cys) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The growth rate and size-distribution of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are shown to depend on the type of ligands. A proper choice of ligand enables to make lager nanocrystals with narrower size-distribution. The effects of pH (buffer solution), illumination, heating and cations on the spectroscopic properties of CdTe QDs for the three ligands are reported. In addition, three same-size CdTe QDs were individually characterized by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescent detection, which proved their monodisperse size-distribution and different electric charge distribution on the surface for each of the three different type of QDs.     

Interference of multimode photon echoes generated in spatially separated solid-state atomic ensembles

High-visibility interference of photon echoes generated in spatially separated solid-state atomic ensembles is demonstrated. The solid-state ensembles were LiNbO(3) waveguides doped with erbium ions absorbing at 1.53 microm. Bright coherent states of light in several temporal modes (up to 3) are stored and retrieved from the optical memories using two-pulse photon echoes. The stored and retrieved optical pulses, when combined at a beam splitter, show almost perfect interference, which demonstrates both phase preserving storage and indistinguishability of photon echoes from separate optical memories. By measuring interference fringes for different storage times, we also show explicitly that the visibility is not limited by atomic decoherence. These results are relevant for novel quantum-repeater architectures with photon-echo based multimode quantum memories.     

基于光谱分类的总悬浮物浓度估算

总悬浮物浓度是水质评价的重要参数之一,传统的遥感反演估算模型忽视了光学性质多变、复杂的二类水体的差异性。本研究基于太湖、巢湖的星地同步实验,针对环境1号卫星多光谱数据,设立了水体光学分类方法,将研究水体分为二种类型,进而建立了适用于不同类型水体总悬浮物浓度的反演估算模型。得出以下结论：(1)基于光谱分类的方法可以提高总悬浮物浓度的反演估算精度;(2)对于类型一和类型二水体,分别使用指数模型和线性模型可以较好地反映总悬浮物浓度与反演估算因子之间的关系。     

基于可见光-近红外光谱的煤岩识别方法实验研究

以淮南矿区谢桥矿和潘二矿的煤和岩石样本为研究对象,通过地物光谱仪采集样本反射率光谱曲线,同时检测样本氧化物含量、水分、灰分及挥发分含量,将样本的反射率光谱曲线和样本成分含量分别作为自变量,样本类别“煤”和“岩石”两种矿物类型作为因变量,建立煤和岩石识别模型对煤和岩石进行二分类。该研究主要采用三种模型,分别为主成分分析结合支持向量机(PCA-SVM)、主成分分析结合BP神经网络(PCA-BP)模型和核主成分分析结合支持向量机(KPCA-SVM)模型。结果表明,基于可见光近红外光谱的三个模型中,核主成分分析结合支持向量机模型的识别精度最高,建模平均精度为95.5%,验证平均精度约为90.56%;基于样本成分的三个模型中,核主成分分析结合支持向量机模型的识别精度最高,建模平均精度为98.5%,验证平均精度约为95%。     

Influence of particle orientation on retrieving cirrus cloud properties by use of total and polarized reflectances from satellite measurements

The influence of ice crystal orientation was investigated on retrieving cirrus optical thickness (τ) and aspect ratio of ice crystals (Q) from satellite measurements using the total and polarized reflectances at a wavelength of . We considered columnar and plate like hexagonal ice crystals whose long axes are randomly oriented in the horizontal plane (2D model) with some amplitude of oscillation expressed by a Gaussian distribution function with the standard deviation of σ.The retrieved τ and Q values significantly depend on the assumption of σ, in particular for the plate type. Furthermore, the relationship between σ and the retrieved values depends on the solar, satellite, and target geometries. In our case study, for one target area, τ value retrieved using the 2D model with σ=5° was approximately twice larger than that using the 2D model with σ=20°, while the retrieved Q value was not significantly influenced by σ. For another target area, the τ(Q) retrieved using the 2D model with σ=5° was about 1.5 (1.8) times larger than that retrieved using the 2D model with σ=20°.     

High-resolution cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of blended H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O transitions

We probed four closely spaced rovibrational water vapor absorption transitions near =7100 cm^-1 using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Room-temperature spectra were acquired for pure water vapor in the Doppler limit and for mixtures containing ≈6.6 μmol mol^-1 of water vapor in N₂ at total gas pressures ranging from 6.5 kPa to 53 kPa. By measuring Lamb dips for each transition, we demonstrated a resolution of 50 kHz and determined relative transition frequencies with an uncertainty <0.4 MHz over a 10 GHz range. Pressure-induced broadening, collisional narrowing coefficients of the component transitions and line areas were retrieved by fits of model line shapes to the measured spectra. Standard and advanced models were considered including those which incorporated the combined effects of collisional narrowing and speed-dependent line broadening and line shifting. By measuring water vapor concentration with a transfer standard hygrometer, we determined line intensities in terms of measured line areas with a combined relative uncertainty of 0.6%. PACS 33.20.-t; 33.70.Jg; 33.70.Fd; 42.62.Fi     

Micro‐beam Laue alignment of multi‐reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging measurements

Multi‐reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging has the potential to allow three‐dimensional (3D) resolved measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro‐crystals. Until now such measurements were hampered by the need for laborious, time‐intensive alignment procedures. Here a different approach is demonstrated, using micro‐beam Laue X‐ray diffraction to first determine the lattice orientation of the micro‐crystal. This information is then used to rapidly align coherent diffraction measurements of three or more reflections from the crystal. Based on these, 3D strain and stress fields in the crystal are successfully determined. This approach is demonstrated on a focused ion beam milled micro‐crystal from which six reflections could be measured. Since information from more than three independent reflections is available, the reliability of the phases retrieved from the coherent diffraction data can be assessed. Our results show that rapid, reliable 3D coherent diffraction measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro‐crystals are now feasible and can be successfully carried out even in heavily distorted samples.     

基于光子计数的合作目标“量子”成像

在实验上研究了赝热光照明下, 基于光子计数模式的合作目标“量子”成像, 并给出理论模型和解释. 研究表明, 利用光子计数的单光子探测器代替以往光强度线性探测器作为桶探测器在“量子”成像中同样适用. 实验发现, 合 作目标的反射信号可穿透弱散射介质实现成像, 该技术在减小光学成像透镜孔径方面具有潜在的应用价值. 对比了基于强度关联成像和压缩感知算法的“量子”成像结果, 并得出实用性结论. 本文的方案为“量子”成像的实际应用提供了新方法.     

椭圆截面非球形颗粒群的多重光散射

尽管非球形下一些特殊形状颗粒的单散射已被得到,球形多颗粒系（颗粒群）的多重散射也被研究,但至今仍未得到非球形颗粒群的多重散射.文中建立了一类椭圆截面非球形颗粒模型,求得其散射相位函数,借助于辐射传播方程,考虑形状及大小分布,得到了该类颗粒群的多重光散射.在两种特例情况下的结果能与已有的结果符合较好,说明了方法的可靠性.计算分析表明：非球形颗粒群的多重散射光强角分布要比球形颗粒平坦.椭圆截面颗粒的粒度或形状参数越大,多重散射光越集中于小的散射角;粒度分布或形状分布越宽,多重散射光强的角分布越平坦.随着光学厚 关键词： 多重光散射 颗粒 非球形 椭圆截面