Effects of preparation conditions of Au/FeO_x /Al_2O_3 catalysts prepared by a modified two-step method on the stability for CO oxidation

Composite oxide FeO x /Al 2 O 3 -supported gold catalysts were prepared by a modified two-step method. The effects of preparation conditions on the initial catalytic activity and long-time stability were studied for CO oxidation. XRD, XPS and in situ FTIR were employed to investigate the state of FeO x and the species on the catalyst surface. The results showed that Au/FeO x /Al 2 O 3 catalysts prepared by this method exhibited high activity and high stability in a wide pH value range. Calcination pretreatm...     

Influence of MgO contents on silica supported nano-size gold catalyst for carbon monoxide total oxidation

A series of nano-size gold catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation method using silica material promoted with different amounts of MgO as the carrier. The influences of MgO addition on the structure and property of the nano-size gold catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), O2 temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD), and inductively coupled with plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) techniques. The total oxidation of CO was chosen as the probe reaction. The results suggest that for the gold catalysts supported on the silica material after MgO modification, the size of the gold particles is pronouncedly reduced, the oxygen mobility is enhanced, and the catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation is greatly improved. The gold catalyst modified by 6 wt% MgO (Mg/SiO2 weight ratio) shows higher CO oxidation activity, over which the temperature of CO total oxidation is lower about 150 K than that over the silica directly supported gold catalyst.     

二氧化硅孔结构对CO氧化用担载型纳米金催化剂的影响

采用三种不同孔结构的二氧化硅材料为载体,应用沉积沉淀法制备担载型纳米金催化剂。以CO催化氧化为模型反应,并结合低温N₂吸附脱附、X射线物相分析、X射线光电子能谱和透射电镜等技术考察三种二氧化硅载体对纳米金催化剂结构和性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂中金纳米颗粒与载体孔结构呈现出良好的对应关系,比表面积大、孔径小且分布均匀的二氧化硅制备的金催化剂颗粒粒径最小,CO氧化活性最高。在18 000 mL/(h·g_cat)、v(CO)/v(O₂)/v(Ar)=1/21/78的反应条件下,其CO完全转化温度为560 K。     

焙烧温度对Au/Fe2O3选择性氧化富氢气体中CO催化性能的影响

甲醇重整在线制氢作为质子交换膜燃料电池的燃料成为当前研究的热点。受重整反应动力学及热力学的限制，使得甲醇重整气(富氢气体)中除含有大量的氢气外还含有少量的CO，CO极易吸附在燃料电池阳极催化剂表面，使电池性能下降，因而必须去除重整气中的CO，选择性氧化脱除富氢气     

Geometrical Structure of the Gold–Iron(III) Oxide Interfacial Perimeter for CO Oxidation

The geometrical structure of the Au‐Fe₂O₃ interfacial perimeter, which is generally considered as the active sites for low‐temperature oxidation of CO, was examined. It was found that the activity of the Au/Fe₂O₃ catalysts not only depends on the number of the gold atoms at the interfacial perimeter but also strongly depends on the geometrical structure of these gold atoms, which is determined by the size of the gold particle. Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy images unambiguously suggested that the gold particles, transformed from a two‐dimensional flat shape to a well‐faceted truncated octahedron when the size slightly enlarged from 2.2 to 3.5 nm. Such a size‐induced shape evolution altered the chemical bonding environments of the gold atoms at the interfacial perimeters and consequently their catalytic activity. For Au particles with a mean size of 2.2 nm, the interfacial perimeter gold atoms possessed a higher degree of unsaturated coordination environment while for Au particles with a mean size of 3.5 nm the perimeter gold atoms mainly followed the atomic arrangements of Au {111} and {100} facets. Kinetic study, with respect to the reaction rate and the turnover frequency on the interfacial perimeter gold atom, found that the low‐coordinated perimeter gold atoms were intrinsically more active for CO oxidation. ¹⁸O isotopic titration and Infrared spectroscopy experiments verified that CO oxidation at room temperature occurred at the Au‐Fe₂O₃ interfacial perimeter, involving the participation of the lattice oxygen of Fe₂O₃ for activating O₂ and the gold atoms for CO adsorption and activation.     

