茶多酚在水和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的溶解行为及动力学模型

用电导方法研究了茶多酚在水和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂中的溶解行为,并导出了溶解动力学模型:dC/dt=k2C2+k1C+k0。结果显示,茶多酚溶液的浓度、溶解温度以及溶剂都会影响其溶解行为。温度升高,有利于茶多酚的溶解;增大茶多酚在溶液中的浓度,反应速率加快,而且茶多酚在H2O中比在DMF中更容易溶解,这跟溶剂本身的酸碱性有关。通过建立溶解动力学模型发现,所有的溶解过程基本上都是零级反应,其次是一级反应,而基本上不发生二级反应。     

Dissolution of rayon fibers for size exclusion chromatography: a challenge

Application of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the analysis of cellulose samples is often limited due to poor solubility in the solvent system N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl). Hence different activation or derivatization methods have been developed and published. Most of these methods are laborious, influence the molar mass distribution or do not support dissolution of manmade fibers, such as viscose rayon. In this study, we have evaluated different activation methods for their applicability in viscose rayon dissolution and we present a novel method for activation. We found that an additional solvent exchange step with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) increases and accelerates solubility of viscose fibers in DMAc/LiCl for subsequent SEC analysis. The improved dissolution by DMSO activation is mainly due to increased swelling and improved action towards the outer skin of the fiber. The novel approach has also been applied to the even more difficult dissolution of oxidized viscose fibers.     

Kinetics of the deprotonation of methylnitroacetate by amines: unusually high intrinsic rate constants for a nitroalkane

A kinetic study of the reversible deprotonation of methylnitroacetate (4H) by primary aliphatic amines, secondary alicyclic amines, hydroxide ion, and water in water at 25 degrees C and in 50% DMSO/50% water (v/v) at 20 degrees C is reported. Intrinsic rate constants, k0, determined by extrapolation or interpolation of Br?nsted plots have been determined. In comparison to proton transfers involving other nitroalkanes, the intrinsic rate constants for 4H are exceptionally high; for example, log k0 for the reaction of 4H with secondary alicyclic amines in water (1.22) is 1.81 log units higher than log k0 for nitromethane (-0.59), while in 50% DMSO/50% water, log k0 for 4H (2.44) is 1.71 log units higher than that for nitromethane (0.73). A general discussion of the factors affecting intrinsic rate constants of proton transfer from nitroalkanes is presented; it provides the context for an understanding as to why k0 is so high for the proton transfers from 4H. The correlation between intrinsic rate constants for the addition of nucleophiles to alkenes of the type R'R' 'C=CXY and the intrinsic rate constants of proton transfers from carbon acids of the type H2CXY is also discussed as a general proposition as well as with specific reference to the Ph(SMe)C=C(NO2)CO2Me/H2C(NO2)CO2Me pair.     

Kinetics and mechanism of osmium(VIII) mediated cerium(IV) oxidation of dimethylsulfoxide in aqueous sulfuric acid

Under the experimental conditions [DMSO]T [CeIV]T [Os]T the kinetics of oxidation of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) have been followed at different temperatures (40–55°C) in 1.0 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid media. The rate of disappearance of [CeIV] shows a first-order dependence on both [Os]T and [DMSO]T and zeroth-order kinetics with respect to [CeIV]. The suggested mechanism involves oxidation of DMSO by OsVIII in a rate-determining step through an outer-sphere mechanism, followed by rapid regeneration of OsVIII by CeIV from OsVI. The rate law conforms to: –d[CeIV]/dt=k0=k[Os]T[DMSO]T. The values of k and the activation parameters are: 102k=(4.9 ± 0.10) mol–1 dm3 s–1 at 40°C, [H2SO4] =1.0 mol dm–3;H=58±3kJmol–1, S= –88 ±5JK–1mol–1.     

