溶胶凝胶法合成富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2及性能表征

以LiOH.H2O、Mn(CH3COO)2.4H2O和Ni(CH3COO)2.4H2O为原料,分别用柠檬酸(CA)与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为配位剂,采用溶胶凝胶法结合固相烧结法制备富锂固溶体正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光粒度仪对所得样品的结构、形貌、粒径分布进行了表征,并测试了材料的电化学性能。采用CA配位制备的材料的电化学性能优于用EDTA配位制备的材料的电化学性能,室温下以18 mA.g-1的电流密度,在2.0~4.8 V电压范围内充放电,用CA制备的材料首次充电比容量高达324 mAh.g-1,首次库伦效率达82%;在180 mA.g-1的电流下,其可逆比容量保持在120 mAh.g-1。     

改性Pechini方法合成富锂正极材料Li[Li(1/3－x/3)CoxMn(2/3－2x/3)]O2及性能研究

通过改性Pechini方法合成不同Co含量的富锂正极材料Li[Li_(1/3－x/3)Co_xMn_(2/3－x/3)]O₂ (x＝0.4, 0.5, 0.6). XRD研究结果表明, 不同Co含量的富锂正极材料均具有良好的层状结构, 结晶度高. 电化学测试结果表明材料的初始容量随Co含量的增加而增加, 在200～220 mAh/g之间. 其中x＝0.4材料的循环性能最佳, 在0.5 C (100 mA/g)时, 循环50次后的容量保持率为75%. 容量微分曲线研究结果表明在3.5 V以下出现了Mn^4＋/Mn^3＋的还原峰, 并随循环次数的增加峰面积加大. 循环过程的XRD研究表明, 随着充放电次数的增加, 富锂正极材料的层状结构逐渐向尖晶石相转变, 且有杂质相MO_x (M＝Co, Mn)生成, 导致容量衰减.     

YF3包覆Li(Li0.22Ni0.17Mn0.61)O2正极材料的性能

富锂层状氧化物作为锂离子电池正极材料具有高比容量优势.采用草酸盐共沉淀法制备Li(Li0.22Ni0.17Mn0.61)O2,并用YF3包覆电极.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱分析(EDS)表征材料结构、观察材料形貌.结果表明,材料颗粒尺寸在100～200 nm范围,YF3包覆不会改变材料结构和形貌.电化学恒流充放电测试表明,YF3包覆Li(Li0.22Ni0.17Mn0.61)O2电极的比容量,尤其倍率比容量明显提高.60 mA·g-1电流密度下包覆电极材料30周循环后其比容量保持在220 mAh·g-1以上,1500 mA·g-1电流密度下其比容量仍可达150 mAh·g-1.电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明,YF3包覆电极电荷转移电阻和扩散阻抗均明显降低,有利于电化学性能改善.     

锂离子电池富锂过渡金属氧化物xLi_2MnO_3·(1-x)LiMO_2(M=Ni,Co或Mn)正极材料

作为下一代高比能锂离子电池正极材料的有力竞争者,富锂过渡金属氧化物xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2(M=Ni,Co或Mn)相对于传统的锂离子电池正极材料而言,具有比容量高的显著优势(可超过300mAh/g),因此近年来得到了广泛关注。本文对富锂过渡金属氧化物xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2(M=Ni,Co或Mn)近几年的研究进展进行了总结,对该类材料的晶体结构特征以及首次充放电机理、不同合成方法的发展以及电化学性能的改善进行了评述,并对这类材料今后的发展方向提出了思考。     

锌掺杂提高LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的电化学稳定性

通过共沉淀法与固相法相结合制备了掺锌的高稳定性Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1-xZnxO2(x=0,0.02,0.05)正极材料.循环伏安(CV)曲线表明Zn掺杂使氧化峰与还原峰的电势差减小到0.09 V,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)曲线表明Zn掺杂使电极的阻抗从266Ω减小到102Ω. Li+嵌入扩散系数从1.20×10-11 cm2·s-1增大到2.54×10-11 cm2· s-1. Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.98Zn0.02O2正极材料以0.3C充放电在较高的截止电压(4.6 V)下比其他两种材料的电化学循环性能更稳定,其第二周的放电比容量为176.2 mAh·g-1,室温下循环100周后容量几乎没衰减;高温(55°C)下充放电循环100周,其放电比容量平均每周仅衰减0.20%,远小于其他两种正极材料(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2平均每周衰减0.54%;Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.95Zn0.05O2平均每周衰减0.38%). Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.98Zn0.02O2正极材料以3C充放电时其放电比容量可达142 mAh·g-1,高于其他两种正极材料.电化学稳定性的提高归因于Zn掺杂后减小了电极的极化和阻抗,增大了锂离子扩散系数     