The nature of the oxidation states of gold on ZnO

The interaction between gold in the 0, i, ii and iii oxidation states and the zinc-terminated ZnO(0001) surface is studied via the QM/MM electronic embedding method using density functional theory. The surface sites considered are the vacant zinc interstitial surface site (VZISS) and the bulk-terminated island site (BTIS). We find that on the VZISS, only Au(0) and Au(i) are stable oxidation states. However, all clusters of i to iii oxidation states are stable as substitutionals for Zn2+ in the bulk terminated island site. Au(OH)(x) complexes (x= 1-3) can adsorb exothermically onto the VZISS, indicating that higher oxidation states of gold can be stabilised at this site in the presence of hydroxyl groups. CO is used as a probe molecule to study the reactivity of Au in different oxidation states in VZISS and BTIS. In all cases, we find that the strongest binding of CO is to surface Au(i). Furthermore, CO binding onto Au(0) is stronger when the gold atom is adsorbed onto the VZISS compared to CO binding onto a gas phase neutral gold atom. These results indicate that the nature of the oxidation states of Au on ZnO(0001) will depend on the type of adsorption site. The role of ZnO in Au/ZnO catalysts is not, therefore, merely to disperse gold atoms/particles, but to also modify their electronic properties.     

Gold catalysts supported on ZnO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> for low-temperature CO oxidation

Gold catalysts with loadings ranging from 0.5 to 7.0 wt% on a ZnO/Al₂O₃ support were prepared by the deposition–precipitation method (Au/ZnO/Al₂O₃) with ammonium bicarbonate as the precipitation agent and were evaluated for performance in CO oxidation. These catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-atom emission spectrometry, temperature programmed reduction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity for CO oxidation was measured using a flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. Catalytic activity was found to be strongly dependent on the reduction property of oxygen adsorbed on the gold surface, which related to gold particle size. Higher catalytic activity was found when the gold particles had an average diameter of 3–5 nm; in this range, gold catalysts were more active than the Pt/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst in CO oxidation. Au/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst with small amount of ZnO is more active than Au/Al₂O₃ catalyst due to higher dispersion of gold particles.     

Novel Method for Preparation of a Nanosized Gold Catalyst Supported on TiO2

A TiO2 surface was readily modified with nanosized gold particles prepared by the thermal relaxation technique. Adsorption of the gold particles was very rapid, and the adsorbed gold particles distributed independently. By the two-step calcination of the modified TiO2, the nanosized gold particles were immobilized on the TiO2 surface without size growth or coagulation. The supported gold particles showed low-temperature catalytic activity on CO oxidation. The preprepared nanosized gold particles interacted with TiO2. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Effect of Copper Substitution and Preparation Methods on the LaMnO3 Structure and Catalysis of Methane Combustion and CO Oxidation

 LaMn1-xCuxO3刡冊 perovskite oxides (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) were prepared by two different methods, the Pechini and sol-gel methods. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, and temperature-programmed reduction. Their catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane and CO was evaluated. EDS and SEM results showed that the Pechini samples had more homogeneity and smaller particles (higher specific surface area). The catalytic activity for methane combustion was highest for x = 0.2. In CO oxidation, the oxides with x = 0.2 and x = 0.4 were the most active. The Pechini samples had higher activity and stability than the sol-gel samples.     

Synergistic effect in an Au-Ag alloy nanocatalyst: CO oxidation

Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles supported on mesoporous aluminosilicate have been prepared by one-pot synthesis using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) both as a stabilizing agent for nanoparticles and as a template for the formation of mesoporous structure. The formation of Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although the Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles have a larger particle size than the monometallic gold particles, they exhibited exceptionally high activity in catalysis for low-temperature CO oxidation. Even at a low temperature of 250 K, the reaction rate can reach 8.7 x 10(-6) mol.g(cat.)(-1).s(-1) at an Au/Ag molar ratio of 3/1. While neither monometallic Au@MCM-41 nor Ag@MCM-41 shows activity at this temperature, the Au-Ag alloy system shows a strongly synergistic effect in high catalytic activity. In this alloy system, the size effect is no longer a critical factor, whereas Ag is believed to play a key role in the activation of oxygen.     

钙钛矿型La1+X/2Sr1-x/2Co1-xCuxO3催化CO氧化活性与表征

The catalytic activity and the reactive properties of perovskite-type oxides catalysts La(1+x/2)Sr(1-x/2)Co1-xCuxO3 for CO oxidation reaction were investigated. Results showed that the catalytic activity for CO oxidation reached to a maximum when x＝0.4. The temperature for complete CO oxidation under atmospheric and experimental conditions was 168℃. According to the stoicheometry of catalyst, all catalysts were oxygen defect compounds. The active oxygen species on this catalyst was the adsorbed oxygen which was adsorbed on the surface lattice oxygen defect. It was also found that Co4+ existed in the catalysts and the sufrace active oxygen species was caused by the Co4+. It was concluded that CO oxidation reaction on this catalyst was carried out by the valence change between Co3+ and Co4+ which was adjusted by the adsorbed oxygen.     