New solvent for polyrotaxane. I. Dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) system for modification of polyrotaxane

Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) containing 8–9% (w/w) of lithium chloride (LiCl) or lithium bromide (LiBr) was found to be a good solvent for a polyrotaxane consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and α‐cyclodextrin (CD). In the new DMAc/LiCl solvent system, various modification reactions such as acetylation, direct dansylation, and reaction with acid chloride could be performed, which was unattainable in the previously reported solvents, i.e., dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Acetylation with acetic anhydride and direct dansylation of the polyrotaxane were investigated in detail in comparison with reactions in DMSO. The dissolution of the polyrotaxane in DMAc/LiCl suggested that the solubility and insolubility of the polyrotaxane is strongly in relation to the inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the polyrotaxane. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 532–538, 2006     

From Langmuir kinetics to first- and second-order rate equations for adsorption

So far, the first- and second-order kinetic equations have been most frequently employed to interpret adsorption data obtained under various conditions, whereas the theoretical origins of these two equations still remain unknown. Using the Langmuir kinetics as a theoretical basis, this study showed that the Langmuir kinetics can be transformed to a polynomial expression of dtheta t /d t = k 1(theta e - theta t ) + k 2(theta e - theta t ) (2), a varying-order rate equation. The sufficient and necessary conditions for simplification of the Langmuir kinetics to the first- and second-order rate equations were put forward, which suggested that the relative magnitude of theta e over k 1/ k 2 governs the simplification of the Langmuir kinetics. In cases where k 1/ k 2 is greater than theta e or k 1/ k 2 is very close to theta e, adsorption kinetics would be reasonably described by the first-order rate equation, whereas the Langmuir kinetics would be reduced to the second-order equation only at k 1/ k 2 < theta e. It was further demonstrated that both theta e and k 1/ k 2 are the function of initial adsorbate concentration ( C 0) at a given dosage of adsorbent, indicating that simplification of the Langmuir kinetics indeed is determined by C 0. Detailed C 0-depedent boundary conditions for simplifying the Langmuir kinetics were also established and were verified by experimental data.     

Quasiclassical trajectory study of the C(1D) + H2 reaction and isotopomeric variants: kinetic isotope effect and CD/CH branching ratio

The recently proposed ab initio single-sheeted double many-body expansion potential energy for the methylene molecule has been used to perform quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations for the title reaction. Thermal and initial state-specific (v = 0, j = 0) rate constants for the C((1)D) + H(2)/HD/D(2) reactions have been obtained over a wide range of temperatures. Cross sections for the reaction C((1)D) + H(2) and its deuterated isotopes have also been calculated, as well as the CD/CH branching ratios for the C((1)D) + HD reaction. It is found that the CD + H product channel in the C((1)D) + HD reaction is preferred relative to the CH + D channel. The estimated rate constants are predicted to be in the order k(H2) > k(HD) > k(D2) and the calculated cross sections and rate constants compared with available theoretical and experimental data.     

Dissolution Properties of 2-(Dinitromethylene)-5-methyl-1,3-diazacyclopentane in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and N-Methyl Pyrrolidone

The molar enthalpies of dissolution for 2-(dinitromethylene)-5-methyl-1,3-diazacyclopentane(DNMDZ) in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) and N-methyl pyrrolidone(NMP) were measured using an RD496-2000 Calvet microcalorimeter at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Empirical formulae for the calculation of the molar enthalpies of dissolution(Δ_dissH) were obtained from the experimental data of the dissolution processes of DNMDZ in DMSO or NMP. The relationships between the rate constant(k) and the molality(b) and between the reaction order(n) and the molality(b) were determined. The corresponding kinetic equations describing the two dissolution processes were dα/dt=10^-2.16(1-α)^1.01 for the dissolution of DNMDZ in DMSO, and dα/dt=10^-2.02(1-α)^0.85 for the dissolution of DNMDZ in NMP, respectively.     

MnCl2/DMSO溶液的拉曼光谱和理论计算

利用拉曼光谱研究了不同温度和浓度MnCl₂/DMSO溶液体系离子的溶剂化作用, 结果表明, 在0~0.8 mol/L浓度范围内, 随着浓度增加, Mn²⁺与DMSO的相互作用逐渐增强, S=O伸缩振动峰向低波数移动, S=O双键减弱; C—S伸缩振动峰向高波数移动, C—S键增强. 温度升高, S=O双键和C—S键伸缩振动峰均向相反的方向移动, 溶剂化作用减弱. 56 ℃以上, 单体DMSO迅速增加, 与Mn²⁺溶剂化作用的DMSO迅速减少, 二聚体DMSO减少缓慢, 温度对溶剂化作用的影响大于溶剂自身的缔合. 利用密度泛函理论对可能存在的溶剂化构型[Mn(DMSO)_n]²⁺进行了优化、 热力学性质及理论拉曼光谱计算, 从理论上证实了Mn²⁺与DMSO存在相互作用, 导致DMSO的S=O键拉伸和C—S键收缩, 与实验光谱结果一致.     