锂离子正极材料Li(Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3))_(1-x)Al_xO_2的制备及电化学性能

以化学法合成Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1-xAlxO2系列正极材料(0≤x≤0.1);用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和充放电仪研究系列产物的晶体微观结构、表面形貌以及电化学性能,研究不同Al含量参杂对材料性能的影响。结果表明,合成的材料均属于六方晶系,R3m空间群,保持α-NaFeO2层状结构相;Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.95Al0.05O2的首次放电容量166.30 mA·h/g,在2.5~4.5 V区间60次循环后比容量衰竭率为4.43%。通过对比Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.95Al0.05O2和Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2的电极阻抗,分析它们的电化学循环机理,可知掺杂Al后的正极材料适合大倍率放电。     

锂离子电池用富锂层状正极材料

正极材料与负极材料是锂离子电池重要组成部分。目前锂离子电池负极材料比容量通常在300mAh/g以上,而正极材料比容量始终徘徊在150mAh/g。正极材料正在成为锂离子电池性能进一步提升的瓶颈。富锂层状正极材料是一类新型正极材料,其可逆容量在200mAh/g以上,其高容量特性引起人们的广泛关注。这类材料可以用xLi₂MO₃·(1-x)LiM'O₂ (M 为Mn, Ti, Zr之一或任意组合; M'为Mn, Ni, Co之一或任意组合; 0≤x≤1)形式表示。由于其组成与结构的特殊性,这类富锂层状正极材料的充放电机理也不同于其它含锂过渡金属氧化物正极材料。本文介绍富锂层状正极材料的合成、结构与充放电机理,重点介绍近年来通过改性提高其电化学性能方面的研究进展,指出目前富锂材料研究中存在的问题,探讨未来的研究重点。     

富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.4]O2的表面包覆改性

用共沉淀法合成了富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.4]O2,并对其表面进行Al2O3包覆。采用XRD、SEM和电化学测试等方法对样品进行表征。结果表明,与Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.4]O2相比,包覆改性后的Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.4]O2具有较好的电化学性能,其初始放电容量未明显降低,而循环寿命大大提高,4.0%Al2O3包覆处理的富锂正极材料经50次充放电循环后,容量衰减量在9%左右。     

锂离子电池正极材料xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2的制备及表征

以过渡金属乙酸盐和乙酸锂为原料,柠檬酸为螯合剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法结合高温煅烧法制备了锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2,采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学性能测试对所得样品的结构,形貌及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:x=0.5时,在900°C下煅烧12h得到颗粒均匀细小的层状xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2材料,并具有良好的电化学性能,在室温下以20mA·g-1的电流密度充放电,2.0-4.8V电位范围内首次放电比容量高达260.0mAh·g-1,循环40次后放电比容量为244.7mAh·g-1,容量保持率为94.12%.     

锂离子电池正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2的酸浸改性研究

为提高锂离子电池正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2的首次充放电效率,对固相法合成的该材料进行了酸浸的改性研究。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所得样品的结构、形貌进行了表征。结果表明,Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2经过酸处理后,首次放电效率得到了较大的提高,但是放电中值电压明显下降。其中,0.5 mol.L-1的硝酸浸泡5 h的效果最佳,首次放电效率达到了86.7%,同时放电容量达到最大值的循环次数大大减少。酸浸改性的原因被归结于材料表面出现了富锂尖晶石结构Li4Mn5O12相。     

Local electronic structure of layered Li(x)Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 and Li(x)Ni(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O2

Samples of Li(x)Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 and Li(x)Ni(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O2 were prepared as active materials in electrochemical half-cells and were cycled electrochemically to obtain different values of Li concentration, x. Absorption edges of Ni, Mn, Co, and O in these materials of differing x were measured by electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope to determine the changes in local electronic structure caused by delithiation. The work was supported by electronic structure calculations with the VASP pseudopotential package, the full-potential linear augmented plane wave code WIEN2K, and atomic multiplet calculations that took account of the electronic effects from local octahedral symmetry. A valence change from Ni2+ to Ni4+ with delithiation would have caused a 3 eV shift in energy of the intense white line at the Ni L3 edge, but the measured shift was less than 1.2 eV. The intensities of the "white lines" at the Ni L-edges did not change enough to account for a substantial change of Ni valence. No changes were detectable at the Mn and Co L-edges after delithiation either. Both EELS and the computational efforts showed that most of the charge compensation for Li+ takes place at hybridized O 2p states, not at Ni atoms.     

