弱电场驱动下高分子链在周期管道内输运的模拟研究

采用Langevin动力学方法模拟研究了弱电场驱动下高分子链在无限长周期管道中的输运过程. 管道由长度相等的α和β两部分周期排列而成, 其中高分子链与α管道间存在相互吸引作用, 而与β管道间存在纯排斥作用. 模拟结果表明, 高分子链在输运过程中存在明显的受限阶段, 其逃离受限的方式与管道宽度有关且满足不同的规律. 对于窄管道, 高分子链在输运过程中呈直线伸展构型且运动具有“蛇爬行”特征. 高分子链逃离受限过程伴随着整条链的运动, 从而导致迁移率随高分子链长呈周期变化, 而且在迁移率极值位置, 高分子链投影长度与管道半周期之间存在简单的整数倍关系. 对于宽管道, 高分子链在输运过程中出现弯折构型且运动具有“蠕虫运动”特征. 当链长比较长时, 高分子链可通过链前端部分的伸长逃离受限, 从而导致迁移率与高分子链长度无关. 模拟结果可能有助于利用周期管道对不同长度的高分子链进行分离及可控输运.     

第五、六族元素的有机化合物在有机合成中应用的研究Ⅴ.甲氧羰基亚甲基三苯基胂和苯甲酰基亚甲基三苯基胂与α,β-不饱和酸酯的反应

甲氧羰基亚甲基三苯基胂(1a)和苯甲酰基亚甲基三苯基肿(1b)与α,β-不饱和酸酯(R¹CH=CR²CO₂CH₃;2a,R¹=H,R²=H;2b,R¹=CH₃,R²=H;2c,R¹=H,R²=CH₃)反应,得到立体专一的相应环丙烷衍生物3,经水解得到4.根据构象分析,讨论了反应的机理.从¹H核磁共振谱或与已知构型的化合物相比较,确定了产物的构型.     

端基被平面壁吸附的高分子链的Monte Carlo研究

运用Monte Carlo方法研究了端基被无限大平面壁吸附的线型无规飞行链的末端距矢量R的分布P(R)和链的形状,计算了末端距矢量R与z轴（垂直于平板）的夹角θ,链的最大主轴L3与z轴的夹角α,以及R与L3的夹角β的平均值 <θ>、<α>、<β>和各自的分布.得到如下结论： 　　1.端基吸附的高分子链的均方末端距≈(4/3)n,末端距矢量的径向分布为非高斯型,P(R)dR=2A4exp(－A2R2)R3dR,其中n为链长,A2=3/(2n).表明链受到限制后,较小的末端距R的分布概率减小,而较大的R的分布概率增大,导致链变得较为伸展. 　　2.角θ的平均值 <θ>≈45°,分布为P(θ)dθ =sin2θdθ ,表明吸附高分子链的末端极少处于平面附近,即平面对高分子链具有排斥作用 .但角α的平均值 <α>≈55.5°,分布近似为P(α )dα =sinαdα,均与自由链的情况相近,表面平面对最大主轴L3的方向的影响不大. 　　3.端基吸附的高分子链的末端距矢量R与最大主轴L3之间有较强的关联,它们的夹角β的平均值 <β>≈27°,其分布的峰值所对应的β值约为 10°. 　　4.吸附高分子链的形状更偏离球形,形状因子:: 约等于1:2.73:12.5.     

平行板间高分子链构象熵的动力学Monte Carlo模拟

用动力学Monte Carlo方法模拟了受限于两平行板之间的高分子链,并用扫描法计算了链的构象熵S,研究了构象熵相对于自由链的减小量(S0-S)与平行板间距D和高分子链长n的关系.结果证实了de Gennes的自由能标度关系,并给出了标度关系适用的范围.当D非常小时,高分子链受到强烈限制,S0-S与n成正比,表明单链节受到平行板的平均排斥作用力与链长无关.随着D增大,平行板对构象熵的影响越来越弱,单链节受到平行板的平均排斥作用力随链长的增长而增大.当D比较大时,平行板对构象熵的影响近似可以忽略,高分子链构象熵与自由空间中的结果一致.     

