动力学荧光法测定痕量砷(Ⅲ)的研究

在HCl介质中,利用As(Ⅲ)对过硫酸钾氧化藏红T的褪色反应具有显著的阻抑作用,使藏红T的荧光强度增强,据此建立了动力学荧光法测定As(Ⅲ)的新方法。方法的线性范围为10～1 600μg/L,检出限为3.8μg/L。该法用于环境水样中痕量As(Ⅲ)的测定,相对标准偏差小于4.2%,加标回收率为98.5%～104%。     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量甲醛

基于在硫酸介质中,甲醛对溴酸钾氧化甲基橙褪色反应的催化作用,建立了测定痕量甲醛的催化动力学光度法。在选定的条件下,方法的线性范围为0~0.16 mg/L,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.18×105L.mol-1.cm-1,检出限为2.8μg/L。利用此法测定了饮料、废水和空气中的痕量甲醛,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%(n=5),回收率为93%~106%,结果满意。     

密闭微波消解-冷原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜中的痕量汞

采用硝酸和过氧化氢体系,密闭微波消解,冷原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜中的痕量汞,选择0.3g/L硼氢化钾溶液为还原剂,硝酸溶液(1 99)为酸介质。测定结果表明汞浓度在0~1μg/L范围线性良好,相关系数大于0.9990,汞的加标回收率为90.2%~99.6%,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于4%,检出限为0.0058μg/L。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中的三聚氰胺

建立了使用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定食品中三聚氰胺含量的分析方法。利用三氯乙酸超声萃取样品中的三聚氰胺,经乙酸锌溶液沉淀蛋白质后,将提取液离心、过滤、净化、衍生后采用GC-MS/MS的多反应监测模式（MRM）进行检测。方法的重现性良好,6次重复测定的峰面积的相对标准偏差小于9%;最低定量检测限（S/N=10）为1 μg/kg,在0.1~100 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系。应用所建立的方法测定了奶粉、奶糖、含乳饮料、饼干等食品中的三聚氰胺含量,为三聚氰胺滥用的检测和判断提供了方法。     

呋喃西林代谢物荧光偏振免疫检测方法研究

利用新制备的抗体首次建立了呋喃西林代谢物氨基脲(SEM)的荧光偏振免疫分析(FPIA)方法.通过设计合成新的SEM半抗原CEPSEM(2-(4-((2-carbamoylhydrazono)methyl)phenoxy)acetic acid),偶联载体蛋白后免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了亲和力高、特异性好的多克隆抗体.结合新设计合成的荧光示踪物CEPSEM-HDF建立了SEM的FPIA方法.结果表明:在示踪物浓度为0.5 nmol/L,抗体稀释度为1/100的优化条件下,IC50为47.9 μg/L,检出限为8.3 μg/L,线性范围为15.8 ～145.7 μg/L.该方法特异性强(和其它相关兽药交叉反应小于0.1%),稳定性好(批内相对标准偏差小于2.5%,批间相对标准偏差小于6.3%).     

氧化酸性铬蓝K褪色动力学光度法测定微量芦丁

基于2 mmol/L的H2SO4介质中,微量芦丁催化H2O2氧化酸性铬蓝K(ACBK)的褪色反应,建立了测定微量芦丁的动力学光度法。方法的检出限为1.08μg/L,线性范围为3.6~400μg/L。实验讨论了酸度、反应物浓度、温度、反应时间、干扰离子等因素的影响,确定了该体系反应的最佳条件,并测定了一些动力学参数,催化反应的表观活化能为73.22 kJ/mol。在25 mL溶液中,测定10.0μg芦丁的相对标准偏差为1.6%(n=11)。方法用于测定槐米和芦丁片剂中的芦丁,相对标准偏差为1.0%~1.1%,标准加入回收率为98.0%~101.7%。     

催化光度法测定粉煤灰中痕量镍(Ⅱ)

在H3PO4介质和100℃水浴条件下,痕量镍(Ⅱ)对溴酸钾氧化二安替比林对二乙氨基苯基甲烷(DAEAM)的显色反应具有显著催化作用,研究了反应的适宜条件,据此建立了催化光度法测定痕量镍(Ⅱ)的新方法。方法的线性范围为0~100.0μg/L,检出限为0.11μg/L。方法用于粉煤灰中痕量镍(Ⅱ)的测定,样品分析结果的相对标准偏差小于5%,加标回收率为98.5%~102.0%。     