O2结构Liy[Mn1—xMx]O2（M＝Cr，Mg）的合成及结构研究

由高温焙烧法制备层状前驱体Na_(2/3)[Mn_(1-x)M_x]O_2（M＝Cr, Mg），再 经离子交换反应得到层状O2结构产物Li_y-[Mn_(1-x)M_x]。XRD表明Li_y[Mn_(1-x) M_x]O_2属六方晶系，P3ml空间群。Cr的添加量对前驱体的晶体结构有很大影响： 随着x值的增大，前驱体逐渐由层状P2结构Na_(2/3)[Mn_(1-x)Cr_x]O_2向正交结构 Na_4Mn_90_(18)转变。由SEM可以看到样品Li_y[Mn_(1-x)Cr_x]-O_2(x≤0.05)具有 六方层状结构。XPS分析结果表明样品Li_y[Mn_(0.95)Cr_(0.05)]O_2表面上的Mn和 Cr分别以Mn~(4+)存在，并且表面中Cr相对含量高于体相，而样品Li_y[Mn_(0.90) Mg_(0.10)]O_2的表面Mn和Mg分别以Mn~(4+)和Mg~(2+)存在，Mg/Mn比在表面与体相 基要一致。     

Understanding the roles of Ti on the structure and electrochemical performances of Li_2Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_3 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

The lattice doping has been widely used to improve the electrochemical performances of Li-rich cathode materials but the roles of the introduced foreign atoms are still not very clear.Herein,a series of Li_2Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_3 solid solutions have been synthesized and the roles of Ti doping on the structural and electrochemical properties of Li_2RuO_3 have been comprehensively investigated.The Rietveld refinement exhibits that the interlayer spacing gradually shortens with increasing Ti content.This shrinkage is favorable to the layered structure stability but increases the lithium diffusion barrier.Galvanostatic measurements show that Li_2Ru_(0.8)Ti_(0.2)O_3 possesses the best cyclability with 196.9 and 196.1 m Ah g~(-1)for charge and discharge capacity retaining after 90 cycles,respectively.Cyclic voltammetry scanning indicates that Ti dopant promotes the formation of more peroxo-or superoxo-like species but reduces the initial coulumbic efficiency.Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy display that Ti doping reduces the charge transfer impedance,which facilitates the lithium-ion diffusion across the electrolyteelectrode interface and improves the electronic conductivity.Li_2Ru_(0.8)Ti_(0.2)O_3exhibits the best electrochemical performance owing to the balance among all the factors discussed above.This study also offers some new insights into optimizing the electrochemical performances of Li-rich cathode materials through the lattice doping.     

A1掺杂量对正极材料LiNi_(1/3)Co_(2/3-x)A1_xO_2结构和电化学性能的影响

以共沉淀法合成的前驱体Ni_(1/3)Co_(2/3-x)Al_x(OH)_2与低共熔锂盐0.38LiOH·H_2O-0.62LiNO_3制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(1/3)Co_(2/3-x)Al_xO_2(x=1/12,1/3,1/2,7/12).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电化学性能测试对其结构、形貌和电化学性质进行表征.结果表明,LiNi_(1/3)Co_(2/3-x)Al_xO_2在1/12≤x≤1/3范围内可以保持单一的六方层状a-NaFeO_2结构,当A1掺杂量(x)高于1/3时,会出现杂相.其中,LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Al_(1/3)O_2结晶程度最高,阳离子混排效应最小,并且颗粒小而均匀,振实密度可以达到2.88 g·cm~(-3),首次放电容量为151.5 mAh·g~(-1),循环50次后放电容量保持在91.4%,在1C和2C倍率下放电容量仍可达到133.7和120.9 mAh·g~(-1)     

Synthesis and characterization of Li[(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2]O2 with the microscale core-shell structure as the positive electrode material for lithium batteries