表面活性剂与高分子链混合体系的模拟

计算机模拟了高分子链对表面活性剂胶束形成过程的影响，以及高分子链构象性质随胶束化过程的变化.结果表明,当高分子链与表面活性剂之间的相互作用强度超过临界值后，高分子链的存在有利于表面活性剂胶束的形成.临界聚集浓度（CAC）与临界胶束浓度（CMC）的比值CAC/CMC随高分子链长的增大和相互吸引作用的增强而减小.在CAC之前，高分子链与表面活性剂分子只有动态的聚集；但在CAC之后，表面活性剂胶束随表面活性剂浓度X的增加而增大，并静态地吸附在高分子链上，形成表面活性剂/高分子聚集体.随着表面活性剂分子的加入，高分子链的均方末端距和平均非球形因子先保持恒定；从X略小于CAC开始， 和快速减小，至极小值后又逐渐增大.模拟结果支持高分子链包裹在胶束表面的实验模型.     

高分子链构象性质和溶解性的Monte Carlo模拟

运用Monte Carlo方法对线型高分子链格点模型的构象进行了模拟,研究了单链体系的构象的尺寸（采用均方末端距,均方回转半径来表征）、形状（采用平均非球形因子来表征）和溶解性随溶剂与链段间相互作用能的变化情况.结果表明,、和随着εPS的增大而减小,具有相同的变化规律;随着Δε增大,溶剂变得越来越不利于溶解,高分子链的形状蜷曲为椭球形,高分子线团相互穿插交叠.     

取代基对有机钨化合物中α-氢转移势垒的影响

使用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,以有机过渡金属钨化合物中的α-氢转移反应为研究对象,探讨不同位置上不同的取代基对α-氢转移反应势垒影响.确定了反应物、产物和过渡态的几何构型和反应势垒.研究结果表明,过渡金属钨有机化合物中,发生α-氢转移的碳原子在过渡态中采用sp²杂化.取代基对α-氢转移势垒的影响取决于取代基对过渡态中碳原子的未参与sp²杂化的pz轨道上单电子的离域作用.R¹,R²位置上为氢原子时,由于H的s轨道与过渡态中单电子所占领的碳原子的Pz轨道对称性不匹配,没有有效的成键作用,所以此时α-氢转移反应有最大的反应势垒.当R¹,R²位置是Me基团时,由于碳原子的Pz轨道与甲基的一个C-H键轨道对称性匹配,存在强的超共轭效应,从而可以最大程度地降低α-氢转移过程的反应势垒.对于R³,R⁴位置,相比于本研究中的其他基团,SiH₃与金属原子轨道间的有效成键作用最大,所以当R³,R⁴位置是SiH3基团时,可以最大程度地降低α-氢转移过程的反应势垒.     

Monte Carlo模拟方法研究管道受限对高分子链缠结的影响

采用基于格子模型的Monte Carlo模拟方法,考察了链长分别为30和250的线形高分子在管道内受限状态下的尺寸及扩散性质.结果表明,当线形高分子的链长低于其缠结链长时,其受限条件下高分子的性质随受限程度的变化而单调变化;而当线形高分子的链长大于缠结链长时,高分子的性质表现出非单调性,进而说明受限具有一定程度的解缠结...     

含功能取代基的C2Mo2簇合物的合成与晶体结构测定

利用苯乙炔或丙炔醇与[Mo(CO)₂(η⁵-C₅H₄R¹)]₂[R¹＝C(O)Me,C(O)OEt,C(O)Ph]的反应合成了6个新的炔烃配位的双钼化合物[Mo(CO)₂(η⁵-C₅H₄R¹)]₂(μ-η²,η²-(CH=CR²)[R¹＝C(O)Me,R²＝Ph,1;R¹＝C(O)OEt,R²＝Ph,2;R¹＝C(O)Ph,R²＝Ph,3;R¹＝C(O)Me,R²＝CH₂OH,4;R¹＝C(O)OEt,R²＝CH₂OH,5;R¹＝C(O)Ph,R²＝CH₂OH,6],并对这些化合物进行了C/H元素分析,IR,¹HNMR等表征.晶体X射线衍射分析结果表明,化合物1属单斜晶系,P2₁(＃4)空间群,晶胞参数a＝0.7671(2)um,b＝0.8365(2)nm,c＝1.8308(3)nm,β＝98.34(1)°,V＝1.1623(5)um³,Z＝2,D_c＝1.772g·cm^-3,F(000)＝616,R＝0.041,R_w＝0.045.     