Kinetics of proton transfer from cationic carbon acids in water and aqueous DMSO. Effect of activating groups and solvent on intrinsic rate constants

[reaction: see text] Acidity constants and rates of reversible deprotonation of acetonyltriphenylphosphonium ion (1H+), phenacyltriphenylphosphonium ion (2H+), N-methyl-4-phenacylpyridinium ion (3H+), and N-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)pyridinium ion (4H+) by amines in water, 50% DMSO-50% water (v/v), and 90% DMSO-10% water (v/v) have been determined. From the respective Br?nsted plots, log k(o) values for the intrinsic rate constants of the various proton transfers were obtained. Solvent transfer activity coefficients of the carbon acids and their respective conjugate bases were also determined which helped in understanding how the pKa values and intrinsic rate constants depend on the solvent. Some of the main conclusions are as follows: (1) The pK(a) values of 1H+, 2H+, and 3H+ are significantly higher than that of 4H+ because of a stronger resonance stabilization of the corresponding conjugate bases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. (2) The electronic effects of the PPh3+ and the N-methyl-4-pyridylium group are similar but the mix between inductive and resonance effect is different. (3) All four acids become more acidic upon addition of DMSO to the solvent. In all cases, the main factor is the stronger solvation of H3O+ in DMSO; for 1H+, 2H+, and 3H+ but not 4H+ this factor is significantly attenuated by stronger solvation of the carbon acid in DMSO. (4) The intrinsic rate constants for proton transfer are relatively high for all four carbon acids and show little solvent dependence; this contrasts with nitroalkanes which have much lower intrinsic rate constants and show a strong solvent dependence. These results can be understood by a detailed analysis of the interplay between inductive, resonance, and solvation effects.     

Dissolution kinetics of granular calcium carbonate in concentrated aqueous sodium dichromate solution at pH 6.0-7.0 and 110-130 degrees C

An understanding of the factors controlling calcite dissolution is important for modeling geochemical cycles and impacts of greenhouse gases on climate, diagenesis of sediments, and sedimentary rocks. It also has practical significance in the investigation of behavior of carbonates in petroleum and natural gas reservoirs and in the preservation of buildings and monuments constructed from limestone and marble. A large number of papers have been published on dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in aqueous solutions. But few involved the near-equilibrium region, especially at elevated temperatures and in concentrated solutions. In this paper, the dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in concentrated aqueous sodium dichromate solutions at pH 6.0-7.0 and 110-130 degrees C were studied in a 2-L autoclave. The results indicate that the dissolution reaction is mix-controlled, with surface reaction as the prevailing factor. The concentration of calcium ions in solution hardly affects the dissolution rate, but carbon dioxide in the vapor phase inhibits the dissolution reaction. The dissolution rate can be expressed by R = k(1)a(2)(H+) + k(2), and the apparent activation energy is 55-84 kJ mol(-1).     

Synthesis of aromatic poly(amide-imide)s from novel diimide-diacid (DIDA) containing sulphone and bulky pendant groups by direct polycondensation with various diamines

A novel diimide-diacid (DIDA) monomer, 4-{4-[(4-methyl phenyl) sulphonyl]}-1,3-bis-trimellitoimido benzene containing sulphone and bulky pendant groups was successfully synthesized and used to synthesize a series of wholly aromatic poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) by direct polycondensation method. The direct polycondensation of newly synthesized DIDA with different diamines was carried out via Yamazaki’s phosphorylation method using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine system. The resulting poly(amide-imide)s were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities 0.36-0.47 dl/g in DMAc at 30 ± 0.1 °C. The poly(amide-imide)s were amorphous and were readily soluble in various solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine. Tough and flexible films were obtained by casting their DMAc solution. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the polymers were fairly stable up to temperature around 396 °C, and 10% weight losses in the temperature range of 476-511 °C that showed good thermal stabilities of these polymers.     