The high capacity of Ni-rich Li[Ni(1-x)M(x)]O(2) (M = Co, Mn) is very attractive, if the structural instability and thermal properties are improved. Li[Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5)]O(2) has good thermal and structural stabilities, but it has a low capacity and rate capability relative to the Ni-rich Li[Ni(1-x)M(x)]O(2). We synthesized a spherical core-shell structure with a high capacity (from the Li[Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1)]O(2) core) and a good thermal stability (from the Li[Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5)]O(2) shell). This report is about the microscale spherical core-shell structure, that is, Li[Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1)]O(2) as the core and a Li[Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5)]O(2) as the shell. A high capacity was delivered from the Li[Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1)]O(2) core, and a high thermal stability was achieved by the Li[Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5)]O(2) shell. The core-shell structured Li[(Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1))(0.8)(Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5))(0.2)]O(2)/carbon cell had a superior cyclability and thermal stability relative to the Li[Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1)]O(2) at the 1 C rate for 500 cycles. The core-shell structured Li[(Ni(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1))(0.8)(Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5))(0.2)]O(2) as a new positive electrode material is a significant breakthrough in the development of high-capacity lithium batteries.     

Systematic study of compositional and synthetic control of vacancy and magnetic ordering in oxygen-deficient perovskites Ca2Fe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5+y)and CaSrFe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5+y) (x = 1/2, 2/3, and 1; y = 0-1/2)

Ten compounds belonging to the series of oxygen-deficient perovskite oxides Ca(2)Fe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5) and CaSrFe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5+y), where x = 1/2, 2/3, and 1 and y ≈ 0-0.5, were synthesized and investigated with respect to the ordering of oxygen vacancies on both local and long-range length scales and the effect on crystal structure and magnetic properties. For the set with y ≈ 0 the oxygen vacancies always order in the long-range sense to form the brownmillerite structure containing alternating layers of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated cations. However, there is a change in symmetry from Pnma to Icmm upon substitution of Sr for one Ca for all x, indicating local T(d) chain (vacancy) disorder. In the special case of CaSrFeMnO(5) the neutron diffraction peaks broaden, indicating only short-range structural order on a length scale of ~160 ?. This reveals a systematic progression from Ca(2)FeMnO(5) (Pnma, well-ordered tetrahedral chains) to CaSrFeMnO(5) (Icmm, disordered tetrahedral chains, overall short-range order) to Sr(2)FeMnO(5) (Pm3m, destruction of tetrahedral chains in a long-range sense). Systematic changes occur in the magnetic properties as well. While long-range antiferromagnetic order is preserved, the magnetic transition temperature, T(c), decreases for the same x when Sr substitutes for one Ca. A review of the changes in T(c) for the series Ca(2)Fe(2-x)M(x)O(5), taking into account the tetrahedral/octahedral site preferences for the various M(3+) ions, leads to a partial understanding of the origin of magnetic order in these materials in terms of a layered antiferromagnetic model. While in all cases the preferred magnetic moment direction is (010) at low temperatures, there is a cross over for x = 0.5 to (100) with increasing temperature for both the Ca(2)Fe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5) and the CaSrFe(2-x)Mn(x)O(5) series. For the y > 0 phases, while a brownmillerite ordering of oxygen vacancies is preserved for the Ca(2) phases, a disordered Pm3m cubic perovskite structure is always found when Sr is substituted for one Ca. Long-range magnetic order is also lost, giving way to spin glass or cluster-glass-like behavior below ~50 K. For the x = 0.5 phase, neutron pair distribution function (NPDF) studies show a local structure related to brownmillerite ordering of oxygen vacancies. Neutron diffraction data at 3.8 K show a broad magnetic feature, incommensurate with any multiple of the chemical lattice, and with a correlation length (magnetic domain) of 6.7(4) ?.     