高分子链空间构象分布的复杂性——Θ条件下能量与尺寸的分布

通过高分子链的模型的计算来研究高分子链构象的尺寸与能量的分布．结果表明，高分子的链构象在小尺寸范围布居数增多；高分子的链构象在小尺寸范围存在比较稳定的链构象状态；在小尺寸范围比较稳定的链构象多具有类似棒状等非球形结构；高分子的链构象的尺寸与能量的分布显示熵弹性具有不对称性．     

DYNAMIC MONTE CARLO STUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SHAPE AND SIZE OF LINEAR POLYMER CHAINS

The correlation between shape and size of linear chains on the simple cubic lattice is investigated using a dynamicMonte Carlo technique. A positive correlation between the asphericity parameter A and the square of the end-to-end distanceR~2, as well as that between A and the square of the radius of gyration S~2, is found for both RW and SAW chains, indicatingthat a chain conformation of small size is usually more spherical than one of large size. The result can explain why the shapeof the SAW chain deviate much more from a sphere than that of the RW chain, and can also explain the similar dependenceof size and shape on chain stiffness and on the distance of the first bead of a chain from an infinitely large flat surface.     

金刚石格点上自避行走尾形链的构象统计理论

研究了金刚石格点上自避随机行走（ＳＡＷ）尾形链，采用精确计数和ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟方法求得该ＳＡＷ尾形链的构象数Ｃ（Ｄ）１（Ｎ）和均方末端距［ｈ（Ｄ）１（Ｎ）］２及其分量随链长Ｎ的变化关系．发现它们与自由ＳＡＷ链一样都服从标度律，从这些量的计算机实验数据拟合求出了金刚石格点上ＳＡＷ尾形链的临界指数和格点指数．计算结果还表明短链ＳＡＷ在壁的法向与ＮＲＷ尾形链一样有所伸展，均方末端距的法向分量几乎是平行分量的２倍；但随Ｎ→∞，链自回避效应对壁的作用有所屏蔽．这些都与简立方格子模型上得到的结果一致．     

Finite-size scaling analysis on the phase transition of a ferromagnetic polymer chain model

The finite-size scaling analysis method is applied to study the phase transition of a self-avoiding walking polymer chain with spatial nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic Ising interaction on the simple cubic lattice. Assuming the scaling M2(T,n) = n(-2beta/nu)[phi0 + phi1n(1/nu)(T-T(c)) + O(n(2/nu)(T-T(c))2)] with the square magnetization M2 as the order parameter and the chain length n as the size, we estimate the second-order phase-transition temperature T(c) = 1.784 J/k(B) and critical exponents 2beta/nu approximately 0.668 and nu approximately 1.0. The self-diffusion constant and the chain dimensions (R2) and (S2) do not obey such a scaling law.     

聚乙烯型尾形链构象统计的Monte Carlo研究

以聚乙烯型尾形链为例 ,根据链的实际键长、键角和Θ条件下每一链段处于不同旋转异构态的条件概率 ,用MonteCarlo模拟方法生成样本链分子 ,计算了尾形链的均方末端矩及其分量、构象数 ,并与完全计算法及理论推导值作了比较 ,讨论了尾形链构象数和沿边界方向及法线方向均方末端矩分量随链段数n及键角Φ的变化 .     