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺促进的羧酸肉桂酯的合成及其促进机理

在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)促进下,羧酸(1a～1v)依次与SOCl₂和肉桂醇反应合成了22个羧酸肉桂酯(2a～2v,其中2j, 2k, 2o, 2t和2v为新化合物),其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR和MS(EI)表征。以巴豆酸肉桂酯(2i)的合成为例,研究了巴豆酸(1i)用量,肉桂醇用量,SOCl₂用量,DMAc用量对2i产率的影响和醇的加入方式对产物组成的影响。结果表明：在最优合成条件(1i 1.0 eq.,肉桂醇1.3 eq., SOCl₂ 1.3 eq., DMAc 2 mL, CH₂Cl₂ 6 mL,酰氯化后加入苄醇)下,2i产率82.2%。采用¹H NMR跟踪反应,确证了DMAc促进反应的机理。     

共溶剂存在下N-烯丙基吡啶氯盐离子液体对纤维素的溶解性能研究

采用一步法合成N-烯丙基吡啶氯盐离子液体([APy]Cl),考察其对纤维素的溶解性能.结果发现,在120℃下对棉浆粕(聚合度(DP)=556)的溶解度可高达19.71%,但再生后聚合度为223,热降解严重.通过添加不同种类共溶剂的方法克服此缺点.结果表明,有机溶液(DMSO,DMAc,DMF或吡啶)作为[APy]Cl的共溶剂时,[APy]Cl/DMAc复合溶剂对棉浆粕的溶解效果最佳,100℃下溶解度为15.03%,再生后聚合度为403.此外降低了溶剂成本.但70℃下,溶解度仅为1.36%,溶解能力较弱.继续探讨了[AMIM]Cl作为[APy]Cl的共溶剂时对纤维素的溶解性能,结果表明,70℃下,[APy]Cl/[AMIM]Cl复合溶剂对棉浆粕的溶解度为8.78%,再生后聚合度为516.可知添加上述2种共溶剂均使[APy]Cl在低于自身熔点下形成液体并能够溶解一定量纤维素,拓宽了溶解温度区间及应用平台.对FTIR,XRD和TGA谱图分析,结果表明上述为纤维素的直接溶剂,可将其晶型由Ⅰ型转变成Ⅱ型,再生后热稳定性稍有降低.通过照片和SEM表明再生膜无色透明,结构致密.     

溶剂对PVDF铸膜液相转化和微孔膜皮-亚两层结构的不同影响

采用皮-亚分步凝固成膜机理分析了3种不同溶剂对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液相转化和膜结构的影响,采用浊度法测定铸膜液体系的热力学性质,沉淀速度采用光透射仪测定.结果显示,3种膜的皮层分相主要由热力学性质控制,均发生延时液固分相,生成了相互融合的球粒组成的致密皮层.3体系的亚层分相行为由动力学扩散过程控制;对于二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)体系亚层发生瞬时液液分相,结晶化对动力学过程影响小,表现为光透射曲线上分相时间t2短,生成了大孔结构为主的亚层,膜厚度、孔隙率和气通量均高、结晶度低;N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)体系亚层发生延时液液分相,结晶化对动力学过程影响大,t2长,生成蜂窝状孔结构亚层,其膜厚度、孔隙率和气通量较低,但膜的结晶度高.     

Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (low‐energy CID), collision‐induced dissociation (CID), and higher energy collision dissociation (HCD) mass spectrometry for structural elucidation of saccharides and clarification of their dissolution mechanism in DMAc/LiCl