铁氰化钾-钙黄绿素体系后化学发光反应测定氨基比林

研究发现,氨基比林在铁氰化钾-钙黄绿素化学发光反应体系中的后化学发光反应。优化了反应条件,建立了一种利用后化学发光反应测定氨基比林的流动注射化学发光方法。方法的检出限为20μg/L;相对标准偏差为2.0%(2.0mg/L氨基比林,n=11);线性范围为1.0×10-4~1.0×10-2g/L。此法已用于复方氨林巴比妥注射液中氨基比林含量的测定,结果与药品标准方法测定值一致。     

离子交换固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物组织中的8类非甾体抗炎药残留

采用离子交换固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定了动物组织中的8类14种非甾体抗炎药(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)残留。动物组织样品经乙腈-乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)提取、乙腈饱和正己烷除脂、Oasis MCX阳离子交换固相萃取柱除杂后,用液相色谱-质谱联用仪电喷雾电离,多反应监测模式检测。本方法的检出限为3.0～10.0μg/kg;定量限为10.0～25.0μg/kg;添加浓度在10.0～1000.0μg/kg范围内,牛肉组织中的回收率为62.9%～108.4%,相对标准偏差小于10%;猪肉组织中的回收率为63.4%～117.0%,相对标准偏差小于9%。     

高碘酸钾氧化中性红褪色催化动力学光度法测定痕量硒(Ⅳ)

基于3.2×10-4mol/LH2SO4介质中,痕量硒(Ⅳ)催化KIO4氧化中性红的褪色反应,建立了测定痕量硒(Ⅳ)的动力学光度法。在固定加热时间段(6min)后,于530nm处测定中性红的吸光度降低值监控反应速率。方法检出限为0.36μg/L,校准曲线的质量浓度线性范围为0～8.0μg/L。实验了酸度、反应物浓度、温度、反应时间、干扰离子等因素的影响。研究了反应的最佳条件,并测定了一些动力学参数,催化反应的表观活化能为81.60kJ/mol。11次重复测定0.1μg/25mL和0.2μg/25mLSe(Ⅳ)的相对标准偏差分别为2.1%和1.9%。方法用于食品和人发样品中痕量硒(Ⅳ)的测定,相对标准偏差为0.33%～3.8%,加标回收率为96.0%～103.0%。     

Fast and selective determination of total protein in milk powder via titration of moving reaction boundary electrophoresis

In this paper, moving reaction boundary titration (MRBT) was developed for rapid and accurate quantification of total protein in infant milk powder, from the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB) electrophoresis. In the method, the MRB was formed by the hydroxide ions and the acidic residues of milk proteins immobilized via cross‐linked polyacrylamide gel (PAG), an acid‐base indicator was used to denote the boundary motion. As a proof of concept, we chose five brands of infant milk powders to study the feasibility of MRBT method. The calibration curve of MRB velocity versus logarithmic total protein content of infant milk powder sample was established based on the visual signal of MRB motion as a function of logarithmic milk protein content. Weak influence of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) reagents (e.g., melamine and urea) on MRBT method was observed, due to the fact that MRB was formed with hydroxide ions and the acidic residues of captured milk proteins, rather than the alkaline residues or the NPN reagents added. The total protein contents in infant milk powder samples detected via the MRBT method were in good agreement with those achieved by the classic Kjeldahl method. In addition, the developed method had much faster measuring speed compared with the Kjeldahl method.     

A visual detection of protein content based on titration of moving reaction boundary electrophoresis

A visual electrophoretic titration method was firstly developed from the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB) for protein content analysis. In the developed method, when the voltage was applied, the hydroxide ions in the cathodic vessel moved towards the anode, and neutralized the carboxyl groups of protein immobilized via highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gel (PAG), generating a MRB between the alkali and the immobilized protein. The boundary moving velocity (V_MRB) was as a function of protein content, and an acid–base indicator was used to denote the boundary displacement. As a proof of concept, standard model proteins and biological samples were chosen for the experiments to study the feasibility of the developed method. The experiments revealed that good linear calibration functions between V_MRB and protein content (correlation coefficients R > 0.98). The experiments further demonstrated the following merits of developed method: (1) weak influence of non-protein nitrogen additives (e.g., melamine) adulterated in protein samples, (2) good agreement with the classic Kjeldahl method (R = 0.9945), (3) fast measuring speed in total protein analysis of large samples from the same source, and (4) low limit of detection (0.02–0.15 mg mL⁻¹ for protein content), good precision (R.S.D. of intra-day less than 1.7% and inter-day less than 2.7%), and high recoveries (105–107%).     