Au/Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在CH4/CO2重整反应中的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积－沉淀法制备了四种不同的Au/Al2O3催化剂，测定了它们在氢气还原前后及催化反应后的金含量及比表面积，结果表明，制备方法明显影响催化剂的金含量，应用X－光粉末衍射技术研究了这些催化剂经还原处理及反应后的物相变化，金以Au^0物相存在，没有发现氧化态的金物相，考察了该催化剂在CH4／CO2重整反应中的催化活性，发现金催化剂的活性取决于金粒子的大小，浸渍法制备的金催化剂具有较大的金晶粒尺寸，催化活性低，沉积－沉淀法制备的金催化剂金晶粒尺寸较小，催化活性较高，以尿素为沉淀剂制备的催化剂给出1073K时的CH4和CO2转化率分别为8．1％和17．6％，高温反应不仅导致金晶粒的聚集，而且存在明显的金流失现象。     

Cryogenic CO oxidation on TiO(2)-supported gold nanoclusters precovered with atomic oxygen

Bulk gold has long been regarded as a noble metal, having very low chemical and catalytic activity. However, metal oxide-supported gold particles, particularly those that are less than 5 nm in diameter, have been found to have remarkable catalytic properties. In this study we show that impinging gas-phase CO molecules react readily with oxygen adatoms preadsorbed on Au/TiO(2)(110) to produce CO(2) even under conditions in which the sample is cryogenically cooled. Gold particle size seems to have little effect on the CO oxidation reaction when oxygen adatoms are preadsorbed. We also show that as the oxygen adatom coverage increases, the rate of CO oxidation decreases on Au/TiO(2) at cryogenic temperatures.     

γ-Al2O3负载的金溶胶的尺寸效应对CO催化氧化活性的影响

The relationship between particle size and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticle catalysts with γ-Al2O3 as support has been investigated. The catalysts were prepared via the gold sol with different particle sizes by micelle method, and their structures were characterized by HRTEM and XRD, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic activities were tested by CO oxidation. Experimental results showed that the catalytic activity became much weaker when gold particles were increased from 3.2 to 6.6 nm. Additionally, the particle size was also a key factor to govern catalytic activity with regard to gold supported on TiO2 prepared by the methods of deposition-precipitation.     

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Polyoxometalate‐Supported Gold Nanoparticulate Catalysts: Activity,Stability, and Temperature‐ Dependent Activation Properties

Nanoparticulate gold supported on a Keggin‐type polyoxometalate (POM), Cs₄[α‐SiW₁₂O₄₀]⋅n H₂O, was prepared by the sol immobilization method. The size of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) was approximately 2 nm, which was almost the same as the size of the gold colloid precursor. Deposition of gold NPs smaller than 2 nm onto POM (Au/POM) was essential for a high catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The temperature for 50 % CO conversion was −67 °C. The catalyst showed extremely high stability for at least one month at 0 °C with full conversion. The catalytic activity and the reaction mechanism drastically changed at temperatures higher than 40 °C, showing a unique behavior called a U‐shaped curve. It was revealed by IR measurement that Au^δ+ was a CO adsorption site and that adsorbed water promoted CO oxidation for the Au/POM catalyst. This is the first report on CO oxidation utilizing Au/POMs catalysts, and there is a potential for expansion to various gas‐phase reactions.     

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Polyoxometalate‐Supported Gold Nanoparticulate Catalysts: Activity,Stability, and Temperature‐ Dependent Activation Properties

Nanoparticulate gold supported on a Keggin‐type polyoxometalate (POM), Cs₄[α‐SiW₁₂O₄₀]?n H₂O, was prepared by the sol immobilization method. The size of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) was approximately 2 nm, which was almost the same as the size of the gold colloid precursor. Deposition of gold NPs smaller than 2 nm onto POM (Au/POM) was essential for a high catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The temperature for 50 % CO conversion was ?67 °C. The catalyst showed extremely high stability for at least one month at 0 °C with full conversion. The catalytic activity and the reaction mechanism drastically changed at temperatures higher than 40 °C, showing a unique behavior called a U‐shaped curve. It was revealed by IR measurement that Au^δ+ was a CO adsorption site and that adsorbed water promoted CO oxidation for the Au/POM catalyst. This is the first report on CO oxidation utilizing Au/POMs catalysts, and there is a potential for expansion to various gas‐phase reactions.     