Single crystal X-ray structure study of the Li(2-x)Na(x)Ni[PO4]F system

The new compounds Li(2-x)Na(x)Ni[PO(4)]F (x = 0.7, 1, and 2) have been synthesized by a solid state reaction route. Their crystal structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Li(1.3)Na(0.7)Ni[PO(4)]F crystallizes with the orthorhombic Li(2)Ni[PO(4)]F structure, space group Pnma, a = 10.7874(3), b = 6.2196(5), c = 11.1780(4) ? and Z = 8, LiNaNi[PO(4)]F crystallizes with a monoclinic pseudomerohedrally twinned structure, space group P2(1)/c, a = 6.772(4), b = 11.154(6), c = 5.021(3) ?, β = 90° and Z = 4, and Na(2)Ni[PO(4)]F crystallizes with a monoclinic twinned structure, space group P2(1)/c, a = 13.4581(8), b = 5.1991(3), c = 13.6978(16) ?, β = 120.58(1)° and Z = 8. For x = 0.7 and 1, the structures contain NiFO(3) chains made up of edge-sharing NiO(4)F(2) octahedra, whereas for x = 2 the chains are formed of dimer units (face-sharing octahedra) sharing corners. These chains are interlinked by PO(4) tetrahedra forming a 3D framework for x = 0.7 and different Ni[PO(4)]F layers for x = 1 and 2. A sodium/lithium disorder over three atomic positions is observed in Li(1.3)Na(0.7)Ni[PO(4)]F structure, whereas the alkali metal atoms are well ordered in between the layers in the LiNaNi[PO(4)]F and Na(2)Ni[PO(4)]F structures, which makes both compounds of great interest as potential positive electrodes for sodium cells.     

Structural percolation in the PbM(1-x)M(x)'O(3) (M, M' =Ti, Cr, and V) perovskites

Structural properties and the influence of d electrons' insertion in PbTiO(3) have been determined in the study of PbM(1-x)M(x)'O(3) (M, M' = Ti, Cr, and V) solid solutions by means of X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, magnetization measurements, and strain mapping analysis. PbTi(1-x)V(x)O(3) is the only system that preserves the same space group (P4mm) for all x, whereas PbTi(1-x)Cr(x)O(3) and PbV(1-x)Cr(x)O(3) change to cubic (Pm ?3m) at x = 0.30 and 0.4, respectively. These values have been related with the percolation threshold for a cubic net (P(c) = 0.31). The microscopy study coincides with the X-ray diffraction determination, and neither supercell nor short-range order maxima are observed. However, for x ≥ 0.7 in PbTi(1-x)Cr(x)O(3) the presence of modulated zones is observed in both the electron diffraction pattern as well as high-resolution transmission electron micrographs, as is typical for PbCrO(3). (1) Furthermore, the tetragonal region in PbV(1-x)Cr(x)O(3) suffers a great stress because of the contrast of [Cr-O(6)] octahedra and [V-O(5)] square-based pyramids end members basic units.     

Detailed studies of a high-capacity electrode material for rechargeable batteries, Li2MnO3-LiCo(1/3)Ni(1/3)Mn(1/3)O2

Lithium-excess manganese layered oxides, which are commonly described by the chemical formula zLi(2)MnO(3)-(1-z)LiMeO(2) (Me = Co, Ni, Mn, etc.), are of great importance as positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. In this Article, Li(x)Co(0.13)Ni(0.13)Mn(0.54)O(2-δ) samples are prepared from Li(1.2)Ni(0.13)Co(0.13)Mn(0.54)O(2) (or 0.5Li(2)MnO(3)-0.5LiCo(1/3)Ni(1/3)Mn(1/3)O(2)) by an electrochemical oxidation/reduction process in an electrochemical cell to study a reaction mechanism in detail before and after charging across a voltage plateau at 4.5 V vs Li/Li(+). Changes of the bulk and surface structures are examined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). SXRD data show that simultaneous oxygen and lithium removal at the voltage plateau upon initial charge causes the structural rearrangement, including a cation migration process from metal to lithium layers, which is also supported by XAS. This is consistent with the mechanism proposed in the literature related to the Li-excess manganese layered oxides. Oxygen removal associated with the initial charge on the high voltage plateau causes oxygen molecule generation in the electrochemical cells. The oxygen molecules in the cell are electrochemically reduced in the subsequent discharge below 3.0 V, leading to the extra capacity. Surface analysis confirms the formation of the oxygen containing species, such as lithium carbonate, which accumulates on the electrode surface. The oxygen containing species are electrochemically decomposed upon second charge above 4.0 V. The results suggest that, in addition to the conventional transition metal redox reactions, at least some of the reversible capacity for the Li-excess manganese layered oxides originates from the electrochemical redox reaction of the oxygen molecules at the electrode surface.