Theoretical and experimental investigations on relationship between Kohlrausch regulating function/inequality and moving reaction boundary in electrophoresis

Kohlrausch regulating function (KRF) has been well defined from a moving boundary system for over 50 years. Recently, a series of theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB), including moving precipitate boundary, moving neutralization boundary and moving chelation boundaries (MCB). However, there has not been any direct evidence to show whether the KRF has validity for a MRB or not. In this paper, the KRF is derived from the equation of MRB under condition of nonzero boundary velocity. The result directly shows the relation between the KRF and a MRB. The relation is verified by some experimental and simulation results on MCB and moving neutralization boundary as well as Svensson's classic IEF. Furthermore, a Kohlrausch inequality was defined from the equation of MRB and was further proved by numerous data. The results show that we can use the KRF for the investigation on a MRB under the condition of nonzero boundary velocity, whereas we ought to notice with great attention that the KRF does possibly have invalidity under some special cases, such as stationary electrolysis and IEF. The findings hold an evident significance to the study of a MRB with the KRF.     

Theoretical study on colloid/or inorganic material preparation by moving reaction boundary method in gel

The method of moving reaction boundary (MRB) holds some significance for the colloid/or inorganic material synthesis, besides isoelectric focusing and capillary electrophoresis. However, theoretical studies have not been conducted for materials prepared by the moving reaction boundary method (MRBM). The concepts of product-concentration, product-rate and product-density of electro-migration reaction precipitate in MRBM were evolved. Some expressions were defined from the evolved concepts. The expressions were partially verified by some quantitative experiments of MRB with cobalt and hydroxyl ions in agarose gel. The theory developed here is of obvious significance for designing a new method preparing colloidal particles, for uniformly precipitating inorganic salts within gels, and for controlling the product-concentration, product-rate and product-density of electromigration reaction precipitate (viz. colloid/or inorganic material) in gels by MRBM.     

基于甲酸和氢氧化钠的衍生移动反应界面的数值计算与实验验证(英文)

在甲酸（α相）和氢氧化钠（γ相）缓冲液形成的移动反应界面的基础上,提出了一种衍生移动反应界面模型。模型表明在α相和γ相之间会形成一个新的β相,β相和α相形成衍生移动反应界面,β相和γ相形成移动界面。为了验证该模型的有效性,该文给出了相关理论及数值推导过程。此外,基于毛细管电泳和自制装置进行了相关实验。结果表明,若使用以前的移动反应界面,实验结果与理论计算存在较大误差,而采用该文提出的衍生移动反应界面,实验数据与理论计算结果高度一致。该文提出的衍生移动反应界面理论及模型对于电泳,特别是毛细管电泳中样品的分离与富集具有重要的意义。     

Novel moving reaction boundary-induced stacking and separation of human hemoglobins in slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

We developed a novel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) method to stack and separate human hemoglobins (Hbs) based on the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB). This differs from the classic isotachophoresis (ITP)-based stacking PAGE in the aspect of buffer composition, including the electrode buffer (pH 8.62 Tris–Gly), sample buffer (pH 6.78 Tris–Gly), and separation buffer (pH 8.52 Tris–Gly). In the MRB-PAGE system, a transient MRB was formed between alkaline electrode buffer and acidic sample buffer, being designed to move toward the anode. Hbs carried partial positive charges in the sample buffer due to its pH below pI values of Hbs, resulting in electromigrating to the cathode. Hbs would carry negative charges quickly when migrated into the alkaline electrode buffer and be transported to the anode until meeting the sample buffer again. Thus, Hbs were stacked within a MRB until the transient MRB reached the separation buffer and then separated by zone electrophoresis with molecular sieve effect of the gel. The experimental results demonstrated that there were three clear and sharp protein zones of Hbs (HbA_1c, HbA₀, and HbA₂) in MRB-PAGE, in contrast to only one protein zone (HbA₀) in ITP-PAGE for large-volume loading (≥15 μl), indicating high stacking efficiency, separation resolution, and good sensitivity of MRB-PAGE. In addition, MRB-PAGE was performed in a conventional slab PAGE device, requiring no special device. Thus, it could be widely used in separation and analysis of diluted protein in a standard laboratory.