Chemisorption and reactions of small molecules on small gold particles

The activity of supported gold particles for a number of oxidations and hydrogenations starts to increase dramatically as the size falls below ~3 nm. This is accompanied by an increased propensity to chemisorption, especially of oxygen and hydrogen. The explanation for these phenomena has to be sought in kinetic analysis that connects catalytic activity with the strength and extent of chemisorption of the reactants, the latter depending on the electronic structure of the gold atoms constituting the active centre. Examination of the changes to the utilisation of electrons as particle size is decreased points to loss of metallic character at about 3 nm, as energy bands are replaced by levels, and a band gap appears. Detailed consideration of the Arrhenius parameters (E and ln A) for CO oxidation points clearly to a step-change in activity at the point where metallic character is lost, as opposed to there being a monotonic dependence of rate on a physical property such as the fraction of atoms at corners or edges of particles. The deplorable scarcity of kinetic information on other reactions makes extension of this analysis difficult, but non-metallic behaviour is an unavoidable property of very small gold particles, and therefore cannot be ignored when seeking to explain their exceptional activity.     

Catalysis by supported gold: correlation between catalytic activity for CO oxidation and oxidation states of gold

X-ray absorption near-edge spectra and temperature-programmed oxidation and reduction data demonstrate that Au(I) and Au(0) are both present in working MgO-supported gold catalysts for CO oxidation. EXAFS data indicate gold clusters with essentially the same average diameter (about 30 A) in each catalyst sample. Thus, the results provide no evidence of an effect of gold cluster size on the catalytic activity, but both the catalytic activity and the surface concentration of Au(I) were found to decrease with increasing CO partial pressure (as Au(0) was increasingly formed), demonstrating that the catalytic sites incorporate Au(I).     

α-Fe2O3形貌对Au/α-Fe2O3催化一氧化碳氧化反应性能的影响

负载型纳米金催化剂由于其独特的化学性质在一系列氧化反应中受到广泛关注.其中,一氧化碳氧化不仅在实际应用领域(如汽车尾气处理)发挥重要作用,而且作为一种理想的模型反应用以深入研究和理解催化剂的构效关系.为了获得高效的纳米金催化剂,我们需要把金负载到载体上,载体不仅为金的分散提供必要的表面,而且还会和金产生相互作用,这种金属-载体相互作用对金的氧化态,金颗粒大小及其热稳定性均有重要影响.金属氧化物是负载金最常用的载体.为了提高纳米金催化剂的性能,需要调变金属氧化物的性质.常用的策略是调控金属氧化物的组成、晶相以及晶粒大小.此外,对金属氧化物的形貌进行精细调控也是一种重要的方法,因为具有不同形貌的氧化物可能会暴露出不同的晶面,而且可能具有不同的缺陷位点.α-Fe₂O₃是一种热稳定性强而且对环境友好的载体,可是有关其形貌对负载金催化剂在一氧化碳氧化反应中性能影响的研究尚不充分.因此,本文采用水热法合成了具有纳米球和纳米棒两种形貌的氧化铁,并采用沉积-沉淀的方法将金纳米颗粒负载于其表面.高分辨透射电镜照片显示,和氧化铁纳米球(α-Fe₂O₃(S))相比,氧化铁纳米棒(α-Fe₂O₃(R))的表面更为粗糙,具有更多的缺陷位点.Au和α-Fe₂O₃(R)之间有更强的金属载体相互作用,导致纳米棒氧化铁上的金纳米颗粒更小而且多呈半球形.相比之下,纳米球氧化铁上的金纳米颗粒较大,多呈球形,且分布不均匀.反应结果表明,Au/α-Fe₂O₃(R)具有更高的一氧化碳氧化活性.对反应后的催化剂进行表征发现,Au/α-Fe₂O₃(R)上金颗粒烧结程度较低,平均粒径从1.5增至2.4 nm,而Au/α-Fe₂O₃(S)上金颗粒烧结较为严重,平均粒径从2.0 nm增加到4.0 nm.氢气程序升温还原结果表明,Au/α-Fe₂O₃(R)具有更强的还原性,这也促进了其催化活性的提高.     

Support effect in high activity gold catalysts for CO oxidation

In this work, we present a detailed study concerning the evaluation of the metal-support interaction in high activity gold catalysts for CO oxidation. Using the colloidal deposition method, model catalysts were prepared, which allow the isolation of the effect of the support on the catalytic activity. Prefabricated gold particles were thus deposited on different support materials. Since the deposition process did not change the particle sizes of the gold particles, only the influence of the support could be studied. TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and ZnO were used as support materials. Catalytic tests and high resolution transmission electron microscopy clearly show that the support contributes to the activity. However, our results are not in line with the distinction between active and passive supports based on the semiconducting properties of the oxidic material. The most active catalysts were obtained with TiO2 and Al2O3, while ZnO and ZrO2 gave substantially less active catalysts. Furthermore, the effect of other important parameters on the catalytic activity (i.e., particles size distribution, calcination temperature, and aging time for a Au/TiO2 catalyst) has also been studied. Using this preparation route, the catalysts show high-temperature stability, size dependent activity, and a very good long-term stability.