The dissolution mechanism of oligosaccharides in N,N‐dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl), a solvent used for cellulose dissolution, and the capabilities of low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (low‐energy CID), collision‐induced dissociation (CID), and higher energy collision dissociation (HCD) for structural analysis of carbohydrates were investigated. Comparing the spectra obtained using 3 techniques shows that, generally, when working with monolithiated sugars, CID spectra provide more structurally informative fragments, and glycosidic bond cleavage is the main pathway. However, when working with dilithiated sugars, HCD spectra can be more informative providing predominately cross‐ring cleavage fragments. This is because HCD is a nonresonant activation technique, and it allows a higher amount of energy to be deposited in a short time, giving access to more endothermic decomposition pathways as well as consecutive fragmentations. The difference in preferred dissociation pathways of monolithiated and dilithiated sugars indicates that the presence of the second lithium strongly influences the relative rate constants for cross‐ring cleavages vs glycosidic bond cleavages, and disfavors the latter. Regarding the dissolution mechanism of sugars in DMAc/LiCl, CID and HCD experiments on dilithiated and trilithiated sugars reveal that intensities of product ions containing 2 Li⁺ or 3 Li⁺, respectively, are higher than those bearing only 1 Li⁺. In addition, comparing the fragmentation spectra (both HCD and CID) of LiCl‐adducted lithiated sugar and NaCl‐adducted sodiated sugar shows that while, in the latter case, loss of NaCl is dominant, in the former case, loss of HCl occurs preferentially. The compiled evidence implies that there is a strong and direct interaction between lithium and the saccharide during the dissolution process in the DMAc/LiCl solvent system.     

含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳酰胺超滤膜的研制

膜性能;含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳酰胺超滤膜的研制     

新型聚酰胺酰亚胺的合成及其热稳定性

L-丙氨酸与均苯四甲酸二酐经缩合反应制得手性酰亚胺(1);1与二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯聚合制得新型的以L-丙氨酸为手性源的聚酰胺酰亚胺(2),其结构经1H NMR和FT-IR表征.用DSC和TGA研究了2的结晶性能和热稳定性,同时对2的溶解性能进行了探讨.结果表明,2的Tm为357.6℃,失重5％的分解温度为215℃;2在常温下溶于DMF,DMAc,DMSO和NMP.     

Hydrolysis of 1-(X-substituted-benzoyl)-4-aminopyridinium ions: effect of substituent X on reactivity and reaction mechanism

A kinetic study is reported for hydrolysis of 1-(X-substituted-benzoyl)-4-aminopyridinium ions 2a-i, which were generated in situ from the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates 1a-i with 4-aminopyridine in 80 mol% H(2)O/20 mol% DMSO at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The plots of pseudo-first-order rate constants k(obsd) vs. pyridine concentration are linear with a large positive intercept, indicating that the hydrolysis of 2a-i proceeds through pyridine-catalyzed and uncatalyzed pathways with the rate constant k(cat) and k(o), respectively. The Hammett plots for k(cat) and k(o) consist of two intersecting straight lines, which might be taken as evidence for a change in the rate-determining step (RDS). However, it has been proposed that the nonlinear Hammett plots are not due to a change in the RDS but are caused by stabilization of 2a-i in the ground state through a resonance interaction between the π-electron-donor substituent X and the carbonyl functionality. This is because the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plots exhibit excellent linear correlations with ρ(X) = 1.45 and r = 0.76 for k(cat) while ρ(X) = 1.39 and r = 0.72 for k(o). A possibility that the hydrolysis of 2a-i proceeds through a concerted mechanism has been ruled out on the basis of the large ρ(X) values. Thus, the reaction has been concluded to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which the leaving group departs after the RDS since OH(-) is more basic and a poorer nucleofuge than 4-aminopyridine.     

Kinetics of the CH2Cl + CH3 and CHCl2 + CH3 radical-radical reactions

The CH2Cl + CH3 (1) and CHCl2 + CH3 (2) cross-radical reactions were studied by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy. Overall rate constants were obtained in direct real-time experiments in the temperature region 301-800 K and bath gas (helium) density (6-12) x 10(16) atom cm(-3). The observed rate constant of reaction 1 can be represented by an Arrhenius expression k1 = 3.93 x 10(-11) exp(91 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (+/-25%) or as an average temperature-independent value of k1= (4.8 +/- 0.7) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The rate constant of reaction 2 can be expressed as k2= 1.66 x 10(-11) exp(359 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (+/-25%). C2H4 and C2H3Cl were detected as the primary products of reactions 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental values of the rate constant are in reasonable agreement with the prediction based on the "geometric mean rule." A separate experimental attempt to determine the rate constants of the high-temperature CH2Cl + O2 (10) and CHCl2 + O2 (11) reaction resulted in an upper limit of 1.2 x 10(-16) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for k10 and k11 at 800 K.