Conformational statistics of polymer chain terminally attached to wall (II)

The SAW tail chains were studied. The permitted conformational number and the mean square end-to-end distance as a function of the chain length N for such a model tail chain were obtained by computer simulations, including the exact enumeration and Monte Carlo method. These two basic quantities obeyed the relations deduced from the scaling law. The critical exponents and the lattice indexes were given by fitting the data of the computer experiments. It has been shown that there is a certain extension in the size of the SAW tail chains as well as the NRW tail chains in the direction normal to the wall. The normal component of the mean square end-to-end distance is almost twice as large as the parallel component of the short chain SAW. However, as N →∞, the effect of the wall on the chain conformation becomes a little weak because of the self-avoiding behavior for the model. That is quite different from the case of the NRW tail chain. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

模型高分子尾型链的构象统计理论

基于金刚石格点上受限于半空间的随机行走，借概率论中的反射原理推导出了模型高分子尾型链的构象分布．得到了链长为Ｎ的模型尾型链的允许构象数Ｃ１（Ｎ）和末端距分布函数．在四选择模型中，发现Ｃ１（Ｎ）／４Ｎ与Ｎ－１／２成正比．模型尾型链在与壁正交方向上的均方末端距分布与平行方向比较扩张至２倍，而后者与自由链对应的分量相等．这些解析结果得到了精确计数和ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟计算机“实验”的支持．     

Size, shape, and flexibility of RNA structures

Determination of sizes and flexibilities of RNA molecules is important in understanding the nature of packing in folded structures and in elucidating interactions between RNA and DNA or proteins. Using the coordinates of the structures of RNA in the Protein Data Bank we find that the size of the folded RNA structures, measured using the radius of gyration R(G), follows the Flory scaling law, namely, R(G)=5.5N(1/3) A, where N is the number of nucleotides. The shape of RNA molecules is characterized by the asphericity Delta and the shape S parameters that are computed using the eigenvalues of the moment of inertia tensor. From the distribution of Delta, we find that a large fraction of folded RNA structures are aspherical and the distribution of S values shows that RNA molecules are prolate (S>0). The flexibility of folded structures is characterized by the persistence length l(p). By fitting the distance distribution function P(r), that is computed using the coordinates of the folded RNA, to the wormlike chain model we extracted the persistence length l(p). We find that l(p) approximately 1.5N(0.33) A which might reflect the large separation between the free energies that stabilize secondary and tertiary structures. The dependence of l(p) on N implies that the average length of helices should increase as the size of RNA grows. We also analyze packing in the structures of ribosomes (30S, 50S, and 70S) in terms of R(G), Delta, S, and l(p). The 70S and the 50S subunits are more spherical compared to most RNA molecules. The globularity in 50S is due to the presence of an unusually large number (compared to 30S subunit) of small helices that are stitched together by bulges and loops. Comparison of the shapes of the intact 70S ribosome and the constituent particles suggests that folding of the individual molecules might occur prior to assembly.     

季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂胶团水溶液的流变性质

用毛细管振荡剪切流动法研究联接基团为聚亚甲基链的季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂C_12-s-C₁₂·2Br(s=2,4,8)的流变性质,并用动态光散射技术测定胶团生长过程中的胶团形状和大小的变化规律,探索联接基团长度对胶团形状、大小以及溶液流变性质的影响.实验结果表明,胶团形状和大小与联接基团长度有关,而溶液的流变性质主要由胶团的大小和形状所决定,球形和棒状(长椭球体)胶团溶液的流变性质以纯粘度为主,而线性胶团溶液则显示粘弹性质.此外,增加电解质浓度和降低温度均使溶液的粘度增大.     

Collapse transition of a square-lattice polymer with next nearest-neighbor interaction

We study the collapse transition of a polymer on a square lattice with both nearest-neighbor and next nearest-neighbor interactions, by calculating the exact partition function zeros up to chain length 36. The transition behavior is much more pronounced than that of the model with nearest-neighbor interactions only. The crossover exponent and the transition temperature are estimated from the scaling behavior of the first zeros with increasing chain length. The results suggest that the model is of the same universality class as the usual θ point described by the model with only nearest-neighbor interaction.