Comparative study on sample stacking by moving reaction boundary formed with weak acid and weak or strong base in capillary electrophoresis: II. Experiments

To demonstrate the theoretic method on the stacking of zwitterion with moving reaction boundary (MRB) in the accompanying paper, the relevant experiments were performed. The experimental results quantitatively show that (1) MRB velocity, including the comparisons between MRB and zwitterionic velocities, possesses key importance to the design of MRB stacking; (2) a much long front alkaline plug without sample should be injected before the sample injection for a complete stacking of zwitterion if sample buffer is prepared with strong base, conversely no such plug is needed if using a weak base as the sample buffer with proper concentration and pH value; (3) the presence of salt in MRB system holds dramatic effect on the MRB stacking if sample solution is a strong base, but has no effect if a weak alkali is used as sample solution; (4) all of the experiments of this paper, including the previous work, quantitatively manifest the theory and predictions shown in the accompanying paper. In addition, the so-called derivative MRB-induced re-stacking and transient FASI-induced re-stacking were also observed during the experiments, and the relevant mechanisms were briefly demonstrated with the results. The theory and its calculation procedures developed in the accompanying paper can be well used for the predictions to the MRB stacking of zwitterion in CE.     

A stable and convenient protein electrophoresis titration device with bubble removing system

Moving reaction boundary titration (MRBT) has a potential application to immunoassay and protein content analysis with high selectivity. However, air bubbles often impair the accuracy of MRBT, and the leakage of electrolyte greatly decreases the safety and convenience of electrophoretic titration. Addressing these two issues a reliable MRBT device with modified electrolyte chamber of protein titration was designed. Multiphysics computer simulation was conducted for optimization according to two‐phase flow. The single chamber was made of two perpendicular cylinders with different diameters. After placing electrophoretic tube, the resident air in the junction next to the gel could be eliminated by a simple fast electrolyte flow. Removing the electrophoretic tube automatically prevented electrolyte leakage at the junction due to the gravity‐induced negative pressure within the chamber. Moreover, the numerical simulation and experiments showed that the improved MRBT device has following advantages: (i) easy and rapid setup of electrophoretic tube within 20 s; (ii) simple and quick bubble dissipates from the chamber of titration within 2 s; (iii) no electrolyte leakage from the two chambers: and (iv) accurate protein titration and safe instrumental operation. The developed technique and apparatus greatly improves the performance of the previous MRBT device, and providing a new route toward practical application.     

毛细管电泳中移动反应界面法富集和检测尿样中的氧化苦参碱

采用建立在移动反应界面理论上的体系进行尿样中氧化苦参碱的富集与定量检测。与传统的毛细管电泳相比,体系中引入了富集缓冲溶液(富集相)和分离缓冲溶液(分离相)。优化的条件如下:样品缓冲溶液为20 mmol/L 甲酸钠(用氨水调节pH至10.70),富集缓冲溶液为40 mmol/L 甲酸-甲酸钠(pH 2.60),分离缓冲溶液为100 mmol/L 甲酸-甲酸钠(pH 4.80);样品相压力进样1.4 kPa×3 min,富集相压力进样1.4 kPa×7 min,紫外检测波长210 nm,电压21 kV。氧化苦参碱在2.2~65 mg/L的质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9991),检出限为0.74 mg/L,灵敏度比常规毛细管电泳方法提高约70倍,重现性良好。该方法已经成功地应用于尿样中氧化苦参碱的检测。     

应用移动反应界面富集技术进行毛细管电泳尿液指纹分析

快速灵敏的尿液指纹图谱分析对于临床诊断中发现新的生物标记至关重要。该文建立了一种简便、快速、灵敏的移动反应界面(MRB)介导的富集技术进行毛细管电泳尿液指纹图谱分析。MRB由25 mmol/L甘氨酸（Gly）-HCl（pH 2.5）作为样品缓冲液和50 mmol/L Gly-NaOH（pH 12.3）作为电泳缓冲液形成。与常规的毛细管区带电泳只能观察到尿液中不到10个峰相比,采用MRB可以观察到超过80个峰并将检测灵敏度提高了至少十几倍,显示该方法对于代谢组学分析具有重要的意义。